專題二閱讀理解一、題型要求

該部分主要考查考生閱讀理解書面英語的能力，共15小題，每小題2.5分。要求考生根據(jù)所提供的4篇短文內(nèi)容(不少于900詞)，從每小題所給的4個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。該部分要求考生讀懂熟悉的有關(guān)日常生活話題的簡短文字材料，例如公告、說明、廣告以及書、報(bào)、雜志中普遍性話題的簡短文章。二、命題分析(一)理解主旨要義

每篇文章都會(huì)有一個(gè)主旨要義。有時(shí)從文章的第一個(gè)段落，甚至第一個(gè)句子即可得出文章的主旨要義，從這一段或這個(gè)句子讀者會(huì)知道文章描述的是誰或什么事情(即文章的主題)，亦會(huì)知道作者希望讀者了解主題方面的哪些內(nèi)容。有時(shí)，作者沒有明示文章的主旨要義，需要讀者從文章的字里行間進(jìn)行歸納和概括。(二)理解文中具體信息

文章主題和中心思想的闡述往往需要大量細(xì)節(jié)信息的支持，這些細(xì)節(jié)信息對(duì)于理解全文內(nèi)容至關(guān)重要，同時(shí)也是歸納和概括文章中心思想的基礎(chǔ)。具體信息有時(shí)可以直接從文章中獲取，有時(shí)則需要進(jìn)行歸納、概括或推斷后才能得到。(三)根據(jù)上下文推斷單詞和短語的含義

閱讀文章時(shí)，常常會(huì)遇到一些過去未見過的單詞和短語，但許多這類詞語的含義可以通過上下文推斷出來。這種不使用詞典而通過閱讀上下文來推斷詞語含義的能力，是一個(gè)合格的讀者必須具備的能力，因此也是閱讀理解部分經(jīng)?？疾榈囊环N能力。(四)根據(jù)所讀內(nèi)容作出判斷和推理

在實(shí)際的閱讀活動(dòng)中，常常需要根據(jù)文章提供的事實(shí)和線索，進(jìn)行二級(jí)推理，推測(cè)作者未明確提到的事實(shí)或某事件發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)等。這種推理能力是閱讀理解能力的重要構(gòu)成部分，因而也是閱讀理解部分重點(diǎn)考查的能力之一。(五)理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)

閱讀文章需要具備一定的語篇知識(shí)。文章作者常常會(huì)使用各種銜接手段使行文連貫。如果希望準(zhǔn)確、深刻地理解文章，必須把握住全篇的基本結(jié)構(gòu)，理清上下文的銜接關(guān)系，即句與句、段與段之間的邏輯關(guān)系。(六)理解作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度

每篇文章都有一個(gè)特定的寫作目的，或是向讀者傳遞某個(gè)信息，或是愉悅讀者，或是講授某個(gè)道理。而這些信息通常并不是明確表達(dá)出來，而是隱含在文章之中。因此，讀者需要在理解文章總體內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上，去領(lǐng)會(huì)作者的言外之意。三、語篇體裁

高考英語閱讀理解文章的文體類型主要有：記敘文、說明文、應(yīng)用文和論述文。不同的文體有不同的段落組織方式和脈絡(luò)層次。(一)記敘文

記敘文往往按時(shí)間順序展開段落，文章有明確表示時(shí)間先后的詞語。閱讀時(shí)抓住時(shí)間這條主線，弄清who,what,when,where,why與how等六要素。

記敘文又可分傳記類和故事類。時(shí)間是傳記類文章的關(guān)鍵，在閱讀這類文章時(shí)，我們可以根據(jù)時(shí)間找到相關(guān)的事件,抓住文章的主要內(nèi)容。故事類文章情節(jié)性較強(qiáng),閱讀時(shí)要注意故事中的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物和發(fā)生的事件,這些都是文章中的主要內(nèi)容和信息,對(duì)于準(zhǔn)確理解文章十分重要。(二)說明文

說明文是對(duì)事物的形狀、性質(zhì)、特征、成果或功用等進(jìn)行介紹、解釋或闡述的文章，多見于科普類文章。把握所說明事物的特征和本質(zhì)是理解說明文的關(guān)鍵。這類文體的文章，首句往往是主題句，開門見山，說明文章的關(guān)注對(duì)象。在閱讀時(shí)，我們要弄清作者的思路和段落組織的方式，把握次要信息及其與主題的關(guān)系。(三)應(yīng)用文

應(yīng)用文涉及的范圍比較廣，包括廣告、通知、書信等。應(yīng)用文一般語言簡潔，省略句及不規(guī)范的句子較多。閱讀時(shí)一般要求考生全面掌握文章中提供的信息，并運(yùn)用這些信息去解決問題。因此對(duì)題干的理解尤為重要。(四)論述文

論述文處處都滲透著作者的個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度。閱讀論述文時(shí)應(yīng)該從文體的寫作結(jié)構(gòu)和特點(diǎn)入手。論述文的結(jié)構(gòu)往往容易把握,主題句開門見山。作者往往通過信號(hào)詞和關(guān)聯(lián)詞來組織段落、文章，因此對(duì)信號(hào)詞的迅速反應(yīng)和對(duì)關(guān)聯(lián)詞的準(zhǔn)確判斷是至關(guān)重要的。此外，要特別注意區(qū)分作者的觀點(diǎn)與文章里所提到的人物的觀點(diǎn),同時(shí)注意作者所使用的表示贊同、反對(duì)等感情色彩的詞匯。四、考查形式高考閱讀理解的考查形式主要有四大類：細(xì)節(jié)理解題、推理判斷題、主旨大意題、詞義/句意猜測(cè)題。(一)細(xì)節(jié)理解題

