U3_mainGetStartedTextStudySupplementaryResourcesUnit3JewishCultureandtheOldTestamentGetStarted_mainGetStartedGetStarted1.AGeneralIntroduction2.FocusIn

TheStateofIsrae

1.ThelocationofIsrael2.ThedevelopmentofTheStateofIsrael

草必枯干，花必凋殘，惟有我們神的話，必永遠立定------先知以賽亞我今日呼天喚地向你們作見證：你們必在過約旦河得為業(yè)的地上，速速滅盡！你們不能在那地上長久，必盡行除滅。耶和華必使你們分散在萬民中，在他所領(lǐng)你們到的萬國里，你們剩下的人數(shù)稀少。耶和華必使你敗在仇敵面前，你從一條路去攻擊他們，必從七條路逃跑。你必在天下萬國中拋來拋去。”“你在耶和華領(lǐng)你到的各國中，要令人驚駭、笑談、譏誚?！薄耙腿A必使你們分散在萬民中，從地這邊到地那邊，你必在那里事奉你和你列祖素不認識木頭石頭的神。在那些國中，你必不得安逸，也不得落腳之地；耶和華卻使你在那里心中跳動，眼目失明，精神消耗。你的性命必懸懸無定，你晝夜恐懼，自料性命難保。你因心里所恐懼的，眼中所看見的，早晨必說，巴不得到晚上才好；晚上必說，巴不得到早晨才好。”（申命記4：26-27；28：25，37，64-67）GetStarted_1.1GetStartedJewishculture,withahistoryofabout5,000years,belongstooneoftheoldestcivilizationsintheworld.Accordingtosomehistoricallegends,JewsdescendedfromtheancientIsraelitesorHebrewsinthelandofIsrael.TheIsraelitemonarchycameintobeingunderthethreekings,namelySaul,DavidandSolomon.AfterSolomon’sdeath,thecountrywasdividedintotwoparts.AfterfivedecadesofBabyloniancaptivity,Israelwasnon-existentasanindependentcountryuntilMay14,1948whentheUnitedNationsdeclaredthefoundingoftheJewishnationofIsrael.TheJewishpeopleweatheredthestormsofallkindsofethnicdifficultiesanddisastersoverthelongperiodofbeingexiledfromonecountryGetStarted_1.2GetStartedtoanotherinEuropeandelsewhereintheworld.However,withapproximatelyfivemillenniaofhistoricaldevelopment,theJewishpeopleandtheirculturehaveembodiedbothanextraordinarytemperamentoffirmness,adaptabilitytohardshipaswithastrongsenseofreligiousbeliefandspiritualsupportwhichpervadedallstagesoftheirhistoryandwhichhascontinuedgenerationsupongenerations.Inencounteringothergreatcultures,theJewshaveactivelyassimilatedthebeneficialelementsandintegratedthemintotheirown,asanunbrokenpartofculturaltradition.DuringthelongpersistenceofDiasporaintheirhistory,theycollectedandpreservedthescatteredpiecesofmaterialandstoriesoftheirnationalandreligioushistoriesbeforecomposingorwritingthemintosomeGetStarted_1.3GetStartedformaldocumentsasclassics,suchastheOldTestament,theTorah,theMishnaandTalmud,etc.Therefore,Jewishculturecouldbewellpreservedandwidelydisseminatedallovertheworld.Meanwhile,throughitshistoricaldevelopment,theJewishculturehassignificantlyinfluencedothercultures,fromtheancientBabylonianandEgyptiandowntoWesternChristendomandmodernEuropeansociety.GetStarted_2.1GetStartedTogetabriefviewofthehistoryanddevelopmentoftheJewishCivilizationTounderstandtheprocessoftheformationofJudaismandthemainfeaturesofJudaismTobefamiliarwithJewishphilosophy,literatureandartsToknowthespecificpartsandcontentsoftheOldTestament.TextStudy_mainTextStudyTextStudyI.ABriefAccountoftheJewishHistoryII.JewishArtandLiteratureIII.JudaismandJewishFestivalsIV.AnIntroductiontotheOldTestamentTextStudy_I_1.1TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasTheFormation,DivisionandFallofIsraelFormation

before16thcenturyBCbelongedtoSemiticrace,anddescendedfromAbraham16thcenturyBCsettledinnorthEgypt.12thcenturyBCenteredCanaan1040BC–1012BCSaulbecamethefirstkingofIsraelTextStudy_I_1.2TextStudyMainIdeasFormation

