牛津英語單元詞匯詳解必修一Unit2Let’stalkteensWordlistsSupportivesentences1.nest/nest/n.鳥窩；巢穴，窩(15)【原句背誦】Morningandnight,MotherBirdisthereUntilherbaby’soldenoughtoleavethenest.【拓展】nest做動(dòng)詞用時(shí)，意思是“筑巢；巢居”。Thousandsofseabirdsarenestingonthecliffs.成千上萬的海鳥在懸崖上筑巢。Icanseeaneagle’snestontherocks.我能看到巖石上的一個(gè)鷹巢。Whenapredator(獵食動(dòng)物)getsclosetoitsnest,theploverleadsthepredatorawayfromthenest.當(dāng)捕食者接近它的巢穴時(shí)，貓頭鷹會(huì)引領(lǐng)捕食者遠(yuǎn)離它的巢穴。2.roof/ru?f/n.屋頂，頂部(16)【原句背誦】StrangersUnderthesameroofs?【拓展】roof作動(dòng)詞用時(shí)，意思是“蓋上屋頂”。Theshoppingcentreisnotroofedover.購物中心是露天的。Therearevariousstoresandrestaurantsallunderoneroof.在同一棟大樓里有各種商店和飯館。Idon’tthinkIcanliveunderthesameroofasyouanylonger.我覺得我再也不能和你生活在同一個(gè)屋檐下了。3.battle/?b?tl/n.&vt.&vi.爭(zhēng)論；戰(zhàn)斗，搏斗；斗爭(zhēng)(16)【原句背誦】Doeseverydinnerwithyourparentsseemtoturnintoabattle?【拓展】thebattleofWaterloo滑鐵盧戰(zhàn)役abattleagainst/forsthg.奮斗abattlewithsb.forsthg.和某人較量/爭(zhēng)斗battlewith/againstsb.forsthg.奮斗；爭(zhēng)斗battleitout打出勝負(fù)，奮力爭(zhēng)奪Shehasfoughtaconstantbattlewithherweight.她一直在和自己的體重作斗爭(zhēng)。Doctorsbattledthroughoutthenighttosaveherlife.醫(yī)生們奮戰(zhàn)了整個(gè)晚上來搶救她的生命。Shewillnowbattleitoutwith50otherhopefulsforaplaceinthelast10.她現(xiàn)在將和另外50名有希望的候選人決戰(zhàn)最后10個(gè)位置中的一個(gè)?！炬溄痈呖肌浚?020江蘇卷）Itisnotaproblem(whether)wecanwinthebattle;it'sjustamatteroftime.我們能否贏得這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)斗不是問題；這只是時(shí)間問題。（2021浙江卷）However,becomingafull-time,successfulactorwouldstillbeanuphillbattleforanothereightyearsuntilhelandedanumberoffilmrolesthatfinallygothimnoticed.然而，成為一名全職的成功演員仍然是一場(chǎng)艱苦的戰(zhàn)斗，又過了8年他才獲得了一些電影角色，引起人們的關(guān)注。4.seeeyetoeyewithsb(onsth)（在某事上）與某人看法一致(16)【原句背誦】Doyoufeelthatyoujustcannotseeeyetoeyewiththemonanything?Itissogoodthatyouseeeyetoeyewithmeonthisproblem.你在這個(gè)問題上的看法與我完全一致，這真好。ButIdon'tseeeyetoeyewiththemandIinsistthatthesecretsbehindthemagicshouldnotbedisclosed.但是我的看法和他們不一樣，我堅(jiān)信魔術(shù)的秘密不該揭露出來。5.argument/?ɑ?ɡjum?nt/n.爭(zhēng)吵，爭(zhēng)論；論點(diǎn)(16)【原句背誦】Heatedargumentsandcoldsilencesarecommonbetweenteenagersandtheirparents.【拓展】（1）argumentwithsb.over/aboutsthg.和某人爭(zhēng)論某事argumentfor/againststhg.支持/反對(duì)某事（2）argue/?ɑ?ɡju?/vi.爭(zhēng)吵，爭(zhēng)辯，爭(zhēng)論vt.說理，論證(19)【原句背誦】Recentlywehavearguedwitheachotheragreatdeal.【拓展】arguewithsb.over/aboutsthg.和某人爭(zhēng)論某事arguefor/against(doing)sthg.支持/反對(duì)某事【誤區(qū)】由動(dòng)詞argue變名詞argument時(shí)，要去掉字母e。Wehadanargumentwiththewaiteraboutthebill.我們和服務(wù)員就賬單發(fā)生了爭(zhēng)吵。Thedoctorshavesetouttheirargumentsagainsttheproposals.醫(yī)生們已經(jīng)說明了反對(duì)這些提案的理由。We'realwaysarguingwitheachotheraboutmoney.我們總是為錢吵嘴。Theyarguedfortherighttostrike.他們據(jù)理力爭(zhēng)罷工的權(quán)利。Itcouldbearguedthatlawsaremadebyandformen.法律由人并為人制定的這一點(diǎn)頗有道理。ItisoftenarguedthatoneofthemostcommondifferencesbetweentheBritishandAmericansenseofhumoristhatAmericansdon'tunderstandirony(反話).有爭(zhēng)論認(rèn)為，英國人和美國人有關(guān)幽默感區(qū)別之一是美國人不理解反話?！炬溄痈呖肌浚?013江蘇卷）Hedrewhisreadersintotheargumentbydrawingthemintothestory.他把讀者引入到故事中，引導(dǎo)他們加入辯論。（2019江蘇卷）Achimpanzee(黑猩猩)can’twinanargumentwithamodernman,butitcantearthemanapartlikearagdoll.黑猩猩在爭(zhēng)論中敵不過現(xiàn)代人，但是它能像撕碎布娃娃一樣把人撕碎。6.teenager/?ti?ne?d??(r)/n.青少年(16)7.tension/?ten?n/n.緊張關(guān)系；緊張；拉伸(16)【原句背誦】Teenagers’physicalchangesmayresultinsuchfamilytensions.【拓展】international/racial/politicaltensions國際緊張局勢(shì)；種族間的緊張關(guān)系；政治上的緊張狀況easethetension緩和緊張狀況；緩和緊張局勢(shì)Thereisoftenatensionbetweentheaimsofthecompanyandthewishesoftheemployees.