高考對(duì)英語篇章中事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)的考查主要分為兩種情況：一是直接細(xì)節(jié)類，有些問題可以或幾乎可以直接在文章中找到答案，考生只要根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞與原文進(jìn)行對(duì)照，就能找到答案；二是隱含細(xì)節(jié)類，這類題雖然不能直接從原文中找到對(duì)應(yīng)的詞或短語，但考生可以在理解的基礎(chǔ)上將有關(guān)內(nèi)容系統(tǒng)化，如通過計(jì)算、排序、是非判斷、圖形比較等。常見的設(shè)問方式有：1.特殊疑問句形式。以when,where,what,which,who,howmuch/many等疑問詞開頭引出的問題。

2.是非題的形式。含有true/false,wrong/right,nottrue/false或except等的判斷是非的問題，選項(xiàng)通常是三正一誤或三誤一正，此時(shí)要注意題干中是否含有否定詞，如not，never等。3.以“

Accordingto...”開頭的提問方式。4.填空題的形式。如：(1)Toavoidattractingmountainlions,peopleareadvised________.(2)Itseemsthatnowacountry'seconomydependsmuchon________.(3)Ifyouareinterestedinknowingaboutwhatpeople'slifewillbe,youmayvisit________.(4)Thepolicemenweretold“tolooktheotherway”(theunderlinedpartinParagraph2)sothat________.(5)Choosethebestorderinwhichthepeopledo________.(二)推理判斷題

推理是指通過文章提供的信息得出文中沒有明確提到的結(jié)論，因此在進(jìn)行推理時(shí)必須以文中的有關(guān)內(nèi)容作為前提和依據(jù)。判斷是指對(duì)文章提供的事實(shí)進(jìn)行分析，然后得出合理的結(jié)論，因此在進(jìn)行判斷時(shí)必須考慮文章的全部事實(shí)和信息。 閱讀理解中對(duì)考生推理判斷能力的考查要求考生在理解原文字面意義的基礎(chǔ)上，通過對(duì)文中細(xì)節(jié)中隱含的信息和語篇邏輯關(guān)系的分析作出一定的判斷和推理，從而理解作者所要傳達(dá)的信息，得出文章的深層意義及隱含意義。

推理判斷題主要考查考生理清上下文邏輯關(guān)系的能力和考生的識(shí)別能力。解答此類題要以文字信息為依據(jù)，既不能作出在原文中找不到依據(jù)的推理，也不能根據(jù)表面文字信息進(jìn)行多余推理。也就是說，要做到判斷有據(jù)，推論有理，忠實(shí)原文。切忌用自己的觀點(diǎn)代替作者的本意。切忌以片面思考得出片面結(jié)論?？忌杏洠评砼袛囝}必須把握住的一個(gè)原則是：正確選項(xiàng)必須是由文中事實(shí)推斷出的另一個(gè)正確的事實(shí)，而不是文章細(xì)節(jié)的直接陳述。常見的設(shè)問方式有：Whatcanbeinferredfromthetext?Whatcanweinferabout/from...?Whatdoweknowabout...fromthefirst/second...paragraph?Whichofthefollowingconclusionscanwedrawaccordingtothetext?Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassage?Whatisthepurposeofthelastpartofthetext?Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthetext?Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardthe...?Whereisthepassagemostlikelytobetakenfrom?Wherewouldthispassagemostprobablyappear?Thepassageismostlikelyapartof________.Itcanbeinferred/concludedfromthepassagethat________.Thepassagesuggests/impliesthat________.Bythefirstsentenceofthesecondparagraphtheauthormeans________.Wecanconcludethat________.Whenthewritertalksabout...,whathereallymeansisthat________.(三)主旨大意題

主旨大意題旨在考查考生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力，即考查考生的歸納概括能力。這類試題包括歸納文章標(biāo)題(title)、概括文章或段落的主題以及中心思想(mainidea)。這類題在設(shè)題時(shí)常含有title,subject,mainidea,topic,theme等詞。常見的設(shè)問方式有：Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?Thebesttitle/headlineforthispassageis________.Thetext/passagecouldbeentitled________.Whatmightbethemostsuitabletitleforthepassage?WhatisParagraph...mainlytalkingabout?Whatisthetextmainlyabout?Whatisthegeneral/mainideaofthispassage?Whichofthefollowingexpressesthemainidea?Thepassage/textismainlyabout________.What'sthetopicofthearticle?What'sthesubjectdiscussedinthetext?(四)詞義/句意猜測(cè)題

詞義猜測(cè)題是高考閱讀理解中的一種常見題型。詞義猜測(cè)可以是對(duì)一個(gè)單詞的意義推斷，也可以是對(duì)一個(gè)短語或一個(gè)句子的意義推斷，既可以是生詞生義，也可以是熟詞新義，還可以是對(duì)替代詞所替代內(nèi)容的判斷。它要求考生不但要準(zhǔn)確無誤地理解上下文，而且要有較大的泛讀量，掌握或認(rèn)識(shí)較多的課外詞匯。此類題型有逐漸增加的趨勢(shì)，尤其是詞組、句意猜測(cè)題。因?yàn)椴聹y(cè)詞組、句意涉及題材背景、句子結(jié)構(gòu)、文章主旨、作者的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度等。

