語(yǔ)言學(xué)知識(shí)點(diǎn)概括ChapteroneIntroduction一、定義語(yǔ)言學(xué)LinguisticsLinguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.普通語(yǔ)言學(xué)GeneralLinguisticsThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledGenerallinguistics.語(yǔ)言languageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.語(yǔ)言是人類用來(lái)交際的任意性的有聲符號(hào)體系。識(shí)別特彳正DesignFeaturesItreferstothedefiningpopertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.語(yǔ)言識(shí)別特征是指人類語(yǔ)言區(qū)別與其他任何動(dòng)物的交際體系的限定性特征。Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多產(chǎn)性Duality雙重性Displacement移位性Culturaltransmission文化傳遞^arbitrarinessThereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.PSthearbitrarynatureoflanguageisasignofsophisticationanditmakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions^ProductivityAnimalsarequitelimitedinthemessagestheyareabletosend.(3)DualityLanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.(^DisplacementLanguagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.(5)CulturaltransmissionHumancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,butwehavetobetaughtandlearnedthedetailsofanylanguagesystem.thisshowedthatlanguageisculturallytransmitted.notbyinstinct.animalsarebornwiththecapacitytoproducethesetofcallspeculiartotheirspecies.語(yǔ)言能力CompetenceCompetenceistheidealuser‘sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用performancePerformanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用是所掌握的規(guī)則在語(yǔ)言交際中的體現(xiàn)。歷時(shí)語(yǔ)言學(xué)DiachroniclinguisticsThestudyoflanguagechangethroughtime.adiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy,whichstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.共時(shí)語(yǔ)言學(xué)SynchronicallinguisticsThestudyofagivenlanguageatagiventime.語(yǔ)言langueTheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.言語(yǔ)paroleTherealizationoflangueinactualuse.12.描述性DescriptiveAlinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.二知識(shí)點(diǎn)/doc/4610542151.html,nguageisnotanisolatedphenomenon,it‘sasocialactivitycarriedoutinacertainsocialenvironmentbyhumanbeings.語(yǔ)言不是一種孤立的現(xiàn)象，而是人類在一定的社會(huì)環(huán)境下進(jìn)行的一種社會(huì)活動(dòng)。2.幾種觀點(diǎn)和現(xiàn)象的提出者：⑴瑞士語(yǔ)言學(xué)家F.deSaussureF.deSaussure:Langue和parole的區(qū)別(2)U.S.AlinguistN.Chomsky美國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)家N.Chomskyin1950針對(duì)Saussure’slangue&parole提出Competence和performance⑶曾經(jīng)對(duì)語(yǔ)言概念下過(guò)定義的語(yǔ)言學(xué)家Sapir---languageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicationideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols.Hall——languageistheinstitutionwherebyhumanscommunicateandinteractwitheachotherbymeansofhabituallyusedoral-auditoryarbitrarysymbols.Chomsky---fromnowonIwillconsiderlanguagetobeasetofsentences,eachfiniteinlengthandconstructedoutofafinitesetofelements.⑷U.S.ALinguistCharlesHockett美國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)家CharlesHockett提出了語(yǔ)言的識(shí)別特征designfeatures3.theword‘language7precededbythezero-article,itimpliesthatlinguisticsstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage.Language—詞前不加冠詞說(shuō)明語(yǔ)言學(xué)家不只研究一種特定的語(yǔ)言。4.inordertodiscoverthenatureoftheunderlyinglanguagesystem,whatthelinguistshastodofirstiftostudylanguagefacts./doc/4610542151.html,nguageisacomplicatedentitywithmultiplelayersandfacts,soit'shardlypossibleforthelinguisticstodealwithitallatonce.判斷題6.Fristdrewtheattentionofthelinguistswerethesoundsusedinlanguages.最先引起語(yǔ)言學(xué)家注意的是語(yǔ)言的發(fā)音。