公司的目標(biāo)和雇員的愿望之間經(jīng)常存在矛盾。Welaughedandthathelpedeasethetension.我們笑了，因而使緊張的情緒緩和下來。Smilingandlaughinghasactuallybeenshowntorelievetensionandstress.微笑和大笑確實(shí)已證明能緩解緊張和壓力。Notonlydoesthiswell-designeddevicereducepainandtension,butalsoitimprovesyourmoodandoverallhealth!這款設(shè)計(jì)精良的設(shè)備不僅能減輕疼痛和緊張感，還能改善你的心情和整體健康!【鏈接高考】（2019全國卷II）There’stensionandanxietyfromthebeginningasNickandAmybattleforyourtrust.尼克和艾米為了爭(zhēng)奪你的信任從一開始就充滿了緊張和焦慮。（2015重慶卷）Thesenseofexcitementandtensionlevelsrisesuddenlythough,asdoesyourheartrate,asyoumoveclosertothem.然而，當(dāng)你更靠近它們時(shí)，興奮和緊張的感覺會(huì)突然上升，你的心率也會(huì)上升。8.anxious/???k??s/adj.憂慮的，擔(dān)心的；令人焦慮的；渴望的(16)9.rate/re?t/n.速度；率vi.&vt.評(píng)價(jià)，評(píng)估(16)10.shoot/?u?t/vi.&vt.(shot,shot)（使朝某方向）沖，奔；射擊；射殺；攝影(16)11.shootup快速長(zhǎng)高，躥個(gè)兒(16)【原句背誦】Youmayfeelanxiousthatyouaredevelopingatadifferentratetoyourfriends,shootingupinheightorgettingleftfarbehind.【拓展】（1）beanxiousaboutsthg.憂慮；擔(dān)心（某事）beanxiousforsb.為某人擔(dān)心beanxiousforsthg.希望得到beanxioustodosthg.渴望做某事anxiety/???za??ti/n.焦慮，憂慮；擔(dān)心（2）atanyrate無論如何，至少attherateof按……之速度；按……比率unemploymentrate失業(yè)率birth/deathrate出生率/死亡率【誤區(qū)】shootsthg./sb.表示“擊中某物/某人”；shootatsthg./sb.表示“向某物/某人射擊”（不一定擊中）。Thehunterfiredhisgunandshotafox.獵人開槍打中了一只狐貍。Thehunterraisedhisgunandshotatafox.獵人舉槍向一只狐貍射擊。（不一定擊中）Parentsarenaturallyanxiousfortheirchildren.父母自然為兒女擔(dān)心。Thereareplentyofgraduatesanxiousforwork.有大量畢業(yè)生渴求工作。Theforeignministeradmittedhewasstillanxiousaboutthesituationinthecountry.外交部長(zhǎng)承認(rèn)他對(duì)該國的局勢(shì)依然感到焦慮。Ifyou'reworriedaboutyourhealth,shareyouranxietieswithyourdoctor.你要是擔(dān)心自己的健康，就把你的憂慮告訴醫(yī)生吧。Localbusinessesareclosingata/therateofthreeayear.地方企業(yè)正在以每年三家的速度關(guān)閉。Theuniversityishighlyratedforitsresearch.這所大學(xué)因其研究工作而受到高度評(píng)價(jià)。Theyratedhimhighlyasacolleague.作為同事，他們對(duì)他評(píng)價(jià)甚高。Threepeoplewereshotdeadduringtherobbery.搶劫過程中有三人被開槍打死。TheirkidshaveshotupsinceIlastsawthem.自我上次見了以后，他們家?guī)讉€(gè)孩子一下子長(zhǎng)高了。Ticketpricesshotuplastyear.去年票價(jià)猛漲?！炬溄痈呖肌浚?021浙江卷）Thatmovieledhimintothesecondhalfofhiscareerwherehiscomedicpresencealonecouldmakeamovieafinancialsuccessevenwhenmoviereviewerswouldnotrateithighly.這部電影讓他進(jìn)入了職業(yè)生涯的后半段，即使影評(píng)人對(duì)這部電影評(píng)價(jià)不高，但僅僅憑他的喜劇表演就可以使這部電影獲得經(jīng)濟(jì)上的成功。（2021新高考I卷）ThenJeffnoticedsteamshootingoutofthepotandthelidstartingtoshake.然后杰夫注意到蒸汽從鍋里噴出來，蓋子開始搖晃。12.spot/sp?t/n.粉刺；斑點(diǎn)；污漬；地點(diǎn)，場(chǎng)所(16)Youmightworryaboutyourchangingvoice,weightproblemsorspots.【拓展】atouristspot旅游景點(diǎn)aspotof少許；一點(diǎn)；少量onthespot當(dāng)場(chǎng)；現(xiàn)場(chǎng)；在原地putsb.onthespot（提出難題）使某人尷尬，使某人為難【熟詞生義】v.發(fā)現(xiàn)；看出；注意到Ifinallyspottedmyfriendinthecrowd.我終于在人群中看見了我的朋友。I'vejustspottedamistakeonthefrontcover.我剛才在封面上發(fā)現(xiàn)了一處錯(cuò)誤。Thebaby'swholebodywascoveredinsmallredspots.當(dāng)時(shí)這孩子渾身布滿小紅疙瘩。Heansweredthequestiononthespot.他當(dāng)場(chǎng)就回答了那個(gè)問題。Jameswascalledtoseetheproducerandgotthejobonthespot.詹姆斯被叫去見那個(gè)制片人，當(dāng)即得到了那份工作。Theinterviewer'squestionsreallyputhimonthespot.采訪者的問題使他很下不來臺(tái)。Blindspotsaretheareasaroundthecarthatcannotbedirectlyobservedbythedriver.盲點(diǎn)是指汽車周圍駕駛者不能直接觀察到的區(qū)域。Canyouspotthedifferencebetweenthesetwopictures?你能不能看出這兩幅畫有什么不同？【鏈接高考】（2021新高考I卷）Alotofskillsareneededforthejob.Youhavetomakesureyoudon’tturntwopagesatonceandmakesureyoufindtherepeatsinthemusicwhenyouhavetogobacktotherightspot.這項(xiàng)工作需要很多技能。你必須確保你不會(huì)一次翻兩頁，并且必要的時(shí)候確保你回到前面找到音樂重復(fù)的部分。