在詞義猜測(cè)題中，所考查的詞或短語的意義往往不停留在字面上，要根據(jù)短文提供的語境，通過閱讀上下文，根據(jù)已知的信息或常識(shí)來推測(cè)尚不熟悉的詞或詞組的含義。常見的設(shè)問方式有：Asusedinthepassage,thephrase“...”suggests________.Fromthepassage,wecaninferthattheword/phrase/sentence“...”is/refersto________.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase/word/sentence“...”inParagraph...referto/mean?Whatdoyouthinktheexpression“...”standsfor?Whichofthefollowingwordsisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedwordinthelastparagraph?Theword“...”isclosestinmeaningto________.Theword“...”refersto/probablymeans/couldbestbereplacedby________.Theword“...”ismostlikelytomean________.Theword“it/they”inthelastsentencerefersto“________”.Theunderlinedwordinthesecondparagraphmeans“________”.Theunderlinedword“...”inParagraph...canbestbereplacedby“________”.一、細(xì)節(jié)理解題1.直接信息題

該類試題的選項(xiàng)多根據(jù)原文中的信息直接進(jìn)行考查?？忌上葟膯栴}中找到關(guān)鍵詞，然后以此為線索，運(yùn)用略讀及查閱的技巧在文中尋找細(xì)節(jié)，鎖定與who,what,when,where,why等問題有關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)及關(guān)鍵詞后，然后比較所給選項(xiàng)與文中細(xì)節(jié)的細(xì)微區(qū)別，從而確定最佳選項(xiàng)。另外，廣告、公告、演出信息、航班時(shí)間表等類別的文章常涉及快速尋找信息題。

考生可通過文章的結(jié)構(gòu)預(yù)測(cè)所要搜尋的信息在文中可能出現(xiàn)的位置，以便閱讀時(shí)具有一定的選擇性和針對(duì)性。瀏覽材料時(shí)，應(yīng)注意有針對(duì)性地選擇出有關(guān)部分，進(jìn)行仔細(xì)閱讀，找出問題的答案。例(2020年新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷·閱讀理解A)

TrainInformation

AllcustomerstravellingonTransLinkservicesmustbeinpossessionofavalidticketbeforeboarding.Forticketinformation，pleaseaskatyourlocalstationorcall131230. WhileQueenslandRailmakeseveryefforttoensuretrainsrunasscheduled，therecanbenoguaranteeofconnectionsbetweentrainsorbetweentrainservicesandbusservices.Lostproperty(失物招領(lǐng))CallLostPropertyon131617duringbusinesshoursforitemslostonQueenslandRailservices.ThelostpropertyofficeisopenMondaytoFriday7：5：00p.m.andislocated(位于)atRomaStreetstation.Publicholidayscertainmajoreventdays,i.e.AustraliaDay,AnzacDay,sportingandculturaldays,specialadditionalservicesmayoperate.ChristmasDayservicesoperatetoaChristmasDaytimetable.1230anytime.CustomersusingmobilitydevicesManystationshavewheelchairaccessfromthecarparkorentrancetothestationplatforms.Forassistance,pleasecallQueenslandRailon131617.DepartOriginDestinationArrive6：42p.m.AltandiVarsityLakes7：37p.m.7：29p.m.CentralVarsityLakes8：52p.m.8：57p.m.FortitudeValleyVarsityLakes9：52p.m.11：02p.m.RomaStreetVarsityLakes12：22a.m.Guardiantrains(outbound)解析：選C細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)首段第二句“Forticketinformation,pleaseaskatyourlocalstationorcall131230.”，可知查詢車票信息，可向當(dāng)?shù)氐能囌驹儐柣驌艽?31230。A項(xiàng)的號(hào)碼與原文不符合。故選C。22.Atwhichstationcanyoufindthelostpropertyoffice?A.Altandi.B.RomaStreet.C.VarsityLakes.D.FortitudeValley.

解析：選B

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“Lostproperty”部分中第二段“Thelostpropertyoffice...islocatedatRomaStreetstation.”，可知失物招領(lǐng)處位于RomaStreet。故選B。2.間接理解題

該類試題的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)不出現(xiàn)在原文中的直接信息里而是借助同義轉(zhuǎn)換、概念解析、歸納事實(shí)等方法對(duì)原文信息進(jìn)行適當(dāng)變換。回答時(shí)，一定以文章所談到的內(nèi)容為依據(jù)，切忌憑自己的觀點(diǎn)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)去選擇不符合文章內(nèi)容的答案。解答這類試題時(shí)，一個(gè)常用的方法就是定位法，即根據(jù)題干或選項(xiàng)中的線索詞從原文中找到相關(guān)的句子，與選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行比較從而確定答案(此時(shí)要特別注意一些常見的同義轉(zhuǎn)換或簡單換算)。例(2020年新高考Ⅰ卷·閱讀理解C)