三、問(wèn)答題whataremajorbranchesoflinguistics?whatdoeseachstudy?Phonetics——it‘sdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage,it‘sconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld‘slanguages.Phonology---thestudyofsoundssystems—theinventoryofdistinctivesoundsthatoccurinalanguageandthepatternsintowhichtheyfall.Morphology---It‘sabranchofagrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.Syntax it'sasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureofalanguage.Semantics---It‘ssimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginabstraction.Pragmatics---thestudyofmeaningincontextofwords.Sociolinguistics一thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety.Psycholinguistics---thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingofthemind.Appliedlinguistics---theapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning.whydowesaylanguageisarbitrary?Languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenthesoundsthatpeopleuseandtheobjectstowhichthesesoundsrefer.Thefactthatdifferentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectisagoodillustrationofthearbitrarynatureoflanguage,it‘sonlyourtacitagreementofutteranceandconceptatworkandnotanysweet7.whatmakesmodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?Modernlinguisticsisdescriptive,itsinvestigationsarebasedonauthenticandmainlyspokenlanguagedate現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)是描述性的，其研究以確實(shí)可靠的、主要以口語(yǔ)形式的資料為基礎(chǔ)。traditionalgrammarisprescriptive.itisbasedon'high'writtenlanguage.傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)法是規(guī)定性的，研究’高級(jí)’書(shū)面語(yǔ)。4.Ismodernlinguisticsmainlysynchronicordiachronic?whyModernlinguisticsismainlysynchronic,focusingonthepresent-daylanguage.unlessthevariousstatesofalanguagearesuccessfullystudied,itwillnotbepossibletodescribelanguagefromadiachronicpointofview.現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)主要是共時(shí)性的，重點(diǎn)研究現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言。除非對(duì)語(yǔ)言的各種狀態(tài)都進(jìn)行成功的研究，否則很難從歷時(shí)性角度對(duì)語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行描述。whichenjoyspriorityinmodernlinguistics,speechorwritings?Speechenjoysforthefollowingreasons:Speechprecedeswritingintermsofevolution.Alargeamountofcommunicationiscarriedoutinspeechthaninwriting.speechistheforminwhichinfantsacquiretheirnativelanguage.howisSaussure‘sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparolesimilartoChomsky‘s?BothSaussureandChomskymakethedistinctionbetweentheabstractlanguagesystemandtheactualuseoflanguage.theirpurposeistosingleoutthelanguagesystemforseriousstudyTwolinguistsideadifferinthatSaussuretookasociologicalviewoflanguage,Chomskylooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofview,competenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.6.thedistinctionbetweenlangueandparole?(i)langueisabstract,relativelystable(2)paroleisconcrete,variesfrompersontoperson,fromsituationtosituation.1/Whatislinguistics?什么是語(yǔ)言學(xué)？Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butlanguagesingeneral.2/Thescopeoflinguistics語(yǔ)言學(xué)的研究范疇Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgenerallinguistics.(普通語(yǔ)言學(xué))Thestudyofsounds,whichareusedinlinguisticcommunication,iscalledphonetics.（語(yǔ)音學(xué)）Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.（音系學(xué)）Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsarecalledmorphology.（形態(tài)學(xué)）Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax（句法學(xué)）Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.（語(yǔ)義學(xué)）Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.