（2021全國甲卷）Haveeveryoneputtheirclothesintherightspots.讓每個(gè)人把他們的衣服都放在相應(yīng)的位置上。13.target/?tɑ?ɡ?t/n.（攻擊的）目標(biāo)，對(duì)象；靶子vt.把…作為攻擊目標(biāo)；面向(16)14.anger/???ɡ?(r)/n.怒氣，怒火(16)【原句背誦】Whenitallgetstoomuch,yourparentsareoftenthefirsttargetsofyouranger.【拓展】（1）salestarget銷售目標(biāo)strategictarget戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)targetaudience目標(biāo)受眾；目標(biāo)觀眾；目標(biāo)客戶targetcustomers目標(biāo)客戶，目標(biāo)顧客hitthetarget射中靶子；達(dá)到目的tomeet/achieveatarget完成╱達(dá)到目標(biāo)betargetedat…目標(biāo)是……（2）in/withanger生氣地，憤怒地angry/???ɡri/adj.生氣的；憤怒的beangryabout/over/atsthg.對(duì)……生氣beangryat/withsb.about/over/forsthg.生某人的氣【熟詞生義】anger用作動(dòng)詞時(shí)，意思是“使發(fā)怒；激怒；惱火”。Thequestionclearlyangeredhim.這個(gè)問題顯然激怒了他。Setyourselftargetsthatyoucanreasonablyhopetoachieve.給自己制訂有望達(dá)到的指標(biāo)。Theuniversitywillreachitstargetof5000studentsnextSeptember.這所大學(xué)將于下個(gè)九月達(dá)到在校學(xué)生5000人的目標(biāo)。Thecampaignisclearlytargetedattheyoung.這個(gè)宣傳計(jì)劃顯然是針對(duì)青年人的。Thecompanyhasbeentargetedbyanimalrightsgroupsforitsuseofdogsindrugstrials.這家公司因用狗做藥物試驗(yàn)而成為動(dòng)物保護(hù)團(tuán)體批評(píng)的對(duì)象。Hewasfilledwithangeratthewayhehadbeentreated.他因遭受如此待遇而怒火滿腔。Areyouangrywithmeforsomereason?你是因?yàn)槟硞€(gè)原因生我的氣了嗎？ThedecisiontoallowmoreoffshoreoildrillingangeredsomeCalifornians.這個(gè)允許更多海底石油鉆探的決定激怒了一些加利福尼亞人?！炬溄痈呖肌浚?020江蘇卷）Self-deprecating(自嘲式)humorisusuallythesafesttype,buthereagainyoudon’twanttoovershootthetarget.自嘲式幽默通常是最安全的類型，但是你又不想過分取悅受眾。（2020天津卷）Librarieswilloftenholdreading-groupsessionstargetedtovariousagegroups.圖書館經(jīng)常會(huì)針對(duì)不同年齡段的人舉辦閱讀研討會(huì)。mental/?mentl/adj.思想的，精神的，智力的(16)【原句背誦】Itcanbeabigheadachetobalanceyourdevelopingmentalneedstoo.【拓展】mentalhealth心理健康mentalstate精神狀態(tài)mentalillness/disease精神病mentaldisorder精神??；心理失常mentaldevelopment/process心智發(fā)展；心理發(fā)展過程mentalstress/pressure精神緊張，心理壓力thementalprocessofremembering記憶的心理過程mentallyadv.精神上；心理上【反義詞】physicaladj.物理的；身體的physicallyadv.身體上地；根本上Hehasacompletementalblock(=difficultyinunderstandingorremembering)whenitcomestophysics.他對(duì)物理一竅不通。Theintellectualenvironmenthasasignificantinfluenceonthementaldevelopmentofthechildren.知識(shí)環(huán)境對(duì)孩子智力的發(fā)展有著重大的影響。Shewassufferingfromphysicalandmentalexhaustion.她當(dāng)時(shí)已經(jīng)是精疲力竭。Thistechniquewillhelppeoplementallyorganizeinformation.這個(gè)技術(shù)會(huì)幫助人們?cè)陬^腦里組織信息?！炬溄痈呖肌浚?021新高考I卷）Manypeoplenowmisunderstandemotionalintelligenceasalmosteverythingdesirableinaperson'smakeupthatcannotbemeasuredbyanIQtest,suchascharacter,motivation,confidence,mentalstability,optimismand“peopleskills.”現(xiàn)在，許多人誤解情商是一個(gè)人氣質(zhì)中幾乎無法用智商測(cè)試來衡量的東西，比如性格、動(dòng)力、信心、精神穩(wěn)定性、樂觀主義和“人際交往能力”。（2020全國卷）Thebeautyofrereadingliesintheideathatourbondwiththeworkisbasedonourpresentmentalregister.重讀的美妙之處在于，我們與作品的聯(lián)系是建立在我們當(dāng)前的心理狀態(tài)上的。（2020浙江卷）Thosewhohadheldmentallystimulating(刺激),demandingjobsbeforeretirementtendedtodothebestonthetests.那些精神上有激勵(lì)，退休前要求工作的人在這些測(cè)試中做得最好。（2016天津卷）UnderVaillant,theresearcherscomparedthemen’smental-healthscoreswiththeirboyhood-activityscores.在Vaillant的研究中，研究人員將這些男性的心理健康得分與他們童年時(shí)的活動(dòng)得分進(jìn)行了比較。16.adult/??d?lt/n.成年人(17)【原句背誦】Youenterastrangemiddleground—nolongerasmallchildbutnotquiteanadult.【拓展】grown-upn.成年人；成熟的Childrenareadmittedonlyifaccompaniedbyanadult.兒童必須有成年人陪同方可入場(chǎng)。Whycan'tyoutwoactlikecivilizedadults?你們倆為什么就不能像有教養(yǎng)的成年人那樣行事呢？【鏈接高考】（2020全國卷III）Cattle-raisingpeopleinEastAfricaandnorthernEuropehavegainedamutation(突變)thathelpsthemdigestmilkasadults.