1.Thefollowingappearedaspartofanarticleinabusinessmagazine."Arecentstudyrating300maleandfemaleMentianadvertisingexecutivesaccordingtotheaveragenumberofhourstheysleeppernightshowedanassociationbetweentheamountofsleeptheexecutivesneedandthesuccessoftheirfirms.Oftheadvertisingfirmsstudied,thosewhoseexecutivesreportedneedingnomorethan6hoursofsleeppernighthadhigherprofitmarginsandfastergrowth.Theseresultssuggestthatifabusinesswantstoprosper,itshouldhireonlypeoplewhoneedlessthan6hoursofsleeppernight."Writearesponseinwhichyouexaminethestatedand/orunstatedassumptionsoftheargument.Besuretoexplainhowtheargumentdependsontheseassumptionsandwhattheimplicationsarefortheargumentiftheassumptionsproveunwarranted.以下是14的范文，請大家讀完后，將它改寫為 argument118Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusswhatquestionswouldneedtobeansweredinordertodecidewhethertherecommendationandtheargumentonwhichitisbasedarereasonable.Besuretoexplainhowtheanswerstothesequestionswouldhelptoevaluatetherecommendation.注意盡管題目要求不同但是結構和內(nèi)容基本一致 只需要在措辭上進行調整Thearticlearguesthatcompaniesshouldhirepeoplewhoneedlesssleepbecausetheseemployeesaremorelikelytosucceedbasedonasurveyof300advertisingexecutives.Anumberofassumptionshavebeenmadeaboutthegeneralisabilityofthesurveyresult,thereliabilityofthereportedneedofsleepandotherrelatedissues.Weneedtoexaminetheassumptionscarefullyinordertoassesstheargument.Tobeginwith,theassumptionthatthesurveyresultscanbeappliedmorebroadlymaynotholdtrue.Thesubjectsofthesurveyareallfromasingleindustry,namely,advertising.Maybeitisimportantforpeopleinthisfieldtoburnthemidnight ltoprosper.But'thisouiemaynotapplytootherindustries,forexample,insuranceormanufacturing.Inaddition,thesurveyonlyaskstheexecutiveswhomayhavetoworkextrahourstoleadthecompanies.Butforemployeesatlowerlevelsleepinglessmaynotbeveryhelpfulforachievingsuccess.Inaddition,itisassumedthattheexecutivesactuallyneedlittlesleepasreportedinthesurvey.Inotherwords,theassumptionisthatthesubjectsweretellingthetruthabouttheirlifestylesduringthesurvey.Itispossiblethatthesurveyrespondentsjustwanttoimpressothersorshowtheirattitudestowardssleepwhenansweringthequestions.Withoutfurtherdatatoverifythereliabilityofthesurveyresults,itisnotreasonabletoapplythefindinginthehiringprocesses.Anotherassumptionbeingmadeisthattheneedoflesssleepisthemainreasonwhytheexecutivesweresuccessful.Asweallknow,correlationdoesnotnecessarilyimplycausation.Ahostofotherfactorsunrelatedtosleepmayhavecausedthesuccessoftheexecutives.Forexample,theymighthappentohaveagoodteamofpeopleworkingefficientlytowardstheirgoals.Ortheywereluckyenoughtomeetsomeclientswhowerewillingtopayhigherfeeswhichboostedtheprofitmarginsandthegrowthrates.Withoutlookingintohowtheyachievedsuccess,itistoohastytoattributetheiraccomplishmentstotheirsleeppatterns.Finally,itisalsoassumedthatexecutiveswithlessneedforsleepcansucceedinthelongterm.Maybetheymanagetoaccomplishmorethantheirpeerswiththeirabilitiestosleepless.Butwedonotknowhowtherelativelysmallamountofsleepwouldhaveanynegativeimpactontheirhealthandtheirperformanceinthelongterm.Wealsodonotknowhowtheirlifestylesmayaffecttheoveralljobsatisfactionofthemselvesandtheirco-workers.Iftheirabilitiestosleeplesswouldenablethemtoworkovertime,maybetheywouldalsoforcetheircolleaguestoworkovertime,whichmaynotbenefittheIong-termsuccessofacompany.Inconclusion,itisnotreasonabletorecommendhiringpeoplewhoneedlesssleepbasedonthissurveyonarelativelysmallgroupofexecutivesfromasingleindustry.Moreinformationisneededbeforewecanchecktheassumptionsdiscussedaboveandmakeamorereasonablehiringpolicy.2.WovenbasketscharacterizedbyaparticulardistinctivepatternhavepreviouslybeenfoundonlyintheimmediatevicinityoftheprehistoricvillageofPaleaandthereforewerebelievedtohavebeenmadeonlybythePaleanpeople.Recently,however,archaeologistsdiscoveredsucha"Palean"basketinLithos,anancientvillageacrosstheBrimRiverfromPalea.TheBrimRiverisverydeepandbroad,andsotheancientPaleanscouldhavecrosseditonlybyboat,andnoPaleanboatshavebeenfound.Thusitfollowsthattheso-calledPaleanbasketswerenotuniquelyPalean.Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusswhatspecificevideneeisneededtoevaluatetheargumentandexplainhowtheevideneewouldweakenorstrengthentheargument.Outlinefocusonwhethertherivercouldbecrossedbypeoplewithoutanyhelp:notsodeepandbroad;frozeninwinterdiscussthepossiblebridgesandboatswhichmightnotsurvivethetimeexplorethepossibilityofthebasketsbeingcarriedbywaterAccordingtothisargument,thePaleanbasketsmayhavebeenmadebypeoplefromareasotherthanPaleaasthebasketshavebeenfoundintheadjacentvillage.Weneedmoreevidenceaboutgeographicalinformationofthearea,thetechnologiesofbuildingboatsandbridgesandthecharacteristicsofthebasketsinordertoevaluatetheargument.Whiletheauthorassumesthatthebasketscouldonlyhavebeencarriedbyboatswhichhadnotbeenfound,thereareotherpossibleseenarios.Forexample,maybetheriveratthetimewasnotasdeepandbroadasitisnow.Iftheriverwasshallowandnarrow,peopleinPaleaandLithoscouldbetradingbasketsbywalkingacrosstheriver.Ontheotherhand,maybetheweatherwasextremelycoldatthetimeandtheriverwasfrozenduringthewinter.Againthepeoplefromthetwovillagescouldsimplywalkacrosstherivertotrade.Soweneedmoreinformationaboutthegeographyandclimateintheareaatthetimetoassesshowlikelytheseenariosdiscussedabovewere.WealsoneedtoknowmoreaboutthetechnologiesofPaleanandLithoianpeopleatthetimeforbuildingboatsandbridges.Specifically,wewanttoknowwhethertheywereabletobuildboatsandbridgesandiftheycouldwhatmaterialstheyused.Maybetheycouldbuildboatsorbridgestocrosstheriverbutthematerialstheyusedcouldnotsurvivethetimeandleftnotracesforarchaeologiststolocate.Theabsenceofanytangibletracesofboatsorbridgesdoesnotnecessarilyimplynoboatsorbridgeswereavailablethen.Moreinformationregardingtheseissuesisneeded.Anotherimportancepieceofevidenceweneedisthematerialsbeingusedtomakethebaskets.Specifically,wewanttoknowwhetherthebasketscouldfloatinthewater.ItispossiblethatsomeofthebasketshadbeendumpedbyPaleanpeopletotheriverandcarriedbythewatertotheothersideoftheriverandthenpickedupbyLithoianpeople.Toassesshowlikelythisscenariois,weneedtoknowthedensityofthematerialsofthebasketsalongwithsomeotherphysicalcharacteristics.Inconclusion,itisdifficulttodecidewhetherpeoplefromLithosmayhavelearnedtomakethebaskets.Moreinformationaboutdifferentissuesdiscussedabovehastobegatheredtoassessthestrengthoftheargument.25分鐘conclusion;PaleanbasketswerenotuniquelyPalean;othervillagescanproducesimilarbasketskeyquestion:arethenewlyfoundbasketslocallyproducedortransportedfromPaleanwhethertheriverwasthatdeepandbroadatthetimeboatsfromothervillages?whatmaterialswereavailableformakingboats;cantheysurvivepossiblebridge?tradingrelationship?3.Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusswhatspecificevideneeisneededtoevaluatetheargumentandexplainhowtheevideneewouldweakenorstrengthentheargument.ArcticdeerliveonislandsinCanada'sarcticregions.Theysearchforfoodbymovingovericefromislandtoislandduringthecourseoftheyear.Theirhabitatislimitedtoareaswarmenoughtosustaintheplantsonwhichtheyfeedandcoldenough,atleastsomeoftheyear,fortheicetocovertheseaseparatingtheislands,allowingthedeertotraveloverit.Unfortunately,accordingtoreportsfromlocalhunters,thedeerpopulationsaredeclining.Sincethesereportscoincidewithrecentglobalwarmingtrendsthathavecausedtheseaicetomelt,wecanconcludethatthepurporteddeclineindeerpopulationsistheresultofthedeer'sbeingunabletofollowtheirage-oldmigrationpatternsacrossthefrozensea.P1:moreevideneeabouttheaccuracyofthehunters 'reports-whetherthehuntershadscaredawaythedeerwiththeirguns-whetherthehuntershadvisitedtheareainaparticularpointintime whenthedeerwerelessactive-howmanyhuntershadreportedthedeerpopulation;thenumberwassmall-lessreliableP2:moreevideneeabouttheseaiceinarcticregion-whethertheseaiceinarcticregionhadmelted(globalwarmingtrenddoesnotmeanlocalwarming)-whethermorefoodwasavailablenearthehabitatduetotheclimatechange(thennoneedtotravel)P3:evidencethatmayprovideotherexplanationsforthedeclineofdeerpopulation-anypollutionthatmaythreatenthedeerpopulation-overhunting4.ThefollowingisalettertotheeditoroftheWaymarshTimes."TraffichereinWaymarshisbecomingaproblem.Althoughjustthreeyearsagoastatetrafficsurveyshowedthatthetypicaldrivingcommutertook20minutestogettowork,thecommute"|nowtakescloserto40minutes,accordingtothesurveyjustcompleted.Membersofthetowncouncilalreadyhavesuggestedmoreroadbuildingtoaddresstheproblem,butaswellasbeingexpensive,thenewconstructionwillsurelydisruptsomeofourresidentialneighborhoods.ItwouldbebettertofollowtheexampleofthenearbycityofGarville.LastyearGarvilleimplementedapolicythatrewardspeoplewhoshareridestowork,givingthemcouponsforfreegas.PollutionlevelsinGarvillehavedroppedsincethepolicywasimplemented,andpeoplefromGarvilletellmethatcommutingtimeshavefallenconsiderably.ThereisnoreasonwhyapolicylikeGarville'sshouldn'tworkequallywellinWaymarsh."Writearesponseinwhichyoudiscusswhatspecificevideneeisneededtoevaluatetheargumentandexplainhowtheevideneewouldweakenorstrengthentheargument.全文示范argument的中間段如何展開。我在argument的中間段如何展開。我在Accordingtotheletter,WaymarshshouldintroduceapolicysimilartothatofGarvilletoencouragemoredriverstosharerideswithotherstosolveaperceivedtrafficproblem.Thispolicywillbebetterthantheroadbuildingprojectproposedbythecitycouncil.Toevaluatethisargument,weneedmoreevideneeaboutthesurveysindicatingthetrafficproblem,thepolicyimplementedinGarvillethatisnowproposedforWaymarsh,aswellasitsstrengthsandweaknessesrelativetotheroadconstructionplan.