（語(yǔ)用學(xué)）Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsocio-linguistics.（社會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)）Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingofmindiscalledpsycho-linguistics.（心理語(yǔ)言學(xué)）theoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguage.Otherrelatedbranchesincludeanthropologicallinguistics,（人類語(yǔ)言學(xué)）neurologicallinguistics,（神經(jīng)語(yǔ)言學(xué)）mathematicallinguistics,（數(shù)字語(yǔ)言學(xué)）andcomputationallinguistics.（計(jì)算機(jī)語(yǔ)言學(xué)）3/Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究中的幾對(duì)基本概念Prescriptiveanddescriptive規(guī)定與描寫Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive,ifitaimstolaydownrulestotellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive.Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammar.Traditionalgrammarisprescriptivewhilemodernlinguisticsisdescriptive.Thetaskoflinguistsissupposedtodescribethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,whetheritis一correct]|ornot.Synchronicanddiachronic共時(shí)和歷時(shí)Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudy;thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.Inmodernlinguistics,synchronicstudyismoreimportant.Speechandwriting口頭語(yǔ)與書(shū)面語(yǔ)Speechandwritingarethetwomajormediaofcommunication.Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,butnotthewrittenform.Reasonsare:1.Speechprecedeswriting;2.Therearestillmanylanguagesthathaveonlythespokenform;3.Intermsoffunction,thespokenlanguageisusedforawiderrangeofpurposesthanthewritten,andcarriesalargerloadofcommunicationthanthewritten.Langueandparole語(yǔ)言和言語(yǔ)TheSwisslinguistF.deSaussuremadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleearly20thcentury.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Saussuremadethedistinctioninordertosingleoutoneaspectoflanguageforseriousstudy.Hebelieveswhatlinguistsshoulddoistoabstractlanguefromparole,todiscovertheregularitiesgoverningtheactualuseoflanguageandmakethemthesubjectsofstudyoflinguistics.Competenceandperformance語(yǔ)言能力和語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用ProposedbyAmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950‘s.Hedefinescompetenceastheidealuser‘sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Hebelievesthetaskofthelinguistsistodiscoverandspecifythelanguagerules.ChapterTwoPhonology一、定義寬式音標(biāo)BroadtranscriptionThetranscriptionofspeechsoundswithlettersymbolsonly.窄式音標(biāo)NarrowtranscriptionThetranscriptionofspeechsoundwithletterssymbolsandthediacritics.清音VoicelessWhenthevocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingairgothroughwithoutcausingvibration,thesoundsproducedinsuchaconditionarecalledvoicelesssounds.濁音VoicingSoundsproducedwhilethevocalcordsarevibratingarecalledvoicedsounds.元音VowelThesoundsintheproductionofwhichnoarticulatorscomeveryclosetogetherandtheairstreampassesthroughthevocaltractwithoutobstructionarecalledvowels.輔音ConsonantsThesoundsintheproductionofwhichthereisanobstructionoftheairstreamatsomepointofthevocaltractarecalledconsonants.音位PhonemeThebasicunitinphonology,it‘sacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.音位變體AllophonesDifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.音素phoneAphoneticunitorsegment.itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning,it‘saspeechsoundweusewhenspeakingalanguage.最小對(duì)立對(duì)MinimalpairWhentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.超切分特征SuprasegmentalThephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures.themainsuprasegmentalfeaturesincludestress,intonationandtone.