東非和北歐的養(yǎng)牛人獲得一種突變，折中突變可以幫助他們像成年人一樣消化牛奶。（2020浙江卷）Today’sworldisnotaneasyadjustmentforyoungadults.對(duì)于年輕人來說，適應(yīng)今天的世界并不容易。（2014安徽卷）Theyounginparticulararewillingtoacceptthisconceptbecauseathearteverychildwantstogrowintoahappy,healthy,contributingadult.年輕人尤其愿意接受這個(gè)概念，因?yàn)槊總€(gè)孩子在內(nèi)心都希望成長(zhǎng)為一個(gè)快樂、健康、有貢獻(xiàn)的成年人。17.desire/d??za??I/n.&vt.渴望，希望(17)【原句背誦】Youhavebothanewdesireforindependenceandacontinuedneedforyourparents’loveandsupport.【拓展】haveadesirefor/todosthg.有欲望做某事astrongdesireforpower強(qiáng)烈的權(quán)力欲enoughmoneytosatisfyallyourdesires足夠的錢來滿足你所有的欲望Ihadastrongdesiretohelpandcareforpeople.我有一股強(qiáng)烈的幫助和關(guān)心別人的愿望。Wealldesirehealthandhappiness.我們都渴望健康和幸福。Themedicinedidnotachievethedesiredeffect.這種藥未達(dá)到預(yù)期效果。【鏈接高考】（2021全國乙卷）Thesedays,safetyregulations—nottomentionthemodernsportsfan’sdesireforagoodviewandcomfortableseat—tendtokeepstadiumcapacities（容量）slightlylower.目前，安全法規(guī)，更不用說現(xiàn)代體育迷渴望一個(gè)好的視野和舒適的座位，傾向于保持球場(chǎng)上座率略低。（2021浙江卷）Heshowedusthatevenasingledesire,nevergivenupon,canmakeforaremarkablelife.他向我們展示，即使是一個(gè)愿望，只要永不放棄，也可以成就非凡的人生。(2019江蘇卷)Ifyoudesirephysicalactivities,youcanchooseactivitiesfromswimmingtohorseriding.如果你想?yún)⒓芋w育活動(dòng)，你可以選擇游泳或騎馬等活動(dòng)。（2014江蘇卷）Inordertosatisfythedesire,theymaygosofarastoabandontheirsenseofrightandwrong.為了滿足這種欲望，他們甚至?xí)艞壦麄兊氖欠怯^。18.struggle/?str?ɡl/vi.&n.奮斗；斗爭(zhēng)；搏斗(17)19.*rough/r?f/adj.艱難的；粗糙的；不確切的(17)【原句背誦】Ontheotherhand,whenyouarestrugglingtocontrolyourfeelings,youwishtheycouldbemorecaringandpatient—sometimestheyforgetthatgrowingupisaroughride.【拓展】（1）strugglefor...奮斗；努力；爭(zhēng)取strugglewith/againstsb.for...與某人爭(zhēng)奪acountrystrugglingforindependence為獨(dú)立而奮斗的國家apower/leadershipstruggle權(quán)力的爭(zhēng)奪；領(lǐng)導(dǎo)權(quán)的斗爭(zhēng)astruggleforindependence爭(zhēng)取獨(dú)立的斗爭(zhēng)thestrugglebetweengoodandevil善惡之爭(zhēng)（2）aroughdraftofaspeech講話草稿aroughsketch草圖aroughcalculation/estimateofthecost對(duì)成本的粗略計(jì)算╱估計(jì)Lisastruggledwithherconsciencebeforetalkingtothepolice.莉薩經(jīng)過一番良心上的斗爭(zhēng)，終于對(duì)警方說了。Thecompanyisstrugglingtofindbuyersforitsnewproduct.這個(gè)公司正竭力為它的新產(chǎn)品尋找買主。Losingweightwasaterriblestruggle.減肥是件很費(fèi)勁的事。Heisengagedinabitterstrugglewithhisrivaltogetcontrolofthecompany.為取得對(duì)公司的控制權(quán)，他正同對(duì)手進(jìn)行一場(chǎng)激烈的斗爭(zhēng)。Therewereabout20peoplethere,ataroughguess.那里約計(jì)有20人。He'shadareallyroughtimerecently(=he'shadalotofproblems).他最近真是困難重重?！炬溄痈呖肌?2019江蘇卷）Hestruggledtoexplainwhatheheardinhishead.他努力解釋他在腦海中聽到的東西。（2018天津卷）KeishareadhowRosaParks’refusaltogiveupherseattoawhitepassengeronabusin1955inspiredtheprotestthatbecameaturningpointinthestruggleforcivilrights.凱莎讀到了1955年羅莎·帕克斯在公交車上拒絕給一名白人乘客讓座，這引發(fā)了一場(chǎng)抗議活動(dòng)，成為民權(quán)斗爭(zhēng)的轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)。（2014陜西卷）WhydoAmericansstrugglewithwatchingtheirweight,whiletheFrench,whoconsume（消耗）richfood,continuetostaythin?為什么美國人努力控制體重，而吃油膩食物的法國人卻能保持苗條呢?（2012北京卷）ThereareevermorepeopleontheEarth,andtheyreasonablyandrightfullywanttohavebetterlives,ratherthanmerelystruggleforsurvival.地球上的人越來越多，他們理所當(dāng)然地想要過上更好的生活，而不僅僅是為生存而斗爭(zhēng)。20.breakdown/?bre?kda?n/n.（關(guān)系）破裂；故障(17)【原句背誦】Allofthiscanleadtoabreakdowninyourrelationship.【拓展】（1）abreakdownonthemotorway在高速公路上出的故障abreakdownrecoveryservice車輛搶修服務(wù)thebreakdownofamarriage婚姻破裂marriagebreakdown婚姻破裂a(bǔ)breakdownincommunications通信中斷thebreakdownoflawandorder治安陷入癱瘓（2）breakdown(機(jī)器、車輛等)出故障；(討論、關(guān)系)失敗;(系統(tǒng))癱瘓breakup分裂；分手；(婚姻、戀愛關(guān)系)破裂；(會(huì)議、聚會(huì))解散breakupn.