高考英語閱讀、完形填空長難句教學(xué)探索

1長難句教學(xué)探索

一．問題引入內(nèi)容摘要：二．問題分析三．問題對策2一．問題引入：什么是“長難句”

一副網(wǎng)絡(luò)對聯(lián)：

上聯(lián)：在乎你的我只在乎我在乎的是是否在乎在乎你的我，我在乎的你是否和在乎你的我在乎我在乎的你一樣在乎在乎你。

下聯(lián)：想念我的你只想念你想念的是是否想念想念我的你，你想念的我是否和想念我的你想念你想念的我一樣想念想念你。

32013廈門質(zhì)檢語文試題把下面這段文字改寫成三個短句：

3月6日國家稅務(wù)總局某官員基于個稅起征點提高到3000元已讓納稅人的人數(shù)減少三分之二的事實對全國政協(xié)會議代表們繼續(xù)提高個稅起征點的呼吁表示不可能。（1）___________（2）___________（3）___________4英語“長難句”定義：

1.“長句”+“難句”

2.“句長”→“難句”5二．問題分析：長難句“難”在哪1.心理因素（注意力，思維接受能力，心理承受能力等）2.英語多從句，句子長且結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜

Decisionthinkingisnotunlikepoker—itoftenmattersnotonlywhatyouthink,butalsowhatothersthinkyouthinkandwhatyouthinktheythinkyouthink.(NMET2000.C篇)做決策像打撲克牌，起作用的不但是你怎么想的，還包括別人對你的想法是怎么看的以及你對別人的看法是如何考慮的。6Anideasuddenlystruckme.我突然想到了一個主意。Astrangepeacecameoverherwhenshewasalone.她獨處時便感到一種特殊的安寧。Notasoundreachedourears.我們什么也沒聽到

3.英語多被動結(jié)構(gòu)74.標點

1)IconfessthatwhenfirstImadeacquaintancewithCharlesStricklandIneverforamomentdiscernedthattherewasinhimanythingoutoftheordinary.

2)…Andyourpersonalcar,ifyouhaveone,becomesjustonemoretoolinthetoolbox----andoftenaninadequateone,limitingbothyourmobilityandyourwallet.(2012湖北卷B篇)8加標點：

Womanwithouthermanisnothing

Woman,withoutherman,isnothing.

Woman!Withouther,manisnothing.①IthinkChinaisagreatcountry.

②China,Ithink,isagreatcountry.

95.干擾成分

Joneplaysfootballaswellas,ifnotbetterthan,David.6.隔裂現(xiàn)象（動詞與賓語，名詞與定語，名詞與of，等）

1.Employerswillcertainlyrequire

astheiremployees

studentswithhigherqualificationsthanweresoughtafewyearsago.

2.Theacceptanceofthisconceptisthebasisofthemanysuggestionstoteacherstomakecleartochildren,bydiscussion,byvisitsandexcursions,andinotherwaysthesocialrelevanceoftheschool’sactivities.10三．問題對策：如何攻“長”克“難”（一）在思想上消除“畏難怕長”情緒。如何看待長難句？足夠長就好。不怕長，只怕短。A:Stop!

B:Why?A:Money.B:

No.A:Kill!B:

Ah-----.（Onmywayhome,Imetarobber)Robber:Stop!

I:Why?Robber:Money.I:

No.Robber:Kill!I:

Ah-----.11（二）在閱讀中調(diào)動多種感官提高長難句理解能力。

從眼、口、耳、腦、手等多種感官入手，促進英語長難句教學(xué)。

Ⅰ.眼⑴找謂語，把握核心。⑵找名詞，了解大意。⑶提主干，去除枝葉。⑷尋關(guān)聯(lián)，辨認邏輯。

⑸還真相，降低難度

⑹看標點，理清思路。⑺找搭配，變生為熟。⑻視覺差，培養(yǎng)層次感。

12⑴找謂語，把握核心。

例題：TennisstarChrisEvert,whoretiredfromthegameaftereighteenyears,perhaps_____morethananyonetomakewomen’sprofessionaltennisawidelyrespectedcareer.

A.whodidB.hasdoneC.anddoingD.todo13⑵找名詞，了解大意。Theymaythinkthateatinglunchisthecauseofthesleepiness.Or，insummer，theymaythinkitistheheat.However，therealreasonliesinsidetheirbodies.Atthattime—abouteighthoursafteryouwakeup—yourbodytemperaturegoesdown.Thisiswhatmakesyouslowdownandfeelsleepy.(NMET2008四川卷C篇)14⑶提主干，去除枝葉。

例句：ThesmallestandappropriatereferencestopersonsandplacesandeventscontainedintheaccountsoftheExodus,forinstance,orthebiographiesofsuchBiblicalheroesasAbrahamandMosesandDavid,canlead,ifproperlyconsideredandprusued,toextremelyimportanthistoricaldiscoveries.