互補(bǔ)分布complementarydistributionP35Twoallophonesofthesamephonemearesaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.語(yǔ)言的語(yǔ)音媒介PhonicmediumoflanguageThelimitedrangeofsoundswhicharemeaningfulinhumancommunicationandareofinteresttolinguisticstudiesarethephonicmediumoflanguage.在人類交際中有著一定意義、對(duì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究來(lái)說(shuō)舉足輕重。有限的聲音是語(yǔ)音媒介。爆破音stopsWhenaobstructioncreatedbythespeechorgansistotalorcomplete,thespeechsoundproducedwiththeobstructionreleasedandtheairpassingoutagainiscalledastoporaplosive.theyare[b][p][t][d][k][g]二知識(shí)點(diǎn)statisticsresultingfromcarefulinvestigationsshowthattherehavebeenover5,000languagesintheworld,abouttwothirdsofwhichhavenothadwrittenform.ofthetwomediaoflanguage,speechismorebasicthanwriting.Phonetic組成Articulatoryphonetics發(fā)音語(yǔ)音學(xué)longestestablished,mostlydevelopedarticulatoryApparatus/OrgansofSpeechPharyngealcavity-咽腔Oral...-口月空greatestsourceofmodificationofairstreamfoundhereNasal…-鼻空Thetongueisthemostflexible,responsibleformorevarietiesofarticulationthananyother,theextremebackofthetonguecanberaisedtowardstheuvulaandaspeechsoundcanbethusproducedasisusedinArabicandFrench.6.Obstructionbetweenthebackofthetongueandthevelararearesultsinthepronunciationof[k]and[g],thenarrowingofspacebetweenthehardpalateandthefrontofthetongueleadstothesound[j];theobstructioncreatedbetweenthetipofthetongueandthealveolarridgeresultsinthesounds[t]and[d].7.nasalconsonants:[m]/[n]/[q]9.APhoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.10.Sequentialrules例子Ifthreeconsonantsshouldclustertogetheratthebeginningofaword,thecombinationshouldobeythefollowingthreerules:thefirstphonememustbe/s/thesecondphonememustbe/p/or/t/or/k/thethirdphonememustbe/l/or/r/or/wll.Englishhasfourbasictypesofintonation:Fallingtone;Risingtone;Fall-risetone;Rise-falltone三、問(wèn)答題whatarethethreebranchesofphonetics?howdotheycontributetothestudyofspeechsound?Articulatory—describesthewayourspeechorgansworktoproducethespeechsoundsandhowtheydiffer.Auditory--studiesthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds,reachestheimportantconclusionthatphoneticidentityisonlyatheoreticalideal.Acoustic--studiesthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds,thewaysoundtravelfromthespeakertothehearer.發(fā)音語(yǔ)音學(xué)描述了我們的發(fā)音器官如何發(fā)出語(yǔ)音，以及這些語(yǔ)音為何有所不同。聽(tīng)覺(jué)語(yǔ)音學(xué)研究語(yǔ)音的物理性質(zhì)，得出了重要結(jié)論，即語(yǔ)音同一只是理論上的理想。聲學(xué)語(yǔ)音學(xué)研究語(yǔ)音的物理性質(zhì)，研究語(yǔ)音從說(shuō)話者到聽(tīng)話者之間的傳播方式。howaretheEnglishconsonantsclassified?ByplaceofarticulationandBymannerofarticulationhowdophoneticsandphonologydifferintheirfocusofstudy?whodoyouthinkwillbemoreinterestedinthedifferentbetweensay[i]and[i],[p]and[ph],aphoneticianoraphilologist?why?語(yǔ)音學(xué)和音位學(xué)的研究中心有何不同?語(yǔ)音學(xué)家和音位學(xué)家哪一個(gè)更關(guān)心清晰音的區(qū)別?為什么？Phonetics一descriptionofallspeechsoundsandtheirfinddifferences.Phonology—descriptionofsoundsystemsofparticularlanguagesandhowsoundsfunctiontodistinguishmeaning.Aphoneticianwouldbemoreinterestedinsuchdifferencescossuchdifferenceswillnotcosdifferencesinmeaning.what‘saphone?howisitdifferentfromaphoneme?howareallophonesrelatedtoaphoneme?Phone—aspeechsound,aphoneticunit.Phoneme---acollectionofabstractsoundfeatures,aphonologicalunit.Allophones---actualrealizationofaphonemeindifferentphoneticcontexts.whatisaminimalpairandaminimalset?whyisitimportanttoidentifytheminimalsetinalanguage?為thesameposition.除了出現(xiàn)在同一位置的一個(gè)語(yǔ)音成分不同外,其他部分都一樣的兩個(gè)語(yǔ)音組合.Minimalset—agroupofsoundcombinationswiththeabovefeature.一組具有上述特征的語(yǔ)音組合.Byidentifyingtheminimalpairortheminimalsetofalanguage,aphilologistcanidentifyitsphonemes.