Inthemid-1990s,TomBisselltaughtEnglishasavolunteerinUzbekistan.Heleftaftersevenmonths,physicallybrokenandhavinglosthismind.Afewyearslater,stillattractedtothecountry,hereturnedtoUzbekistantowriteanarticleaboutthedisappearanceoftheAralSea. Hisvisit,however,endedupinvolvingalotmorethanthat.Hencethisbook,ChasingtheSea:LostAmongtheGhostsofEmpireinCentralAsia,whichtalksaboutaroadtripfromTashkenttoKarakalpakstan,wheremillionsofliveshavebeendestroyedbytheslowdryingupofthesea.ItisthestoryofanAmericantravellingtoastrangeland,andofthepeoplehemeetsonhisway:Rustam,histranslator,alovely24-year-oldwhopickeduphiscolorfulEnglishinCalifornia,OlegandNatasha,hishostsinTashkent,andastringofforeignaidworkers.ThisisaquicklookatlifeinUzbekistan,madeoffriendlinessandwarmth,butalsoitsdarkersideofsociety.InSamarkand,Mr.Bisselladmiresthearchitecturalwonders,whileonhiswaytoBukharahegetsatasteofpolicemethodswhensuspectedofdrugdealing.InFerghana,heattendsamountainfuneral(葬禮)followedbyastrangedrinkingparty.AndinKarakalpakstan,heissaddenedbytheduststorms,diseasesandfishingboatsstuckmilesfromthesea.Mr.Bissellskillfullyorganizeshistoricalinsightsandculturalreferences,makinghistaleawell-roundedpictureofUzbekistan,seenfromWesterneyes.HisjudgmentandreferencesaredecidedlyAmerican,aswellashisdelicatestomach.Astheauthorexplains,thisisneitheratravelnorahistorybook,orevenapieceofreportage.Whateveritis,theresultisafineandvividdescriptionofthepurestofCentralAsiantraditions.8.WhatmadeMr.BissellreturntoUzbekistan?A.Hisfriends'invitation.B.Hisinterestinthecountry.C.Hisloveforteaching.D.Hisdesiretoregainhealth.解析：選B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Afewyearslater,stillattractedtothecountry...(幾年后畢塞爾仍然被這個(gè)國家所吸引……)”，可知畢塞爾對(duì)烏茲別克斯坦感興趣，所以他才返回這個(gè)國家。A項(xiàng)“朋友們的邀請(qǐng)”，C項(xiàng)“對(duì)教育的熱愛”，D項(xiàng)“想要恢復(fù)健康”均與原文不相關(guān)。故選B。3.數(shù)字計(jì)算題

數(shù)字計(jì)算題可涉及年代、年齡、時(shí)間、金錢等方面的計(jì)算。此類試題分為直接考查和計(jì)算考查。直接考查是根據(jù)文中信息很容易地確定答案；對(duì)于計(jì)算考查，在文章中雖有相關(guān)的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)，但一般要經(jīng)過具體的計(jì)算才能得出正確的答案。 數(shù)字計(jì)算題要求考生根據(jù)閱讀材料中給出的有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)，找出計(jì)算關(guān)系，通過計(jì)算得出正確的結(jié)論。這類計(jì)算比較簡單，關(guān)鍵是要弄清數(shù)據(jù)間的邏輯關(guān)系，選準(zhǔn)所需的數(shù)字，掌握單位換算關(guān)系，確定計(jì)算方法。在處理數(shù)字計(jì)算題時(shí)，首先通讀題干，明確題目要求，然后迅速找到與之相關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)，對(duì)其進(jìn)行分析、整合，并結(jié)合題干計(jì)算出正確答案。對(duì)于數(shù)據(jù)較多、項(xiàng)目復(fù)雜、時(shí)間或空間跨度較大的短文，通?？刹捎谩傲斜矸ā保窗匆欢ǖ囊?guī)律將數(shù)據(jù)分門別類地列出，化模糊為清晰，為計(jì)算打下基礎(chǔ)。對(duì)于相對(duì)不太復(fù)雜的數(shù)據(jù)，可采用“推算法”，即以有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)為基準(zhǔn)，進(jìn)行簡單的運(yùn)算就可得出。例(2018年江蘇卷·閱讀理解A)ClosedThanksgivingDay,December25,January1,andthefirstMondayinMay.Admissionstudents,includestheMainBuildingandTheCloisters(回廊)onthesameday;freeforchildrenunder12withanadult.FreewithAdmission

Allspecialexhibitions,aswellasfilms,lectures,guidedtours,concerts,gallerytalks,andfamily/children'sprogramsarefreewithadmission.Askabouttoday'sactivitiesattheGreatHallInformationDesk.TheCloistersMuseumandGardensTheCloistersmuseumandgardensisabranchofTheMetropolitanMuseumofArtdevotedtotheartandarchitectureofEuropeintheMiddleAges.Theextensivecollectionconsistsofmasterworksinsculpture,coloredglass,andpreciousobjectsfromEuropedatingfromaboutthe9thtothe15thcentury.Hours:Open7daysaweek.

March—October10：00—17：15 November—February10：00—16：45

ClosedThanksgivingDay,December25,andJanuary1. 56.Howmuchmaytheypayifan11-year-oldgirlandherworkingparentsvisitthemuseum?A.$12.B.$37.C.$50.D.$62.