Thereferences

canleadto

discoveries.15主語定語從句

尋找句子主干的時候要注意，一般句子開頭的第一個獨立名詞（前面沒有介詞或關(guān)聯(lián)詞）就是句子主語.

eg.1.Intheclassroom,

myteacheriswriting…2.Thatshewascominghereisasurprisetome.

如果看到兩個名詞重疊，基本可以斷定第一個名詞是主語，而第二個則是修飾它的定語從句的主語，如：Theboythegirl…ThepenMrSmith…Thecityyou…

謂語動詞16另外，提取句子主干往往要進行跳讀：跳讀插入語、介詞詞組、非謂語動詞、分隔現(xiàn)象、定語從句、狀語從句等。

例句：Iknowevenofacasewherethehusband,becausehedidnotwanttoexacthismarkofselflessnessfromhiswifewhowassickandinbadhealth,refused,whenurgedbythewife,totakeaconcubine,butthewife,withouthisknowledgeandconsent,notonlyboughtaconcubine,butactuallyforcedhimtotaketheconcubineintothehouse.

“Case”的主要內(nèi)容：

Thehusband

refused

totakeaconcubine,but

thewifenotonlybought

aconcubine,but(also)forced

himtotaketheconcubineintothehouse.17

⑷尋關(guān)聯(lián)，辨認邏輯。

例句：Theymaythinkthateatinglunchisthecauseofthesleepiness.Or，insummer，theymaythinkitistheheat.However，therealreasonliesinsidetheirbodies.Atthattime—abouteighthoursafteryouwakeup—yourbodytemperaturegoesdown.Thisiswhatmakesyouslowdownandfeelsleepy.

18⑸還真相，降低難度。

難句往往有省略、插入語、前置、倒裝、強調(diào)、被動、雙重否定等非常規(guī)結(jié)構(gòu)。我們可以利用還原法，還復(fù)雜句型以本來面目。①Nolongerwillthepublicaccepttheoldattitudeof“Buyit，throwitaway，andforgetit．”(NMET2001C篇)

→還原成：Thepublicwillnolongeraccepttheoldattitudeof“Buyit，throwitaway，andforgetit”．

②Decisionthinkingisnotunlikepoker—→簡化成：

Decisionthinkingislikepoker—19⑹看標點，理清思路。標點符號(特別是逗號)在句中的主要作用是:斷句銜接和引導(dǎo)插入語。①逗號與并列的句子成分Hestoodup，putonhiscoat(,)

andwentout.Theyreachedhomeatlast,cold,tired(,)

andhungry.Weswearthatweallobeytherules,thatwemustworkhard(,)

andthatweshouldloveourmotherland.②逗號與做狀語的非謂語動詞“Wecan’tgooutinthisweather,”saidBob,lookingoutofthewindow.ItbeingSunday,

therewerenostudentshavingclassesintheschool.20③逗號與定語從句Asiswellknowntoall,Chinaisalargecountrywithalonghistory.

試比較：HissonwhoworksinXiamencamebacklastweek.

（不止一個兒子）Hisson,

whoworksinXiamen,camebacklastweek.

（只有一個兒子）④逗號與同位語BeautifulZhangZiyiplaysthepartofYuJiaolong,ayoungwomanwhoisnotasgoodassheseems.Meetingmyuncleafteralltheseyearswasanunforgettablemoment,oneIwillalwaystreasure.21⑤逗號與一些副詞，插入語，介詞短語和單成分句副詞：however,though,therefore,besides,moreover…介詞短語:inmyopinion,forexample,inaddition,onthecontrary…插入語：Ithink,Ibelieve…單成分句：what’smore,what’sworse,that’stosay,Idaresay…⑥破折號

Imustbegettingfat----Icanhardlydomytrousersup.Turndowntheradio----thebaby’sasleepinthenextroom.Mary,comehere----everyoneelse,staywhereyouare.22⑺找搭配，變生為熟。例1：Somecompanieshavemade

themanufacturingofcleanandsafeproducts，tosomedegree，theirmainsellingpointsandemphasizeitintheiradvertising.例2：Theacceptanceofthisconceptisthebasisofthemanysuggestionstoteacherstomake

cleartochildren,bydiscussion,bybisitsandexcursions,andinotherways,thesocialrelevanceoftheschool’sactivities.