通過(guò)分析一種語(yǔ)言的最小對(duì)立對(duì)或最小對(duì)立組，音位學(xué)家能辨別出它的音位.Explainwithexampleshowbroadtranscriptionandnarrowonetranscriptiondiffer?Broadtranscription—onelettersymbolforonesound.Narrowtranscription—diacriticsareaddedtotheone-lettersymbolstoshowthefinerdifferencesbetweensounds.explainthesequentialrule,theassimilationruleandthedeletionrule.有序規(guī)貝USequentialrulesRulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.同化規(guī)則AssimilationrulesTheassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby‘copying‘a(chǎn)featureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.省略規(guī)則DeletionruleIt‘saphonologicalrulewhichtellsuswhenasoundistobedeletedalthoughitsorthographicallyrepresented.ChapterThreeMorphology一、定義詞素MorphemeThebasicunitinthestudyofmorphologyandthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.自由詞素FreeMorphemeFreemorphemesareindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselves.黏著詞素BoundmorphemesBoundmorphemesarethesemorphemesthatcanotbeusedbythemselves,mustbecombinedwithothermorphemestoformwordsthatcanbeusedindependently.詞根RootRootisthebaseformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.詞綴AffixThecollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme.曲折詞綴inflectionalaffixesThemanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipsthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes,suchasnumber,tense,degreeandcase.派生詞綴DerivationalaffixesThemanifestationofrelationbetweenstemsandaffixesthroughtheadditionofderivationalaffixes.詞干StemAstemistheexistingformtowhichaderivationalaffixcanbeadded.astemcanbeaboundroot,afreemorpheme,oraderivedformitself.形態(tài)學(xué)規(guī)則MorphologicalrulesTheyarerulesthatgovernwhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofstemtoformanewword.前綴PrefixPrefixesmodifythemeaningofthestem,butusuallydonotchangethepartofspeechoftheoriginalword,exceptionsaretheprefixes?be-?and?en(m)-?后綴SuffixSuffixesareaddedtotheendofstems,theymodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordandinmanycaseschangeitspartofspeech.3.Inusingthemorphologicalrules,wemustguardagainstOver-generalization.二、知■識(shí)點(diǎn)InflectionalmorphologyMorphologyDerivationalmorphologyFreemorphemesMorphemesRootBoundmorphemesInflectionalaffixesAffixesPrefixDerivationalaffixessomewordsmaybesaidtocontainarootmorpheme.Suffix/doc/4610542151.html,poundfeatures:(l)orthographically,acompoundcanbewrittenasoneword,twoseparatewordswithorwithoutahypheninbetween.^Syntactically,thepartofspeechofacompoundisdeterminedbythelastelement.(3)semantically,themeaningofacompoundisidiomatic,notcalculablefromthemeaningsofallitscomponentChapter5Semantics一、定義命名論ThenamingtheoryThenamingtheory,oneoftheoldestnotionsconcerningmeaning,andalsoaveryprimitiveonewasproposedbytheancientGreekscholarPlato.Accordingtothistheory,thelinguisticformsorsymbols,inotherwords,thewordsusedinalanguagearetakentobelabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor,sowordsarejustnamesorlabelsforthings.意念論TheconceptualistviewItholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto;rather,intheinterpretationofmeaningtheyarelinkedthroughthemediationofconceptsinthemind.語(yǔ)境論ConceptualismIt‘sbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservablecontexts.heraretwokindsofcontext:thesituationalandthelinguisticcontext.行為主義論BehaviorismItreferstotheattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthe||situationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer||.thistheorysomewhatclosetoconceptualismemphasizesonthepsychologicalresponse.意義SenseIt‘sconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.It‘sthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform,it‘sabstractandde-contextualized.所指意義ReferenceItmeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld,itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.同義詞SynonymyItreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaningorwecansaythatwordsarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms.多義詞PolysemyItreferstodifferentwordsmayhavethesameorsimilarmeaning,thesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.同音（形）異義HomonymyItreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavedifferentmeaningshavethesameform,i.e,differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.同音異義HomophonesItreferstotwowordsareidenticalinsound.e.g.rain/reign.11.同形異義HomographsItreferstotwowordsareidenticalinform.e.g.tearv./tearn.上下義關(guān)系HyponymyItreferstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.thewordwhichismoregeneralinmeaningiscalledsuperordinate,andthemorespecificwordsarecalleditshyponyms.反義詞AntonymyIt‘sthetermusedforoppositenessofmeaningondifferentdimension.成分分析法ComponentialAnalysis----分析詞匯抽象意義It‘sawayproposedbythestructuralsemanticiststoanalyzewordmeaning.thisapproachisbaseduponthebeliefthatmeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.述謂結(jié)構(gòu)分析PredicationAnalysis由BritishLinguistG.Leech提出commandsect.通過(guò)對(duì)論元argument和謂語(yǔ)predicate的分析，達(dá)到對(duì)句子意義進(jìn)行分析的許多模式中的一種。16.先設(shè)前提PresuppositionIt‘sasemanticrelationshiporlogicalconnection.ApresuposesB.蘊(yùn)涵EntailmentEntailmentcanbeillustratedbythefollowingtowsentencesinwhichsentenceAentailssentenceB.A:Markmarriedablondeheiress.B:Markmarriedablonde.二知識(shí)點(diǎn)Majorviewsofmeaningstudy:ThenamingTheory 希臘ScholarPlatoTheconceptualism 觀點(diǎn)代表人是JohnFirth/(旦Bloomfield闡述更有說(shuō)服力TheConceptualistview——Ogden和Richards用classicsemantictriangleofsignificanceTheBehaviorism 英國(guó)Bloomfield提出，使用了Jack和Jill故事闡明Thenamingtheory的局限性：It'sonlyapplicabletoNounsonly.Withinthecategoryofnouns,therearenounswhichdenotethingsthatdon’texistintherealworld.senseLexicalmeaningreference主要的意義關(guān)系Synonymy;Antonymy;Hyponymy;Polysemy;homonymy(l)Dialectalsynonyms—synonymsusedindifferentregionaldialectsSynonyms(2)Stylisticsynonyms---Synonymsdifferinginstyle分類(3)Synonymsthatdifferentintheiremotiveorevaluativemeaning(4)Semanticallydifferentsynonyms例子：BritishEnglishLiftLuggageLorryPetrolFlatwindscreentorchAmericanEnglishElevatorBaggageTruckGasolineApartmentwindshieldflashlightkickthebucket=popoff二die二passaway=deceaseWordshavingthesamemeaningmaydifferinstyle,ordegreeofformality.somesynonymsdifferintheircollocation.例子:Accuse....ofcharge....withrebuke....forsourmilkRottentomatoesaddledeggsrancidbaconorbutterapolysemicword,i.e,awordwithseveralmeaning,istheresultoftheevolutionoftheprimarymeaningoftheword.completehomonymsareoftenbroughtintobeingbycoincidence.Accordingnamingtheorywordsarejustnamesorlabelsforthings.Everyutteranceoccursinaparticularspatiotemporalsituation,themaincomponentsofwhichinclude,apartfromtheplaceandtimeoftheutterance,thespeakerandthehearer,theactiontheyareperformingatthetime,thevariousobjectsandeventexistedinthesituation.thecontextulistviewwasfurtherstrengthenedbyBloomfield,whodrewonbehaviouristpsychologywhentryingtodefinethemeaningoflinguisticforms.11Homophones—whentwowordsareidenticalinsoundRain/reign;night/knight;piece/peace;leak/leekHomonymyHomographs—whentwowordsareidenticalinspelling分類Bowv./bown.tearv./tearnleadv./leadn.Completehomonyms—whentwowordsareidenticalinbothspelling例子Old—middle-aged—