首先主旨句用weneedmoreevideneeaboutA,BaswellasC的句型分別呼應中間三段Tobeginwith,weneedtoexaminethesurveysmorecriticallytodecideifthereisindeedatrafficprobleminWaymarsh.Weneedtoknowmoreabouthowparticipantswererecruitedinthetworespectivesurveystodetermineiftheresultsarecomparable.Maybeonesurveyfocusedmoreononegroupofpeoplewhogotoworkat6amandtheotheronthosetravellingat8am.Undersuchcircumtances,thediffereneeincommutetimedoesnotmeanthetrafficinWaymarshhadturnedworse.Also,itisimportanttolookintohowreliabletheself-reporteddataaboutcommutetimewasinbothsurveys.Driversdonotnecessarilyrecallhowmuchtimetheyspentcommutingaccuratelyandtheirestimationcandeviateconsiderablyfromthereality.Ifthesurveyauthorsdidnotcollectotherdatatoverifytheresults,theconclusionbasedonthesurveyswouldbequestionable.IfWaymarshtraffichasnoproblem,thereisnoneedtointroducetheproposedpolicy.主題句這里提出關注的重點在于究竟交通有沒有問題Weneedtoknowmoreabouthowparticipantswererecruitedinthetworespectivesurveystodetermineiftheresultsarecomparable.這句話是回應題目的要求 需要什么證據(jù) 其實就是需要什么信息Maybeonesurveyfocusedmoreononegroupofpeoplewhogotoworkat6amandtheotheronthosetravellingat8am.接下來提出某種可能性Undersuchcircumtances,thediffereneeincommutetimedoesnotmeanthetrafficinWaymarshhadturnedworse.然后指出這種情況下 會發(fā)生什么往往是和原題相反或矛盾的情況Also,itisimportanttolookintohowreliabletheself-reporteddataaboutcommutetimewasinbothsurveys.再回應題目 另一種需要的信息Driversdonotnecessarilyrecallhowmuchtimetheyspentcommutingaccuratelyandtheirestimationcandeviateconsiderablyfromthereality.再提出其他可能性Ifthesurveyauthorsdidnotcollectotherdatatoverifytheresults,theconclusionbasedonthesurveyswouldbequestionable.指出這種可能性下結論不成立IfWaymarshtraffichasnoproblem,thereisnoneedtointroducetheproposedpolicy.最后呼應主題句，指出這個點和原文論證某個基礎的關系|由此可見本段基本上就是1提出需要的證據(jù)2提出其他可能性3指出這種可能性成立對原論證的影響這樣一個三步循環(huán)我想我大部分的argument都是依照這個套路的 具體還要再找些文章來驗證一下Inaddition,weneedtocollectmoreinformationabouthowthepolicyhaschangedthetrafficinGarvilleandhowasimilarpolicywillaffectpeople orsinWaymartshhavhefactthatpollutionlevelsdroppeddoesnotnecessarilyimplythatthepolicyhadreducedthetrafficandtheamountofexhaustinGarville.MaybewhenthepolicywasintroducedmoredraconianmeasureswerealsotakentoreducepollutioncausedbyfactoriesinGarville.Also,itwasnotclearthatthecommutingtimehavedecreasedformostofGarvilledriversandpassengersbasedontheanecdotalevideneethattheauthorofthelettercollectedthroughcasualconversationwithsomepeopleinGarville.MoresystematicdatacollectionisnecessarytoevaluatetheeffectivenessofthepolicyinGarville.Meanwhile,wedonotknowhowattractivethecouponswouldseemtotheWaymarshdrivers.MaybetheincomelevelismuchhigheramongWaymarshresidentsthatthe|smallamountofsavingfromthecouponswouldnotcreateenoughincentivesforthemtogiveuptheirprivacyandsharerideswithstrangers.Likewise,maybeWaymarshdriversandpassengersaremoreconcernedwithsafetyandreluctanttoshareridesdespitethefinancialrewards.UnlessweknowmoreaboutWaymarshdriversandcommuters 'attitudestowardsthepolicy,wecannotbesurewhetherthepolicywillworkinWaymarsh.