解析：選C

數(shù)字計(jì)算題。根據(jù)“Admission”部分可知，11歲的女孩和她父母去參觀博物館只需付兩個(gè)成人的票價(jià)即25×2＝50。故選C。4.排列順序題

排列順序類細(xì)節(jié)理解題的考查形式是在選項(xiàng)中列舉一些具體的事實(shí)，然后要求學(xué)生根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容對(duì)選項(xiàng)中的事實(shí)進(jìn)行排序。

這種試題要求考生根據(jù)事情發(fā)生的先后順序和句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，找出事件的正確順序。做此類試題時(shí)可采用“首尾定位法”，即找出事件發(fā)展的首與尾，迅速縮小范圍，從而快速選出正確選項(xiàng)；或直接逐一用排除法按順序排除，得出正確選項(xiàng)。排列順序題常出現(xiàn)在記敘文和說明文中，一般按事件發(fā)生的順序。常見的設(shè)問方式有：Whichofthefollowingisthecorrectorderof...?WhichofthefollowingshowsthepathofsignalsdescribedinParagraph...?例triedtoopenmybackdooronlytofindsixinchesofwet,heavysnowpiledupagainstit.IknewIhadquiteajobofshovelingoutaheadofme,soIreachedovertograbmysnowshovel.ItlookedalotmorereadytoworkthanIdid.Isighedandpulledonmyboots,gloves,andheavycoat.ThewindchillwasbelowzeroandcutintomyfaceasIslowlyshoveledoffmydeck.Afterthat,Istayedmywayovertomydaughter'shouseshovelingthepathasIwalked.Ittookawhilecamethepathsdownthehilltomyowncarscoveredinsnow.Ihadgrabbedthebroomtosweepthemoffaswell.Iwincedwhenthebreezeblewthesweptsnowbackintomyface.ThenIstartedtoshoveloutmydriveways.MybackwasachingasIworked.IwishedIcouldbebuildingasnowmaninsteadofshoveling.WintersurelyhadseemedalotmorefunwhenIwasaboy.Afteritwasdone,Iexaminedmywork.Itdidn'tlookhalfbad.Ismiledandlookedatthewoodscoveredinwhite.Theyweresuchaspecialsight.Ileanedonmyshovelandtookitallin.ThenIstartedupthehillwiththesnowshovelinonehandandthebroomintheother.Suddenly,anurgecameovermeandIdroppedthemboth.Ispreadmyarms,fedbackintotheblanketofwhiteandhappilymovedmyarmsandlegstomakeanangelinthesnow.Asyougothroughtheseasonsofthislife,takejoyinyourworkandtakejoyinyourlife.Rememberthatthecourseofyourdaysrestsinyourownhands.Whichisthecorrectorderofwhattheauthorshoveled?A.hisdeck—hisdaughter'sdriveway—hiscars—hisdriveway.B.hiscars—hisdeck—hisdaughter'sdriveway—hisdriveway.C.hisdaughter'sdriveway—hisdeck—hisdriveway—hiscars.D.hisdriveway—hisdaughter'sdriveway—hiscars—hisdeck.解析：選A排列順序題。根據(jù)第二段中的“ThewindchillwasbelowzeroandcutintomyfaceasIslowlyshoveledoffmydeck.Afterthat,Istayedmywayovertomydaughter'shouseshovelingthepathasIwalked.IttookawhiletogetherdrivewayclearandIknewIstillhadalottodo.Nextcamethepathsdownthehilltomyowncarscoveredinsnow.Ihadgrabbedthebroomtosweepthemoffaswell.Iwincedwhenthebreezeblewthesweptsnowbackintomyface.ThenIstartedtoshoveloutmydriveways.”可知，作者鏟雪的先后順序是：他的木制平臺(tái)——女兒的車道——他自己的汽車——他的車道。故選A。二、推理判斷題1.推斷隱含意義題

此類試題的標(biāo)志性詞及短語有infer,suggest,imply,conclude,indicate,intend,belikelyto等。閱讀文章的主要目的是獲取信息，即作者所要傳達(dá)的信息。有時(shí)讀者需要根據(jù)文章提供的事實(shí)和線索，進(jìn)行邏輯推理，推測(cè)作者未提到的事實(shí)或某事發(fā)生的可能性。做題時(shí)要注意：全面分析所有相關(guān)信息，切忌片面思考、得出片面結(jié)論；忠實(shí)原文，切忌脫離原文、憑空臆斷；切忌選擇表層信息類的答案，應(yīng)該立足于已知，推斷未知。常見的設(shè)問方式有：Itcanbeinferred/concludedfromthetextthat________.Theauthorimplies/suggeststhat________.Wemayinferthat________.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisimpliedbutNOTstated?例(2020年新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷·閱讀理解C)