David,kingofIsrael,declaredthefoundingofaunifiedIsraelcountryandmadeJerusalemthecapital.1012BC

–972BC972BC

–932BCSolomonbecamethekingofIsraelandbuiltimperialpalacesandcelestialtemples.MainIdeasTextStudy_I_1.3TextStudyMainIdeasDivision

Israeldividedintotwokingdoms:JudahandIsrael.932BC

–914BC722BCTheAssyrianKingsackedJerusalem(AssyrianCaptivity),andIsraelwasruined.Fall

586BCBabyloniaKingattackedJudah,andthenJudahandIsraelwerenon-existentasindependentcountries.MainIdeasTextStudy_I_1.4TextStudyMainIdeasLateron,AlexandertheGreatofMacedoniawithhispowerfularmy,tookplaceofthePersianreign,whichledtoatemporaryperiodoffreedomfortheJews.ButitwasnottoolongbeforetheRomansarrived.TheJewscouldnotbeartheRomans’crueltyandsubsequentlyrevoltedagainstRomansasaprotestaboutthecrueltyofthelatter,whichcostagreatlossofJewishlives.Consequentlytheyhadtoleavetheirhomelandandwentonceandforallonacenturies-longDiaspora.Subsequently,Jews’footprintsspreadoveralmosteverycornerTheSufferingandDepartureoftheJewsMainIdeasTextStudy_I_1.5TextStudyMainIdeasofEurope,yetfoundnosettlementinonecountryafteranotheralthoughtheydemonstratedtheirgreatcapabilitiesanddiligenceinwhatevertheywereengagedinorhappenedtododuringtheendlessexilesaroundtheMediterranean,fromcontinenttocontinent,countrytocountry,sufferingfromracialdiscrimination,persecutionandevengenocide.However,muchofJewishculturewassafeguardedandwellpreservedbyexiledJews.MainIdeasTextStudy_I_2.1TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsTheBabylonianCaptivity巴比倫之囚:TheBabylonianCaptivityreferstothecaptivationandimprisonmentoftheJewsbyNebuchadnezzarII,thekingofBabylonia,in586BC,whohadconqueredthecityofJerusalem.Theeventhadfar-reachingimpactonthedevelopmentofJudaismandthelaterlaterhistoryofJewishculture.TheJewsreflectedontheirhumiliationsandfrustrationsthattheyhadundergoneandpreparedthemselvesspirituallyforthelaterrevivalofJewishpeopleasanationandculture.InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudy_I_2.2TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudy_III_1.1MainIdeasTextStudy1.TheearlyreligionofJewsSimilartothereligiousbeliefsofthelocalpeopleofCanaan,earlyJewishpeopleworshippedtrees,stonepillarsandallkindsofnaturalforces,andbelievedinJehovahasthechiefdeityandregardedHimastheincarnationoffire,thunderandwind.JehovahwasworshippedasthechiefgodofthecountrysincethefoundingofIsrael,andJerusalemwaschosenasthenationalcentreforthereligion.MainIdeas2.Reestablishmentofthereligion