(婚姻、關(guān)系、聯(lián)系等的)破裂；(組織、國家的)解體Shehadabevyofoutstandingqualities,butherinabilitytoacceptadifferentopinionultimatelyledtoabreakup.她擁有很多突出的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，但是她不能接受與她不同的觀點(diǎn)，這一點(diǎn)最終導(dǎo)致了我們的分手。Thebreakdownintalksrepresentsatemporarysetbackinthepeaceprocess.談判破裂意味著和平進(jìn)程暫時(shí)受阻。Itdidn'tcomeasashocktolearnthatthefuelandcoolingsystemsarethemostcommoncausesofbreakdown.不足為怪的是，燃料和冷卻系統(tǒng)是故障的最常見原因。Talkswithbusinessleadersbrokedownlastnight.與商界領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的談判于昨晚失敗了。Theanalysisshowsthatplastics,particularlythosethatbreakdownfast,arecontributingtotheclimatechange.分析表明，塑料正在導(dǎo)致氣候變化，尤其是那些快速分解的塑料。Thetwocountriesaregoingtomeettobreakdownsomebarrierstotradebetweenthem.這兩個(gè)國家將舉行會(huì)議，旨在打破它們之間的一些貿(mào)易壁壘。Civilwarcouldcomeifthecountrybreaksup.如果國家分裂,內(nèi)戰(zhàn)就會(huì)來臨。Policeusedteargastobreakupademonstration.警察使用了催淚瓦斯來驅(qū)散示威活動(dòng)。They(Theymicroplastics)comefromthedisposalandbreakdownofman-madeplasticproductsandindustrialwaste.它們（塑料微粒）來自人造塑料制品和工業(yè)廢料的處理和分解。【鏈接高考】（2020天津卷）Historyhasthepotentialtobreakdownthoseboundariesbyofferingusinsightintoentireworldsthatwouldotherwisebeforeigntous.歷史有可能打破這些界限，為我們提供對(duì)整個(gè)世界的洞察力，否則對(duì)我們來說是陌生的。（2017全國卷I）Whenthecontainerisfull,youcansucktherefreshmentoutthroughthetube,andwon’thavetobreakdownthestilleverytimeyouneedadrink.當(dāng)容器裝滿時(shí)，你可以通過管子把茶點(diǎn)吸出來，而不必每次需要喝水時(shí)都把蒸餾器打開。（2012浙江卷）Twofriendshaveanargumentthatbreaksuptheirfriendshipforever,eventhoughneitheronecanrememberhowthewholethinggotstarted.兩個(gè)朋友因?yàn)橐粓?chǎng)爭(zhēng)吵而永遠(yuǎn)地?cái)嗨土怂麄兊挠颜x，盡管誰也不記得整件事是怎么開始的。21.regular/?reɡj?l?(r)/adj.頻繁的；有規(guī)律的(17)【原句背誦】Thekeytokeepingthepeaceisregularandhonestcommunication.【拓展】（1）regularbreathing均勻的呼吸aregularpulse/heartbeat正常的脈搏╱心跳regularmeetings/visits例行會(huì)議╱訪問aregularcustomer老主顧aregularvisitor?？汀臼煸~生義】regular作名詞用時(shí)，意思是“?？?；正式隊(duì)員；中堅(jiān)分子”。He'soneofourregulars.他是我們的一位老主顧。（2）regularlyadv.定期地；有規(guī)律地；整齊地；勻稱地regularityn.規(guī)則性；整齊；正規(guī)；勻稱regularizationn.規(guī)則化；調(diào)整；合法化regularizevt.調(diào)整；使有秩序；使合法化Alightflashedatregularintervals.一盞燈有規(guī)律地閃著亮光。Thereisaregularbusservicetotheairport.有班車定時(shí)發(fā)往機(jī)場(chǎng)。Theequipmentischeckedonaregularbasis.設(shè)備定期進(jìn)行檢查。ShehasbecomearegularvisitortoHoughtonHall.她已成為霍頓超市的一名?？?。Thebattery-poweredvehicle,whichmovesataregularwalkingpace,hasbeenprogrammedtoavoidpedestrians,animals,andunexpectedobstacles,suchasgarbagecans.這款電動(dòng)汽車以正常的步行速度行駛，由電腦控制可以避開行人、動(dòng)物和垃圾桶等意外障礙物?！炬溄痈呖肌浚?020全國卷III）Shewas49(displeasedwith)absolutelyeverything,nothingwasrightandIwasrather50(surprised)thatshebecamea“regular”.她對(duì)每件事都很不滿意，沒有什么是對(duì)的，令我相當(dāng)驚訝的是，她居然成了“常客”。（2015全國卷I）There’sastrongneedinParisforcommunication,saysMauriceFrisch,acafeLaChoperegularwhoworksasreligiousinstructorinanearbychurch.拉肖普咖啡館的?？湍锼埂じダ锸?MauriceFrisch)在附近的一座教堂擔(dān)任宗教指導(dǎo)員，他說巴黎對(duì)溝通的需求非常強(qiáng)烈。（2014湖北卷）Thesidesofthebuildingaren’tregular.Sothebuildinghasanunusualshape.Itlookslikeaverythin,sharppieceofbrokenglass.這幢樓的四邊不整齊。所以這個(gè)建筑有一個(gè)不尋常的形狀。它看起來像一塊很薄很鋒利的碎玻璃。22.calm/kɑ?m/vt.使平靜，使鎮(zhèn)靜adj.鎮(zhèn)靜的，沉著的(17)23.calmdown平靜，鎮(zhèn)靜，安靜(17)24.view/vju?/n.看法；視線；景色vt.把…視為；觀看(17)25.fromone’spointofview從某人的角度、觀點(diǎn)出發(fā)(17)【原句背誦】Whenyoudisagreewithyourparents,takeaminutetocalmdownandtrytounderstandthesituationfromtheirpointofview.