Whenyouweretryingtofigureoutwhattobuyfortheenvironmentalistonyourholidaylist,furprobablydidn'tcrossyourmind.Butsomeecologistsandfashion(時(shí)裝)enthusiastsaretryingtobringbackthemarketforfurmadefromnutria(海貍鼠). UnusualfashionshowsinNewOrleansandBrooklynhaveshowcasednutriafurmadeintoclothesindifferentstyles.“Itsoundscrazytotalkaboutguilt-freefur—unlessyouunderstandthatthenutriaaredestroyingvastwetlandseveryyear，”saysCreeMcCree,projectdirectorofRighteousFur.ScientistsinLouisianaweresoconcernedthattheydecidedtopayhunters$5atail.SomeofthefurendsupinthefashionshowsliketheoneinBrooklynlastmonth.NutriawerebroughttherefromArgentinabyfurfarmersandletgointothewild.“Theecosystemdowntherecan'thandlethisnon-nativespecies(物種).It'sdestroyingtheenvironment.It'sthemorus，”saysMichaelMassimi,anexpertinthisfield.Thefurtradekeptnutriaincheckfordecades,butwhenthemarketfornutriacollapsedinthelate1980s,thecat-sizedanimalsmultipliedlikecrazy.BiologistEdmondMoutonrunsthenutriacontrolprogramforLouisiana.Hesaysit'snoteasytoconvincepeoplethatnutriafurisgreen,buthehasnodoubtaboutit.Huntersbringinmorethan300，000nutriatailsayear,sopartofMouton'sjobthesedaysistryingtopromotefur.Thenthere'sRighteousFuranditsunusualfashions.Amodelsays,“Togivepeopleaguilt-freeoptionthattheycanwearwithoutsomeonethrowingpaintonthem—Ithinkthat'sgoingtobeamassivething,atleasthereinNewYork.”DesignerJenniferthatusingnutriafurforhercreationsismorallyacceptable.She'siseco-friendly.

31.WhatcanweinferaboutwearingfurinNewYorkaccordingtoMorgan?A.It'sformal.C.It'sharmful.解析：選B

B.It'srisky. D.It'straditional.推斷隱含意義題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Togivepeople...inNewYork.”，提到“給人們一種無愧疚感的選擇”，“人們可以穿裘皮服裝而不被潑油漆”。由此可知，在紐約穿裘皮服裝是有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的。故選B。2.推斷作者觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度或?qū)懽髂康暮鸵鈭D題

此類試題是閱讀理解中難度較大的試題，要求考生不僅理解文章的全部事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)，掌握全篇的主題，還要推測(cè)作者的觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度、寫作目的或意圖等。做題時(shí)，考生要注意不要把自己的態(tài)度揉入其中，也要區(qū)分開作者的態(tài)度和作者描述的別人的態(tài)度。當(dāng)作者沒有明確表達(dá)自己的態(tài)度時(shí)，要根據(jù)作者使用詞語的褒貶性去判斷。(1)觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題

該類題指考查作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度以及文章基調(diào)的題，例如作者對(duì)陳述的觀點(diǎn)是贊成、反對(duì)還是中立，是肯定、否定還是不置可否，對(duì)描寫和記敘的人、物或事件是喜歡還是厭惡，是同情還是冷漠，或僅僅是客觀陳述。這類題除了考查作者在整篇文章中所表現(xiàn)的態(tài)度和觀點(diǎn)外，有的還考查作者對(duì)具體的某個(gè)人或事物的態(tài)度或評(píng)價(jià)。作者的這種思想傾向和感情色彩往往隱含在文章的結(jié)論中，或流露于修飾性的詞語之中。常見的設(shè)問方式有：Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowards...?Whatistheauthor'sopinionon...?Theauthor'stoneinthispassageis________.常用的解題技巧有：

①尋找文中具有感情色彩的形容詞、副詞或動(dòng)詞，根據(jù)作者使用詞語的褒貶性去判斷作者的態(tài)度。常見的表示態(tài)度的詞有：詞類例詞褒義詞support(支持)，supportive(支持的)，approve(贊成)，approving(贊同的)，for(支持)，infavourof(支持)，optimistic(樂觀的)，positive(積極的)，helpful(有幫助的)，admiring(贊賞的)，interested(感興趣的)，praise(贊揚(yáng))，serious(認(rèn)真的)，enthusiastic(熱情的)，pleasant(愉快的)，polite(禮貌的)，concerned(關(guān)切的)，humorous(幽默的)，confident(自信的)，impressive(給人深刻印象的)詞類例詞貶義詞disgusted(厭惡的)，disgusting(令人厭惡的)，critical(批評(píng)的)，negative(否定的)，suspicious(懷疑的)，intolerant(無法忍受的)，disappointed(失望的)，biased(有偏見的)，doubtful(懷疑的)，pessimistic(悲觀的)，depressed(沮喪的)，uninterested(冷漠的)，skeptical(懷疑的)，opposed(反對(duì)的)，angry(生氣的)，doubt(懷疑)中性詞cognitive(認(rèn)知的)，reflective(反射的，反映的)，informative(提供有用信息的)，impartial(公正的)，factual(事實(shí)的)，objective(客觀的)，neutral(中立的)(續(xù)表)②作者的觀點(diǎn)一般與文章主旨相關(guān)聯(lián)，因此可以抓住論述的主線及舉例的方式。③多注意文章開頭、結(jié)尾等傳達(dá)作者感情傾向的地方。④不要摻雜自己的觀點(diǎn)。例1(2020年新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷·閱讀理解C)

Racewalkingsharesmanyfitnessbenefitswithrunning,does,however,haveitsownproblem. Racewalkersareconditionedathletes.ThelongesttrackandfieldeventattheSummerOlympicsisthe50-kilometerracewalk,whichisaboutfivemileslongerthanthemarathon.Butthesport'srulesrequirethataracewalker'skneesstaystraightthroughmostofthelegswingandonefootremainincontact(接觸)withthegroundatalltimes.It'sthisstrangeformthatmakesracewalkingsuchanattractiveactivity,however,saysJaclynNorberg,anassistantprofessorofexercisescienceatSalemStateUniversityinSalem,Mass.