DuringtheBabylonianCaptivity,JewsprayedforthearrivalofaMessiahtoguidethemoutoftheoppressionbyalienpeople,andtorebuildtheirhomeland.Astheuniquemasteroftheuniverse,Jehovahwasexpectedtoblessthecountry.AprophetcalledEzekielfirstspreadtheseideasamongtheimprisonedJewsandconfirmedlaterwhentheyreturnedtoJerusalem.Ruledbypriesthoodandaristocracyatthattime,peoplebelievedthatnogodbutJehovahcouldbebelievedinandonlythosepiousdisciplesofJehovahcouldenjoycompleterightsinthedivinepolity.TextStudy_III_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyDuringtheformationofJudaism,acompletecollectionofallthedocumentsleftbytheancientHebrewswascompiledintoabookcalledtheBible.TheJudaistBiblewasadoptedbyChrisitianity,andrenamedtheOldTestament.TherewasnotmuchdifferencebetweenthelaterperiodofJudaismandChristianity.OnlyMoses’TenCommandmentsandtherabbis’interpretationsoftheprophet’sdoctrineswereretainedasthecoreofJudaism.MainIdeasTextStudy_III_1.3MainIdeasTextStudyAlotofJewishFestivalsareformedduringtheprocessofformationofJudaism,suchastheSabbath,RoshHashanah,Sukkoth,Chanukah(orHanuka),Purim,Pesach,andShavuot.MainIdeas在逾越節(jié)的晚餐，必須吃以下的食物：1.烤羊骨（zeroa）紀念在逾越節(jié)被殺的羔羊。2.蛋（beca）紀念他們帶去獻祭被殺的祭牲、紀念圣殿被毀。3.charoset是碎泥狀物，由蘋果、干果、肉桂、紅酒和姜制成。也可以用棗子、干果和蘋果。紀念他們的先祖在埃及制造磚瓦。4.苦菜（maror）按照各地傳統(tǒng)使用苣荬菜、小紅蘿卜、黑蘿卜、辣根等合并色拉菜，紀念他們的先祖在埃及吃苦，精神和肉體受壓迫，他們先祖的孩子也被殺死。5.karpas是一種傘形花序的植物（如歐芹、芹菜），紀念在埃及當年先祖用以把羊血涂在門楣上的牛膝草。6.鹽水紀念在埃及為奴的先祖所留的眼淚和汗水。7.無酵餅（macot）三塊無酵餅象征亞伯拉罕、艾薩克、雅各布三位族長。TextStudy_III_2.1InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudyMessiah彌賽亞（希伯來語，《圣經(jīng)》中提到的救世主）:AtermusedinJudaism,ChristianityandIslamfortheredeemerfigureexpectedinoneformoranotherbyeachreligion.Moreloosely,thetermMessiahdenotesanyredeemerfigureandtheadjectiveMessianicisusedinabroadsensetorefertobeliefsortheoriesaboutaneschatologicalimprovementofthestateofhumanityortheworld.InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudy_III_2.2InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudyEzekiel

以西結(jié)（希伯來語、基督教中提到的圣徒、先知）：InJudaism,ChristianityandIslam,EzekielisacknowledgedasaHebrewprophet.InJudeo-Christianity,heisalsoviewedastheauthoroftheBookofEzekielthatrevealspropheciesregardingthedestructionofJerusalemandtheMilleniaTemple

visions.InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudy_IV_1.1MainIdeasTextStudyPartsBooksContentsTheOldTestament(39books)Pentateuch(5books)GenesisGod’screationoftheworldExodushowMosesledthepeopleofIsraeloutofEgyptinthe13thor14thcenturyLeviticusbookoflawsandproprietiesMainIdeasTextStudy_IV_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyPartsBooksContentsNumbers

howJewsfoughtagainstCanaanitesandwonundertheleadershipofJosueDeuteronomythefinalteachingsofMosesMainIdeasTextStudy_IV_1.3MainIdeasTextStudyPartsBooksContentsJewishstoriesfromtheconquestofCanaantotheircaptivityinBabylon(Josue,Judges,Samuel,theKings)

3principalprophetsand12minorprophets(Amos,Hosea,Isaias,Jeremiah,Ezekiel,Esdras,etc.)