Inaddition,weneedtocollectmoreinformationabouthowthepolicyhaschangedthetrafficinGarvilleandhowasimilarpolicywillaffectpeople'sbehaviorsinWaymarsh.這句還是回應題目要求指出需要哪方面的證據(jù)或信息注意主旨句中說的是thepolicyimplementedinGarvillethatisnowproposedforWaymarsh這里就更細致的展開但是還是圍繞policy來說的ThefactthatpollutionlevelsdroppeddoesnotnecessarilyimplythatthepolicyhadreducedthetrafficandtheamountofexhaustinGarville.這句話有同學覺得讀起來有些復雜主要是主語和賓語都是從句然后imply這個詞可能不太熟悉但這個Thefactthat...doesnotnecessarilyimplythat…的句型還是挺有用的這里是質疑原題對某個事實潛在的詮釋MaybewhenthepolicywasintroducedmoredraconianmeasureswerealsotakentoreducepollutioncausedbyfactoriesinGarville.這句提出其他可能性Also,itwasnotclearthatthecommutingtimehavedecreasedformostofGarvilledriversandpassengersbasedontheanecdotalevideneethattheauthorofthelettercollectedthroughcasualconversationwithsomepeopleinGarville.這里質疑原題中的證據(jù)的可靠性MoresystematicdatacollectionisnecessarytoevaluatetheeffectivenessofthepolicyinGarville.提出需要更多的數(shù)據(jù)Meanwhile,wedonotknowhowattractivethecouponswouldseemtotheWaymarshdrivers.howasimilarpolicywillaffect提出另一個問題開始回應主題句中people'sbehaviorsinWaymarsh.howasimilarpolicywillaffectMaybetheincomelevelismuchhigheramongWaymarshresidentsthatthesmallamountofsavingfromthecouponswouldnotcreateenoughincentivesforthemtogiveuptheirprivacyandsharerideswithstrangers.提出其他可能性Likewise,maybeWaymarshdriversandpassengersaremoreconcernedwithsafetyandreluctanttoshareridesdespitethefinancial

rewards.再提出其他可能性UnlessweknowmoreaboutWaymarshdriversandcommute'attitudestowardsthepolicy,wecannotbesurewhetherthepolicywillworkinWaymarsh.總結第二點Finally,weneedtocomparethecostandbenefitsoftheridesharingpolicywiththeproposedroadconstructionproject.Itistruethatsomeneighborhoodwillhavetolivewithnoiseanddisruptionforafewmonthswhentheroadisbuilt.Butthisdisruptioncanbemeasuredquantitativelybyofferingtheaffectedresidentssomemonetarycompensation.Ontheotherhand,thegascouponswillalsocostmoney,nottomentiontheextrapoliceforcesthatmightbenecessarytoensurethesafetyofpeoplewhosharerideswithstrangers.Ultimately,weneedtocalculatethetotalcostsofbothproposalsandcomparedthemwiththebenefitsofeachintermsoftimethatcanbesavedforcommuting.Uniesswehavemorequantitativedataaboutthecostandbenefitofbothsolutions,itisdifficultforustodecidewhichoneismoredesirable.|Finally,weneedtocomparethecostandbenefitsoftheridesharingpolicywiththeproposedroadconstructionproject.這里已經(jīng)看不至Uweneedmoreinformationabout的句型但是提出要比較其實也需要收集數(shù)據(jù)或證據(jù)Itistruethatsomeneighborhoodwillhavetolivewithnoiseanddisruptionforafewmonthswhentheroadisbuilt.先對原題的事實作出回應和讓步Butthisdisruptioncanbemeasuredquantitativelybyofferingtheaffectedresidentssomemonetarycompensation.這里是經(jīng)濟學的思考方式所有的東西都換算成貨幣這個寫法可能稍微有點難不過argument有不少內(nèi)容和經(jīng)濟學還是有關系的Ontheotherhand,thegascouponswillalsocostmoney,nottomentiontheextrapoliceforcesthatmightbenecessarytoensurethesafetyofpeoplewhosharerideswithstrangers.指出另一個方案的成本 除了明顯的成本還有隱形成本呼應前面提到的安全問題Ultimately,weneedtocalculatethetotalcostsofbothproposalsandcomparedthemwiththebenefitsofeachintermsoftimethatcanbesavedforcommuting.基于前面對兩種方案成本的分析提出需要計算總的成本進行比