Likerunning,racewalkingisphysicallydemanding,shesays.Accordingtomostcalculations,racewalkersmovingatapaceofsixmilesperhourwouldburnabout800calories(卡路里)perhour,whichisapproximatelytwiceasmanyastheywouldburnwalking,althoughfewerthanrunning,whichwouldprobablyburnabout1，000ormorecaloriesperhour.

However,racewalkingdoesnotpoundthebodyasmuchasrunningdoes,Dr.Norbergsays.Accordingtoherresearch,runnershitthegroundwithasmuchasfourtimestheirbodyweightperstep,whileracewalkers,whodonotleavetheground,createonlyabout1.4timestheirbodyweightwitheachstep.wishingtotryracewalkingshouldprobablyfirstconsultacoachorexperiencedracertolearnpropertechnique,shesays.Ittakessomepractice. 31.Whichwordbestdescribestheauthor'sattitudetoracewalking?A.Skeptical.C.Tolerant.解析：選B

B.Objective. D.Conservative.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)第一段可知，競(jìng)走有很多益處，不過它也有一些問題。作者對(duì)于競(jìng)走的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)都有提及，從事實(shí)出發(fā)，由此判斷作者的態(tài)度是客觀的。故選B。例2(2020年新課標(biāo)Ⅲ卷·閱讀理解C)

Withtheyoungunabletoaffordtoleavehomeandtheoldatriskofisolation(孤獨(dú)),morefamiliesarechoosingtolivetogether. Thedoorwaytopeaceandquiet,forNickBrightatleast,leadsstraighttohismother-in-law:shelivesonthegroundfloor,whilehelivesupstairswithhiswifeandtheirtwodaughters. Fouryearsagotheyallmovedintoathree-storeyVictorianhouseinBristol—oneofagrowingnumberofmultigenerationalfamiliesintheUKlivingtogetherunderthesameroof.Theyshareafrontdoorandawashingmachine,butRitaWhiteheadhasherownkitchen,bathroom,bedroomandlivingroomonthegroundfloor.

“Wefloatedtheideatomymumofsharingahouse，”saysKathrynWhitehead.Ritacutsin:“WespokemorewithNickbecauseIthinkit'sabigthingforNicktolivewithhismother-in-law.”AndwhatdoesNickthink?“Frommystandpoint,itallseemsIt'shardtotellexactlyhowmanypeopleagreewithhim,butresearchindicatesthatthenumbershavebeenrisingforsometime.Officialreportssuggestthatthenumberofhouseholdswithwith16%intotalnumberofallmillion.A.Positive.C.Tolerant.解析：選A

B.Carefree. D.Unwilling.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)第五段可知，“從我的角度來看，一切都很順利……我想我會(huì)推薦在一起居住”。由此判斷出，尼克對(duì)和岳母合住房子的態(tài)度是積極的。故選A。(2)寫作意圖題

該類題多出現(xiàn)在記敘文或夾敘夾議類的文章中。如果是議論文，應(yīng)該抓住作者的論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)；如果是記敘文，應(yīng)該特別注意總結(jié)性的文字。 常見的設(shè)問方式有：Thepurposeofthetextis________.Whatisthemainpurposeoftheauthorwritingthetext?Bymentioning...,theauthoraimstoshowthat________.①toentertainreaders(使讀者愉悅、發(fā)笑)：常見于個(gè)人經(jīng)歷或故事類的文章。

②topersuadereaders(說服讀者接受某種觀點(diǎn))：常見于廣告類文章或議論文。廣告是作者要推銷的一種產(chǎn)品或一種服務(wù)：吸引更多的游客、讀者或訂戶、觀眾等。議論文是為了說服讀者接受或贊同某一觀點(diǎn)。

③toinformreaders(告知或提供給讀者某些信息)：多見于科普類、新聞報(bào)道類、文化類或社會(huì)類的文章，以及勸告性或建議性的文章。弄清其寫作意圖，需要找準(zhǔn)主題句，把握文章主旨。因此，考生可以根據(jù)文體類別、寫作手法來推斷文章的寫作意圖或目的。例(2020年新課標(biāo)Ⅲ卷·閱讀理解D)