Prophets(21books)

MainIdeastheFormerProphets

theLatterProphetsTextStudy_IV_1.4MainIdeasTextStudyPartsBooksContentshistoryoftheJewsafablewhichteachesIsraelitestopassGod’sknowledgetoforeignersastheirdutyHagiogra-pha&ApocryphaNehemias(13books)MainIdeasRuthJonahTextStudy_IV_1.5MainIdeasTextStudyPartsBooksContentsJobaphilosophicalplayHagiogra-pha&ApocryphaNehemias(13books)Odes,ElegypoemswhichvividlyportraythereligiousemotionsoftheHebrews.Maccabees,Tobias,Solomon’sWisdom

Apocrypha

MainIdeasTextStudy_II_1.1TextStudyMainIdeasJewishphilosophyincludesallphilosophicalactivitycarriedoutbyJews,or,inrelationtothereligionofJudaism.Jewishphilosophy,untilmodernEnlightenmentandEmancipation,waspre-occupiedwithattemptstoreconcilecoherentnewideasintothetraditionofRabbinicJudaism;thusorganizingemergentideasthatarenotnecessarilyJewishintoauniquelyJewishscholasticframeworkandworldview.Withtheiracceptanceintomodernsociety,Jewswithseculareducationsembracedordevelopedentirelynewphilosophiestomeetthedemandsofaworldinwhichtheynowfoundthemselves.MainIdeasTextStudy_II_1.2TextStudyMainIdeasJewishPhilosophersNameandPeriodCharacteraBiblicalbelieverIsaacIsraeli(850–950)aNeo-PlatonistemphasizesonpriorityofformandmatteroverthatofauniversalmindPhiloJudaeus(20BC–40AD)SaadiahGaon(882–942)holdingaphilosophicalviewofnaturalorderandcreatedworldSolomonIbn

Gabirol(1020–1057)MainIdeasTextStudy_II_1.3TextStudyMainIdeasrepresentativeofmodernphilosophywhoremovesallthepoliticalradicalideasfromJudaismSolomonIbn

Gabirol(1020–1057)HermannCohen(1842–1918)emphasizestheethicalandrationalelementsofJudaismMartinBuber(1878–

1965)FranzRosenzweig(1886–

1929)triedtointroduceintoJudaismsomeexistentialistideasBaruchSpinoza(1632–1677)pan-theologicalphilosophyMainIdeasTextStudy_II_1.4TextStudyMainIdeasJewishLiteratureStageTypicalWriters&WorksTheEarlyLiterature(200BC–AD100)classical,historicalandTalmudliteraturesHistoryofJewishWars,JewishRecordsofAncientAffairs,TalmudMedievalLiterature(100–18thcentury)religious,rabbinicwriting,poetrywritingTheBookoftheRighteous,AntiquitiesbyJosephus,thecreationofComparativeLinguisticsbyJudahibn

KunraishandIsaacibn

Barun,thefirstcompleteHebrewgrammarbyIbn

JanahofCordobaCharacterMainIdeasTextStudy_II_1.5TextStudyMainIdeas1ststage2ndstageroundEurope,featuredwiththerevivalofJewishnationaldignityandcultureAhaard

HaarmtheestablishmentofIsraelasamodernstatetwogiants:Sholem

Aleyshem&Yitskhekleyb

Peretq

ModernLiterature(18thcentury–Now)MainIdeas3ndstageestablishingaworld-widenationalliteratureYehuda

Amichai

Mohe

ShamirAsherBarashTextStudy_II_1.6TextStudyMainIdeasJewishHeritageofVisualArtandMusicwallpaintinginsynagoguesandintheOldTestament

scenesb.sculptureandarchitectureinthestyleofneoclassicismandhistoricismc.JewishmusiccharacterizedbytheMi-SinaitunesinchantsMainIdeasTextStudy_II_2.1TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsJewishEnlightenment(TheHaskalah)猶太啟蒙運動:

ItreferstoanintellectualmovementinEuropeinthelate18thcentury.ItencouragedJewstoborrowenlightenmentvalues,learnsecularknowledge,Hebrew,andJewishhistoryandassimilateintoEuropeansociety.Itultimatelyr