【拓展】（1）keep/stay/remaincalm保持冷靜；面不改色calmlyadv.冷靜地calmnessn.冷靜（2）tohavedifferent/conflicting/opposingviews有不同的╱矛盾的╱相反的觀點(diǎn)inone’sview/opinion在某人看來inview在視野范圍內(nèi)；看得見；被考慮inviewof鑒于；考慮到；由于asea/mountainview海╱山景viewsb./sthg.assthg.把…視為；以…看待viewsb./sthg.withsthg.把…視為；以…看待viewern.觀察者；觀眾；觀察器Itisimportanttokeepcalminanemergency.情況緊急的時(shí)候，保持鎮(zhèn)靜是重要的。Thecityiscalmagain(=freefromtroubleandfighting)afteryesterday'sriots.昨天的騷亂過后，城里又恢復(fù)了平靜。Wewaitedinsideuntilthingscalmeddown.我們待在室內(nèi)，直到一切都恢復(fù)了平靜。Hetookafewdeepbreathstocalmhimselfdown.他深深地吸了幾口氣，使自己平靜下來Hisviewsonthesubjectwerewellknown.他對(duì)這個(gè)問題的看法眾所周知。Thisevidencesupportstheviewthatthereistoomuchviolenceontelevision.這一證據(jù)對(duì)電視節(jié)目中暴力太多的觀點(diǎn)予以支持。Wetaketheviewthatitwouldbewrongtointerfere.我們所持的態(tài)度是：干涉是錯(cuò)誤的。Thereweremagnificentviewsofthesurroundingcountryside.四周鄉(xiāng)間的景色壯觀秀麗。Inviewoftheweather,theeventwillnowbeheldindoors.由于天氣的緣故，這項(xiàng)賽事將在室內(nèi)進(jìn)行。Whenthecarwasfirstbuilt,thedesignwasviewedashighlyoriginal.這種車剛造出時(shí)，其設(shè)計(jì)被認(rèn)為是獨(dú)具匠心?！炬溄痈呖肌浚?021全國甲卷）Ifoundmyselfcompletelyaboveit(therise)andlookingatawonderfullyclearviewofSkiddawwiththesunsettinginthewest.我發(fā)現(xiàn)自己站在山丘上面，欣賞著斯基多山夕陽西下的美景。（2020江蘇卷）Success36(depends)fundamentallyonourviewofourselvesandofthe37(events)inourlives.成功從根本上取決于我們對(duì)自己和對(duì)生活中所發(fā)生事情的看法。（2020江蘇卷）Inlookingforthestoriesofdiscovery,Ifoundthestoriesofthesepeopleandhowtheirliveschangedourviewoftheworld.在尋找發(fā)現(xiàn)故事的過程中，我發(fā)現(xiàn)了這些人的故事以及他們的生活如何改變了我們對(duì)世界的看法。26.thinksththrough充分考慮，全盤考慮，想透(17)27.concern/k?n?s??n/n.擔(dān)心，憂慮；關(guān)心vt.涉及；讓（某人）擔(dān)憂(17)【原句背誦】Afteryouhavethoughtitthrough,explainyouractionsandfeelingscalmly,listencarefully,andaddresstheirconcerns.【拓展】（1）thinksomethingofoneself自命不凡,自以為了不起[亦作thinkoneselfsomething]thinkof記起，想起；考慮；想像；關(guān)心thinkof…as…把……看作；認(rèn)為……thinkabout考慮thinktooneself盤算；自思自忖thinkso如此想法thinkforoneself獨(dú)立思考thinktwiceabout(doing)sthg.再三考慮；重新考慮thinkover仔細(xì)考慮；重新考慮thinkitover仔細(xì)考慮一下；好好想想thinkoneselfas自認(rèn)為是thinkhighly/much/alotof高度評(píng)價(jià)，尊重thinkpoorly/notmuch/littleof評(píng)價(jià)差（不好）thinkback回想thinkup想出；發(fā)明；虛構(gòu)（2）concernoneself從事,忙于(常與with,about,in,over連用)關(guān)心，關(guān)注，關(guān)切，掛念，擔(dān)心，憂慮concernabout對(duì)……表示擔(dān)心/憂慮；使（自己）關(guān)心……concernoneselfin干預(yù)；從事（參與；從事參與）；干涉publicconcern公眾關(guān)注primaryconcern主要關(guān)心的事withconcern關(guān)切地showone’sconcernfor對(duì)……表示關(guān)心或憂慮ofnoconcern無關(guān)緊要，沒有意義issueofcommonconcern共同關(guān)心的問題asfarasoneconcerns就……而言【誤區(qū)】concerning常用作介詞，意思是“關(guān)于；涉及”。Onceyouhavecomeupwithagreatidea,takealittletimetothinkitthrough.一旦你提出了一個(gè)很好的方案，先要花些時(shí)間去好好考慮下。Don'tyoueverthinkaboutotherpeople?難道你就從來沒有考慮過別人？Youshouldthinktwiceaboutemployingsomeoneyou'venevermet.雇用素不相識(shí)的人應(yīng)三思而行。IkeepthinkingbacktothedayIarrivedhere.我不斷回想起剛到這兒那一天的情景。Cananybodythinkofawaytoraisemoney?誰能想出個(gè)集資的辦法？Sheisthoughtofasapossibledirector.人們認(rèn)為她有可能成為董事Sheisthoughtofasapossibledirector.人們認(rèn)為她有可能成為董事Can'tyouthinkupabetterexcusethanthat?難道你就想不出一個(gè)比這更好的借口？ThebookisprimarilyconcernedwithSoviet-AmericanrelationsduringtheColdWar.這部書主要講的是冷戰(zhàn)時(shí)期的蘇美關(guān)系。Whatconcernsmeisourlackofpreparationforthechange.讓我擔(dān)心的是我們對(duì)事態(tài)的變化缺乏準(zhǔn)備。Hedidn'tconcernhimselfwiththedetails.他對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)不感興趣。Themovefollowsgrowingpublicconcernoverthespreadofthedisease.