young;hot-warm-coldAntonym(2)Complementaryantonyms互補(bǔ)反義詞amatterofdegreebetween分類twoextremes例子Alive—dead;male—female;(3)Relationalopposites關(guān)系反義詞(中間可以加成分，如上、中、下)father-son;teacher-pupil;doctor-patient;buy-sell;above-below句子間的意義關(guān)系senserelationbetweensentencesXissynonymouswithY.XentailsY.XpresupposesY.Xisacontradiction.Xissemanticallyanomalous.Analysisofmeaning意義的分析Componentialanalysis—awaytoanalyzelexicalmeaning對(duì)詞匯成分的分析Predicationanalysis—awaytoanalyzesentencemeaning對(duì)句子意義的分析(1)isawayproposedbythestructuralsemanticiststoanalyzewordmeaning.Theapproachisbaseduponthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledSemanticfeatures.一個(gè)單詞的意義可以分析為稱作語(yǔ)義特征的意義。Thisisparalleltothewayaphonemeisanalyzedintosmallercomponentscalleddistinctivefeatures.這一方法和把一個(gè)音位分析成更小的叫作區(qū)別性特征的方法類似。Plusandminimumssignsareusedtoindicatewhetheracertainsemanticfeatureispresentorabsent,thesefeaturesymbolsareusuallywrittenincapitalizedletters.Oneadvantageofcomponentialanalysisisthatbyspecifyingthesemanticfeaturesofcertainwords,itwillbepossibletoshowhowthesewordsarerelatedinmeaning.加減號(hào)用來(lái)表示某一語(yǔ)義特征在一個(gè)詞義中是存在或缺省，這些特征用大寫字母來(lái)寫。themeaningofasentenceisnotthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents.TwoaspectsofSentencemeaning:grammaticalandsemanticmeaning.16.Selectionalrestrictions---Whetherasentenceissemanticallymeaningfulisgovernedbyrules.17.Insemanticanalysisofasentence,thebasicunitiscalledpredication Predicationistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.itappliestoallformsofasentence,includingstatements,imperativeandinterrogative.PredicationconsistsofArgumentsandPredicates.述謂是句子基本單位，是對(duì)句子的抽象化，適用于包括陳述句、祈使句和疑問(wèn)句。述謂由一^或數(shù)個(gè)論元和一^謂詞組成。Anargumentisalogicalparticipantinapredication,largelyidenticalwiththenominalelementsinasentence,apredicateissomethingsaidaboutanargumentoritstatesthelogicalrelationlinkingtheargumentsinasentence.論元是一個(gè)的邏輯的一個(gè)參與者，謂詞是關(guān)于論元的陳述，或說(shuō)明一個(gè)句子的論元間的邏輯關(guān)系。Accordingtothenumberofargumentscontainedinapredication,weclassifythepredicationsintotwo-placepredication(hastwoarguments),one-placepredication(hasoneargument),andno-placepredication(hasnoargument).判斷題：althoughpredicateandargumentarethesamekindofunitintermsoftheircomponentialmake-up,theyhavedifferentrolesinthewholepredication.thepredicatecanberegardedasthemainelement,foritincludestense,modality,ect.itmayalsosaidtogoverntheargumentsforitdeterminesthenumberofnatureofthearguments.Theanalysisofmeaningisahighlyabstractandcomplicatedmatter.Sensereferstotheinherentmeaningofalinguisticform,whichisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform,it‘sabstractandde-contextualized.Referenceiswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld,itisamatterofrelationshipbetweentheformandreality.2.inwhatwayiscomponentialanalysissimilartotheanalysisofphonemesintodistinctivefeatures?成分分析和把音位分析為區(qū)別性特征有何相似之處？Inthelightofcomponentialanalysis,themeaningofawordconsistsofanumberofdistinctivemeaningfeatures,theanalysisbreaksdownthemeaningofthewordintothesefeatures;itisthesedifferentfeaturesthatdistinguishwordmeaningsimilarly,aphonemeisconsideredasacollectionofdistinctivesoundfeatures,aphonemecanbebrokendownintothesedistinctivesoundfeaturesanditsthesesoundfeaturesthatdistinguishdifferentsounds.what‘sgrammaticality?whatmighttakeagrammaticallymeaningfulsentencesemanticallymeaningless?什么是語(yǔ)法性？一^語(yǔ)法上有意義的句子可能由于什么而不是有意義的？Grammaticality---thegrammaticalwell-formednessofasentence.Asentencemaybewell-formedgrammatically,i.e.itconformstothegrammaticalrulesofthelanguage,butitisno