Uniesswehavemorequantitativedataaboutthecostandbenefitofbothsolutions,itisdifficultforustodecidewhichoneismoredesirable.最后總結提出需要定量數(shù)據(jù)（其實這也是文科越來越不值錢的原因 大數(shù)據(jù)時代磨嘴皮已經(jīng)沒什么意思建模寫代碼才是王道）我的提綱里提到50年但實際示范中并沒有寫這個點具體怎么寫大家自己決定Inconclusion,whiletheproposedpolicyseemsuseful,weneedtocollectmoreinformationtoaddresstheissuesdiscussedabovetoevaluatethesoundnessoftheargument.5.ThefollowingappearedinalettertotheschoolboardinthetownofCenterville."Allstudentsshouldberequiredtotakethedriver'seducationcourseatCentervilleHighSchool.Inthepasttwoyears,severalaccidentsinandaroundCentervillehaveinvoIvedteenagedrivers.SinceanumberofparentsinCentervillehavecomplainedthattheyaretoobusytoteachtheirteenagerstodrive,someotherinstructionisnecessarytoensurethattheseteenagersaresafedrivers.AlthoughtherearetwodrivingschoolsinCenterville,parentsonatightbudgetcannotaffordtopayfordrivinginstruction.Thereforeaneffectiveandmandatoryprogramsponsoredbythehighschoolistheonlysolutiontothisseriousproblem."Writearesponseinwhichyouexaminethestatedand/orunstatedassumptionsoftheargument.Besuretoexplainhowtheargumentdependsontheseassumptionsandwhattheimplicationsarefortheargumentiftheassumptionsproveunwarranted.TheauthoroftheletterarguesthattheonlywaytosolvetheproblemofaccidentsinvolvingteenagedriversistointroduceacompulsoryprogramfundedbyCentervillHighSchool.Weneedtogathermoreinformationtoexamineanumberofassumptionsabouttheaccidents,theparents,thedrivingschoolsandthehighschoolinordertodecidewhethertheargumentisreasonable.Itisassumedthattheproblemofaccidentsinvolvingteenagedriversisseriousenoughtojustifytheresourcesrequiredtoruntheproposedprogram.Theauthormentionedthattherewereseveralaccidentsinvolvingteenagedrivers.Butwedonotknowhowserioustheaccidentswere.Weretherepeoplekilledorseverelyinjured?WereautomobilesinvoIvedcompletelydestroyed?Iftheaccidentswerenotseriousenough,maybeitisnotworthwhiletorunaneducationprogramforallteenagedrivers.Inaddition,weneedtoknowtheactualcausesoftheaccidentsinordertodecidewhetherteenagedriversshouldbeblamed.Maybetheaccidentswereduetothemistakesmadebyadultdriversintheaccidents.Ortheywereduetomechanicalfailure.Insuchscenarios,theeducationprogramswouldnotbehelpful.Anotherassumptionisthatmostparentsweretoobusytoteachtheirchildrenhowtodrivesafely.A