該行動(dòng)是針對(duì)公眾日益增長(zhǎng)的對(duì)該疾病傳播的擔(dān)憂而采取的。Heaskedseveralquestionsconcerningthefutureofthecompany.他問了幾個(gè)有關(guān)公司前途的問題。Allcasesconcerningchildrenaredealtwithinaspecialchildren’scourt.所有涉及兒童的案件均由兒童特別法庭審理。【鏈接高考】（2021新高考I卷）Whatisprobablythemajorconcernoftravelerswhochoosetostayinahostel?選擇住在客棧的旅客最關(guān)心的是什么?（2020天津卷）Ithinkofonefriendwhocouldn’tarrangeflowerstosatisfyherself.我想起一個(gè)朋友，她不能通過插花來滿足自己。（2020全國卷II）ScientistsinLouisianaweresoconcernedthattheydecidedtopayhunters$5atail.路易斯安那州的科學(xué)家對(duì)此非常擔(dān)心，他們決定支付獵人每條尾巴5美元。(2020全國卷III)It’stheoff-settrainingandlivingconditionsthatareraisingconcerns.讓人擔(dān)憂的是訓(xùn)練和生活條件。(2020全國卷III)Mymomisreallyconcerningwiththehealthofeveryoneinourfamilies.（Key：把concerning改為concerned；把families改為family）28.backdown承認(rèn)錯(cuò)誤，認(rèn)輸(17)【原句背誦】Throughthiskindofhealthydiscussion,youwilllearnwhentobackdownandwhentoaskyourparentstorelaxtheircontrol.【拓展】backon背靠backinto倒車撞上（某物）backupv.支持，援助；（資料）備份；倒退backout退出；收回backoff后退；軟化；減輕；卸下backandforth反復(fù)地，來回地atthebackof在…背后，支持；在……的后面；在……的后部inthebackof在……后面；在……之后onone'sback臥病在床backtoback背靠背；連續(xù)，緊接Wecouldseethatshewouldbackdownifwestoodfirm.我們可以看出，如果我們堅(jiān)定不移，她就會(huì)讓步。Sherefusedtobackdownonapointofprinciple.她在原則問題上拒絕讓步。Astheriotpoliceapproached,thecrowdbackedoff.防暴警察靠近，人群就往后退卻。Helostconfidenceandbackedoutofthedealatthelastminute.他失去了信心，在最后一刻退出了協(xié)議。Thewriterdoesn'tbackuphisopinionswithexamples.作者不用實(shí)例印證他的看法。Thehousehasthreebedroomsatthefrontandtwoattheback.房屋正面有三間臥室，后面兩間。29.normal/?n??ml/adj.正常的，一般的n.常態(tài)，通常標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(17)30.stress/stres/n.精神壓力，緊張；強(qiáng)調(diào)vt.強(qiáng)調(diào)，著重(17)【原句背誦】Justrememberthatitiscompletelynormaltostrugglewiththestressthatparent-childtensionscreate,andthatyouandyourparentscanworktogethertoimproveyourrelationship.【拓展】（1）normaluniversity師范大學(xué)normaloperation正常運(yùn)行，常規(guī)操作normaltemperature正常體溫；標(biāo)準(zhǔn)溫度normalpressure正常壓力；標(biāo)準(zhǔn)氣壓normalrunning正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)；機(jī)組運(yùn)行正常normalstate正規(guī)狀態(tài)；[核子]基態(tài)（等于groundstate）normalcondition正常狀態(tài)normalvalue正常價(jià)值；標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值normallevel正常水平；正常能級(jí)normalphenomenon正?，F(xiàn)象returntonormal恢復(fù)正常above/belownormal通常標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之上╱之下normallyadv.正常地；通常地【誤區(qū)】normal的反義詞是abnormal。（2）understress在受力時(shí)；在壓力之下lay/placestress/emphasison注意，重視；把重點(diǎn)放在tosufferfromstress有精神壓力cope/dealwithstress應(yīng)對(duì)壓力stress-relatedillnesses與精神壓力有關(guān)的疾病emotional/mentalstress感情╱思想負(fù)擔(dān)【考點(diǎn)】關(guān)注stress作動(dòng)詞的用法，意思是“強(qiáng)調(diào)；使緊張；加壓力于”，尤其是注意作“強(qiáng)調(diào)”時(shí)的用法。Thespokesmanstressedthatthemeasuresdidnotamounttoanoverallban.發(fā)言人強(qiáng)調(diào)說，這些措施并不等于全面禁止。China’sleadershavestressedtheneedforincreasedco-operationbetweenThirdWorldcountries.中國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人已經(jīng)強(qiáng)調(diào)了增進(jìn)第三世界國家之間合作的需要。Undernormalcircumstances,Iwouldsay“yes”.一般情況下，我會(huì)說“行”。Heshouldbeabletoleadaperfectlynormallife.他應(yīng)該能夠過上完全正常的生活。InthenormalcourseofeventsIwouldn'tgotothatpartoftown.通常我是不會(huì)到那個(gè)城區(qū)去的。Weareopenduringnormalofficehours.在正常上班時(shí)間內(nèi)，我們都開放。Herheightandweightarenormalforherage.她的身高和體重對(duì)于她的年齡來說是正常的。Statisticsindicatethatdepressedpatientsaremorelikelytobecomeillthanarenormalpeople.統(tǒng)計(jì)表明抑郁的患者比正常人更可能得病。Thingssoonreturnedtonormal.情況很快恢復(fù)了正常。