Wearetheproductsofevolution,andnotjustevolutionthatoccurredbillionsofyearsago.Asscientistslookdeeperintoourgenes(基因),theyarefindingexamplesofhumanevolutioninjustthepastfewthousandyears.PeopleinEthiopianhighlandshaveadaptedtolivingathighaltitudes.Cattle-raisingpeopleinEastAfricaandnorthernEuropehavegainedamutation(突變)thathelpsthemdigestmilkasadults.OnThursdayinanarticlepublishedinCell,ateamofresearchersreportedanewkindofadaptation—nottoairortofood,buttotheocean.Agroupofsea-dwellingpeopleinSoutheastAsiahaveevolvedintobetterdivers.TheBajau,asthesepeopleareknown,numberinthehundredsofthousandsinIndonesia,MalaysiaandthePhilippines.Theyhavetraditionallylivedonhouseboats;inrecenttimes,they'vealsobuilthousesonstilts(支柱)incoastalwaters.“Theyaresimplyastrangertotheland，”saidRedneyC.Jubilado,aUniversityofHawaiiresearcherwhostudiestheBajau.Dr.JubiladofirstmettheBajauwhilegrowinguponSamalIslandinthePhilippines.Theymadealivingasdivers,spearfishingorharvestingshellfish.“Weweresoamazedthattheycouldstayunderwatermuchlongerthanuslocalislanders，”Dr.Jubiladosaid.“Icouldseethemactuallywalkingunderthesea.”In2015,MelissaIlardo,thenagraduatestudentingeneticsatwonderedifcenturiesofdivingcouldhaveledtotheevolutionofphysicalcharacteristicsthatmadethetaskeasierforthem.“Itseemedliketheperfectchancefornaturalselectiontoactonapopulation，”saidDr.Ilardo.ShealsosaidtherewerelikelyanumberofothergenesthathelptheBajaudive.32.WhatdoestheauthorwanttotellusbytheexamplesinParagraph1?A.Environmentaladaptationofcattleraisers.B.Newknowledgeofhumanevolution.C.Recentfindingsofhumanorigin.D.Significanceoffoodselection.

解析：選B

推理判斷題。根據(jù)首段第一、二句，“當(dāng)科學(xué)家更深入地研究我們的基因時(shí)，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了人類在過去幾千年進(jìn)化的例子”可知，作者列舉第一段的例子目的是告訴我們關(guān)于人類進(jìn)化的一個(gè)新信息，那就是人類在過去幾千年也在進(jìn)化。故選B。3.推斷文章出處或讀者對(duì)象

這類問題應(yīng)從文章的內(nèi)容或結(jié)構(gòu)來判斷其出處或?qū)懽黝愋停袛嘧x者對(duì)象主要通過尋找關(guān)鍵的信息詞。以下是一些常見的文章類型：(1)報(bào)紙：前面會(huì)出現(xiàn)日期、地點(diǎn)或通訊社名稱。(2)廣告：因其用詞和格式特殊，容易辨認(rèn)。

(3)產(chǎn)品說明：器皿、設(shè)備等的使用說明會(huì)有產(chǎn)品名稱或操作方式，而藥品的服用說明會(huì)告知服用時(shí)間、次數(shù)、藥量等。(4)網(wǎng)絡(luò)：文中會(huì)出現(xiàn)clickhere(點(diǎn)擊此處)，online(在線)，web(網(wǎng)絡(luò))，website(網(wǎng)址)等關(guān)鍵詞。(5)展覽手冊(cè)：會(huì)提供有關(guān)展覽的各方面信息。常見的設(shè)問方式有：Thepassageisprobablytakenoutof/takenfrom________.Thepassagewouldmostlikelybefoundin________.Thepassageismostlikelyapartof________.Thetextisintendedfor________.例1(2019年新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷·閱讀理解C)toeachkey.Thekeyboardcouldofferastronglayerofsecuritybyanalyzingthingsliketheforceofauser'stypingandthetimebetweenkeypresses.Thesepatternsareuniquetoeachperson.Thus,thekeyboardcandeterminepeople'sidentities,andbyextension,to—regardlessofwhethersomeonegetsthepasswordright.Italsodoesn'trequireanewtypeoftechnologythatpeoplearen'talreadyfamiliarwith.Everybodyusesakeyboardandeverybodytypesdifferently.Inastudydescribingthetechnology,theresearchershad100volunteerstypetheword“touch”fourtimesusingthesmartkeyboard.Datacollectedfromthedevicecouldbeusedtorecognizedifferentparticipantsbasedonhowtheytyped,withverylowerrorrates.Theresearcherssaythatthekeyboardshouldbeprettyinexpensive,plastic-likeparts.Theteamhopestomakeittomarketinthenearfuture.31.Whereisthistextmostlikelyfrom?A.Adiary.C.Anovel.B.Aguidebook.D.Amagazine.

解析：選D

文章出處題。原文介紹的是智能鍵盤，且根據(jù)文章中的“biometric(生物測(cè)量)”“device(裝置)”“researchers”等詞，可見文章用詞比較嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，其他A、B和C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)(日記、指南或小說)的體裁的文章用詞應(yīng)簡單易懂，與雜志上報(bào)道的研究有很大不同。故選D。例2(2019年山西省太原市高三一模)●SignuptokeepintouchwithDurhamUniversityandgetagoodybagsponsoredbytheALUMNIteam.●20%discountonpre-orderedDurhamUniversityMerchandisewiththeticketcodeWGRADUATE2019(Oryouhavetopaythefullpriceattheshop).●Pre-orderyourphotographsandreceiveadiscountedrate.●FreeentrytotheexhibitionsatPalaceGreenLibraryforyouandyourguests(withtickets).●Purchaseadiplomacontainertokeepyourdegreecertificatesafe.Pleasecheck：Collegesarepublishedat：notlimitedtotheopportunitytogooutforBBQandcampingatBotanicGardenispublishedat：colleaguesattheceremony，whichisatraditionalandmagnificentpublicpresentationofyourdiplomaandaward，anditisalwaysmemorableandfun.Youwillhavealreadyreceivedaformale-mailinvitation,butthisisjusttosaythatwehopetomeetyouthereandcongratulateyouinperson.