23⑻視覺差，培養(yǎng)語句層次感。

①Jenny’snothavingbeentrainedasadancerisherregret.②After

whatseemedlikehours

hecameoutwithabittersmile.③Shespokesofastthatnoneofusunderstoodwhat

whatshesaid

meant.④Lucyistheonlyone

ofthestudents

whohashandedinthepaper.⑤Thefather

aswellashisthreechildren

goesskatingeverySunday.⑥The

long-lastingwar,filledwithbloodanddeaths,endedinpeople’ssadness,reachingnoresult.

以上例句中，①②③培養(yǎng)學(xué)習(xí)者對強調(diào)部分的整體感，而④⑤⑥則凸顯句子主干，淡化次要成分。24（二）在閱讀中調(diào)動多種感官提高長難句理解能力。

從眼、口、耳、腦、手等多種感官入手，促進英語長難句教學(xué)。

1.利用意群朗讀教學(xué)法培養(yǎng)句子層次感2.利用添枝加葉造句法培養(yǎng)句子層次感。

Ⅱ.口25A．利用意群朗讀教學(xué)法培養(yǎng)句子層次感。

⑴Thinkingthat︱youknowwhatinfactyoudon’t︱isaterriblemistake.⑵Youcan’timagine︱howfastourancestorswere︱comparedwithmodernhumans.⑶Hecriticizescommunicationtechnology︱forlyingtous︱bytellingusthat︱itwillbringpeopletogether︱whenitactuallykeepsthemapart.⑷Itwasattheendofthenineteenthcentury,︱withtheperfectingoftheelectriclightbulb,︱thetelephone,︱thephotograph,︱andthelike,︱thattheordinarymanbegantofeelthat︱sciencecouldactuallybenefithim.26

對于一些易混易錯的句子，為增強感受效果，可用夸張的換氣法代替停頓：⑴Whatwateris（換氣）isknowntoall.

⑵Thetheoryhestuckto（換氣）provedcorrect.⑶Thenumber（換氣）ofpeoplewhoowncars（換氣）isincreasing.

⑷Peoplecaughtdrivingwhiledrunktwiceinthesameyear（換氣）willhavetheirlicensestakenawayforuptofiveyears.⑸Usuallyatthebeginningofschool,thenoiseofdesks

beingopenedandclosed,andlessonsrepeatedatthetopofthechildren’svoices（換氣）couldbeheardoutinthestreet.

⑹Theonlyproblemfacingusatpresentisthat（換氣）

wedon’thavemuchmoney.27B.利用添枝加葉造句法培養(yǎng)句子層次感。

Theoldmandied.→Theoldmandied

inthelonelyhouse.→

Theoldmandied

inthelonelyhouse

yesterday.→

Havingsufferedfromstarvation,

theoldmandied

inthelonelyhouse

yesterday.→

Havingsufferedfromstarvation,

theoldmandied

inthelonelyhouse

yesterday,

leavingnothing.

→…28（二）在閱讀中調(diào)動多種感官提高長難句理解能力。

從眼、口、耳、腦、手等多種感官入手，促進英語長難句教學(xué)。

材料一：美國小學(xué)槍擊案奧巴馬哽咽落淚演講材料二：奧巴馬就職演說材料三：IHaveaDream材料四：世界上最遙遠的距離ThefurthestdistanceintheworldⅢ.耳29材料一：美國小學(xué)槍擊案奧巴馬哽咽落淚演講

…Becausewhilenothingcanfillthespaceofalostchildorlovedone,allofus

canextendahandtothoseinneed—toremind

them

thatwearethereforthem,thatweareprayingforthem,thatthelovetheyfeltforthosetheylostenduresnotjustintheirmemoriesbutalsoinours.30材料二：奧巴馬就職演說

…We,thepeople,declaretodaythatthemostevidentoftruths–thatallofusarecreatedequal–isthestarthatguidesusstill;justasitguidedourforebearsthroughSenecaFalls,andSelma,andStonewall;justasitguidedallthosemenandwomen,sungandunsung,wholeftfootprintsalongthisgreatMall,tohearapreachersaythatwecannotwalkalone;tohearaKingproclaimthatourindividualfreedomisinextricablyboundtothefreedomofeverysoulonEarth….31材料三：IHaveaDream

IhaveadreamthatonedayeventhestateofMississippi,astateswelteringwiththeheatofinjustice,swelteringwiththeheatofoppression,willbetransformedintoanoasisoffreedomandjustice.Ihaveadreamthatmyfourchildrenwillonedayliveinanationwheretheywillnotbejudgedbythecoloroftheirskinbutbythecontentoftheircharacter.Ihaveadreamtoday.IhaveadreamthatonedaydowninAlabamawithitsviciousracistswithitsgovernorhavinghislipsdrippingwiththewordsofinterpositionandnullification,onedayrightdowninAlabamalittleblackboysandblackgirlswillbeabletojoinhandswithlittlewhiteboysandwhitegirlsassistersandbrothers….32材料四：世界上最遙遠的距離