Thingscaneasilygowrongwhenpeopleareunderstress.人在壓力之下，辦事情就容易出差錯(cuò)。Shefailedtowithstandthestressesandstrainsofpubliclife.她承受不了作為一個(gè)公眾人物的生活壓力和緊張。Stressisoftenafactorinthedevelopmentoflong-termsickness.心理壓力常常是形成長(zhǎng)期病的一個(gè)因素。Shelaysgreatstressonpunctuality.她十分注重守時(shí)。Ithinkthecompanyplacestoomuchstressoncostandnotenoughonquality.我認(rèn)為公司對(duì)成本強(qiáng)調(diào)有余，而對(duì)質(zhì)量重視不足。Hestressedtheimportanceofagoodeducation.他強(qiáng)調(diào)了接受良好教育的重要性。ImuststressthateverythingI’vetoldyouisstrictlyconfidential.我必須強(qiáng)調(diào)，我告訴你的一切都要嚴(yán)加保密。Itmustbestressedthatthisdiseaseisveryrare.必須著重指出，這種病非常罕見?！炬溄痈呖肌浚?021新高考I卷）Theplacewasn’tentirelyauthentic,though.UnlikeanormalParisianapartment,theplumbing(水管)worked.不過，這個(gè)地方并不完全可靠。不像正常的巴黎的公寓，這里的管道可以使用。（2020山東卷）Theparticipantsfollowedsuit,takingmorefoodthantheynormallywouldhave.參與者照做了，吃了比平時(shí)更多的食物。（2020全國卷I）Butthesport’sstrangeformdoesplaceconsiderablestressontheanklesandhips,sopeoplewithahistoryofsuchinjuriesmightwanttobecautiousinadoptingthesport.但這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)的奇怪形式確實(shí)會(huì)對(duì)腳踝和臀部造成相當(dāng)大的壓力，所以有過此類傷害史的人在接受這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)可能會(huì)謹(jǐn)慎小心。（2020浙江卷）“Therearerelativelyfewstudiesthatstresstheuniqueroleoffathers,”Padilla-Walkersaid.帕迪拉-沃克說:“很少有研究強(qiáng)調(diào)父親的獨(dú)特作用?！保?020全國第一次大聯(lián)考）Thisresearchstressesthatweignoredtheenergyreductionfromusingoursmartphones,andthatwewereover-confidentaboutwhatourbrainscanhandle.這項(xiàng)研究強(qiáng)調(diào)，我們忽略了使用智能手機(jī)帶來的能源減少，我們對(duì)大腦的處理能力過于自信。31.skin/sk?n/n.皮膚；（獸）皮，毛皮(19)【原句背誦】Heis(2)concernedabouthisskinbecauseithasstartedtobecomeveryoily,withlotsofredspots.【拓展】dark-skinned深色皮膚的fair-skinned白皙皮膚的theouterskinoftheearth地殼themetalskinoftheaircraft飛機(jī)的金屬外殼Removetheskinsbysoakingthetomatoesinhotwater.把西紅柿放在熱水里燙一下去皮。Askinhadformedonthetopofthemilk.奶上結(jié)了一層奶皮?！炬溄痈呖肌浚?014上海卷內(nèi)）Afewpeoplehaveexperiencedwhatitmightbeliketostepintotheskinofanotherperson,thankstoanunusualvirtualreality（虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)）device.多虧了一種不尋常的虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)設(shè)備，少數(shù)人體驗(yàn)過進(jìn)入另一個(gè)人的世界是什么感覺。（2012江蘇卷）ButtissuesalsoreadilyabsorbUVandvisiblelight,whichmeansthedrugreleasecanbetriggeredonlyneartheskin,wherethelightcanreachthecapsule.但人體組織也很容易吸收紫外線和可見光，這意味著藥物釋放只能在皮膚附近觸發(fā)，在那里光線可以到達(dá)膠囊。32.design/d??za?n/vt.設(shè)計(jì)；制訂n.設(shè)計(jì)；設(shè)計(jì)藝術(shù)(20)【原句背誦】So,wehavedesignedTeenHealthWebtohelpyoualongthejourneytoadulthood.【拓展】designsthg.forsb./sthg.為……設(shè)計(jì)……todesignacar/adress/anoffice設(shè)計(jì)汽車╱連衣裙╱辦公室abadlydesignedkitchen設(shè)計(jì)很糟糕的廚房specialnewdesignfeatures特別的新型設(shè)計(jì)風(fēng)格thedesignanddevelopmentofnewproducts新產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)和開發(fā)designsforaircraft飛機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)圖樣newandoriginaldesigns別具一格的新型設(shè)計(jì)方案bydesign故意地；有意地Theyaskedmetodesignaposterforthecampaign.他們請(qǐng)我為這次運(yùn)動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)一張海報(bào)。Themethodisspecificallydesignedforuseinsmallgroups.這方法是專為小組活動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)的。Theprogrammeisdesignedtohelppeoplewhohavebeenoutofworkforalongtime.這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃的目的是為長(zhǎng)期失業(yè)者提供幫助。Thebasicdesignofthecarisverysimilartothatofearliermodels.這種汽車的基本設(shè)計(jì)與早期的樣式非常相似。Itwashardtoknowwhetherithappe