Thefurthestdistanceintheworld

Thefurthestdistanceintheworld

世界上最遙遠的距離

Isnotbetweenlifeanddeath

不是生與死

ButwhenIstandinfrontofyou

而是我就站在你面前

Yetyoudon'tknowthatIloveyou

你卻不知道我愛你

33Thefurthestdistanceintheworld

世界上最遙遠的距離

IsnotwhenIstandinfrontofyou

不是我就站在你面前

Yetyoucan'tseemylove

你卻不知道我愛你

Butwhenundoubtedlyknowingthelovefromboth

而是明明知道彼此相愛

Yetcannotbetogether

卻不能在一起

34Thefurthestdistanceintheworld

世界上最遙遠的距離

Isnotbeingapartwhilebeinginlove

不是明明知道彼此相愛卻不能在一起

Butwhenpainlycannotresisttheyearning

而是明明無法抵擋這股思念

Yetpretendingyouhaveneverbeeninmyheart

卻還得故意裝作絲毫沒有把你放在心里

35Thefurthestdistanceintheworld

世界上最遙遠的距離

Isnotwhenpainlycannotresisttheyearning

不是明明無法抵擋這股思念

yetpretendingyouhaveneverbeeninmyheart

卻還得故意裝作絲毫沒有把你放在心里

butusingone'sindifferentheart

而是用自己冷漠的心對愛你的人

Todiganuncrossableriver

掘了一條無法跨越的溝渠

Fortheonewholovesyou

36（二）在閱讀中調(diào)動多種感官提高長難句理解能力。

從眼、口、耳、腦、手等多種感官入手，促進英語長難句教學(xué)。

Ⅳ.腦1.線性順序

2.層次結(jié)構(gòu)

語言“解碼”過程

37一篇文章的段落結(jié)構(gòu)可能是①-②-③-④-⑤，也有可能是這樣的：②①-------③-----⑤④句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，和文章結(jié)構(gòu)有相似處。2012高考北京卷閱讀A篇長句：①Inadditiontolearninghowtoperformvariousmathematicaloperations,②studentsdiscover③whytheseoperationswork,④howaparticularmathematicaltopicrelatestootherbranchesofmathematics,⑤andhowtheseoperationscanbeusedpractically.

38③why…①Inadditionto---②studentsdiscover④how…⑤how…句子在頭腦中形成層次結(jié)構(gòu)：

39（二）在閱讀中調(diào)動多種感官提高長難句理解能力。

從眼、口、耳、腦、手等多種感官入手，促進英語長難句教學(xué)。

Ⅴ.手

經(jīng)常動手劃出長句的謂語動詞、名詞等，培養(yǎng)尋讀主干信息的習(xí)慣。充分挖掘利用閱讀中遇到的長句資源。40教材中的長句資源：例1：M9，U2SailingtheOcean，UsingLanguage閱讀材料（P17）第一句話IamproudtohavesailedwithCaptainBligh

onhisjourney

ofover40days

throughabout4,000miles

inanopenboat

acrossthePacificOcean

in1789.41例2：M6，U5ThePowerofNature,WB,ReadingTask:TrappedbytheFlood(P72)文中有這樣的動作細節(jié)描寫

SaradressedbabyJamesinwarmclothesandcollectedthethingsshewouldneedforhimoverthenextfewdays.SheputtheleadonthedogandwentinsearchofMonty,thecat.Ittookheralongtime,buteventuallyshefoundhimsafeandwarmunderthecoversonherbed.SheplacedhiminhiscatbasketandtookhimintothekitchenwhereJamesandthedog,Rosie,waited.

42Justasshewasreachingforthecarkeys,Saraheardasoundlikethenoisebathwatermakeswhenyoupullouttheplug.Shelookedatthebackdoor.Waterwasflowinginunderneath.Turningaroundshesawdirtybrownwaterfountainingoutofthedrainandfillingthesink.QuicklysheputJamesintoherbackpackandpulleditontoherback.CallingtoRosie,shepickedupthecatbasketandrantothefrontofthehouseandoutintothefrontgarden.

43

Thewaterwasalreadyuptoherknees.Rosiewasswimmingbesideher.Knowingthewaterwouldsoonbemuchdeeper,Sararantothecarandopenedthedoors.ShethrewthecatbasketontotheroofofthecarandpushedRosieupbesideit.Usingthecarseatasastepsheclimbedfirstontothefrontofthecarandthenontotheroof.James,safelyattachedtoherback,madenosoundatall.Sarastareddownatthewater