EntrepreneurshipandInnovationEntrepreneurshipandInnovationEntrepreneurshipandInnovationUnit7CONTENTSLearningObjectivesAbouttheTextsPre-readingDiscussionTextATextBLearningObjectivesStudentsaresupposedtousecorrectly“whereas-clause”and“as-clause”thatshowconcession;learnhowtoanalyzethedifferentaspectsofanissue;understandtherelationshipbetweeninnovationandentrepreneurship.AbouttheTextsThisunitfocusesoninnovationandentrepreneurship,thespiritofwhichcollegestudentsaresaidtobestembody.ReadingAdwellsontwochoicesforstudentsupontheirgraduation—togotograduateschoolortostarttheirownstartups,encouragingstudentstobeengagedwithentrepreneurship.ReadingBexplicatestheinnovationandentrepreneurshipofcollegestudentsbygivingexamplesoftheirsuccessfulstartupsthatoriginateincollegedorm.1.Today,quiteafewcollegestudentshavetheambitiontostartabusinesswhilestillstudying.Whataretheprosandconsofstartingstartupsincollege?Workingroupsandfillinthefollowingbox.Someexamplesareprovidedforyourreference.Pre-readingDiscussionProsCons*Youcanusecollegeresources.*Collegeisanexcellentplacetofindco-founders.**…*Itcouldimpactonyourstudy.*Youhaveheavyfinancialburden.**…2.Wouldyoustartyourstartupsincollege?Whyorwhynot?Discusswithyourpeersbasedontheprosandconslistedintheabovebox.Openfordiscussion.Pre-readingDiscussionReadingAAStudent’sGuidetoStartups

PaulGrahamCulturalBackgroundTextAnalysisLanguageFocusFurtherEnhancementSupplementaryResourcesReadingACulturalBackground

PaulGrahamandRobertMorrisstartedViawebin1995,thefirstsoftware-as-a-servicecompany.In2005heandJessicaLivingston,RobertMorris,andTrevorBlackwellstartedYCombinator,thefirstofanewtypeofstartupincubator.Since2005YCombinatorhasfundedover2000startups,includingAirbnb,Dropbox,Stripe,andReddit.In2019hepublishedanewLispdialectwritteninitselfcalledBel.GrahamhasaBachelor’sDegreefromCornellandaPh.D.inComputerSciencefromHarvard.HealsostudiedpaintingatRISD(RhodeIslandSchoolofDesign)andtheAccademiadiBelleArtiinFlorence,Italy.ReadingACulturalBackground2.DavidFiloandJerryYangco-foundedYahoo.In1994,DavidFiloco-createdwithJerryYanganInternetwebsitecalled“JerryandDavid’sGuidetotheWorldWideWeb”,consistingofadirectoryofotherwebsites.Itwasrenamed“Yahoo!”whichisanexclamation.WhenYahoo!becameverypopular,FiloandYangrealizedthebusinesspotentialandco-foundedYahoo!Inc.LarryPageandSergeyBrinco-foundedGoogleInc.inafriend’sgarageinMenloPark,California,U.S.A.in1998.Thecompanyhasgrowntonearly20,000full-timeemployeesworldwide,andhasextendeditsreachfarbeyonditsbeginningsasawebsearchengine.ReadingACulturalBackground2.LarryPage’sinterestintechnologybeganwhenhisfathergavehimacomputerattheageofsix.HegraduatedwithhonorsfromtheUniversityofMichiganwithabachelor’sdegreeinengineeringandconcentrationincomputerengineering.Theco-founderofMicrosoft,BillGatesleftHarvardduringhisjunioryearand,withPaulAllen,anotherco-founderofMicrosoft,movedtoAlbuquerque,NewMexico,planningtodevelopsoftwareforthenewlyemergingpersonalcomputermarket.In1975theystartedwhatPaulAllennamedMicro-Softbycombining“micro”from“microcomputers”and“soft”from“software”.By1983,PaulAllenleftthecompanyforhealthreasons.Yearslater,GateslaunchedanadcampaignclaimingthatMicrosoftwasdevelopinganoperatingsystemcalled“Windows”StructureoftheTextInthistext,PaulGrahamadvisesstudentstoconsidersomefactorsbeforetheystartstartups.ReadingATextAnalysisPartI

(Paragraph1-3)Anintroductiontocollegestudents’startingofstart-upsPartII(Paragraphs4-6)Differencesinstartingstartupsbetweenundergraduatesandgraduatestudents1)(Paragraph4)Arhetoricalquestion:Whyshouldn’tundergraduatesbeabletostartstartupsaswellasgradstudents?2)(Paragraph5)Disadvantagesofgraduatestudents’startingstartups:Youloseahugeexcuseforfailing.3)(Paragraph6)Advantagesofundergraduates’startingstartups:Thereisabuilt-inescapehatch.ReadingATextAnalysisPartIII(Paragraphs7-8)Summarizingthesweetmemoriesthatcollegelifecanbringus.PartIV(Paragraphs10-12)Difficultiesinstartingstartups:Thesmallestincreaseintheforcesagainstyoucancausefailure.PartV(Paragraph13)Aconclusion:Determinationisneededforstartingstartups.ReadingATextAnalysis

TextComprehension(1)ReadingforgistSkimthetexttogetanoverviewofthetext.ReadthetextandmatchthemainideainthefollowinglistwiththecorrespondingparagraphsA.Thedifferencesofstartingstartupsbetweenundergraduatesandgraduates.B.Theimportanceoffirmdecisionforyoungpeopletostartstartups.C.Students’motivationsofstartingstartups.D.Difficultyofstartingstartupsforgraduates.Paragraphs5-6

Paragraph7

Paragraph10

Paragraph13ACDBReadingATextAnalysisTextComprehension(2)ReadingforstructureReadthetextcloselyandfillintheblankswithwordsandphrasesinthefollowingdiagram.abuilt-inescapehatch.excuse

forfailing.

thepeerscancausefailure.DeterminationReadingATextAnalysis

TextComprehension(3)ReadingfordetailsAnswerthequestions.1.Howdoesthesituationofstartingstartupstodaydifferfromthatinthe1990s?2.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“Graduationisabureaucraticchange,notabiologicalone”(Para4)?Today,collegegraduateswillstarttheirownstartups,butinthe1990s,manyworkedforstartups.Graduationmeansthechangeofone’ssocialidentity,butnotphysicalmaturity.華東師范大學出版社ReadingATextAnalysis

TextComprehension(3)ReadingfordetailsAnswerthequestions.3.Whydocollegegraduatesloseahugeexcuseforfailingaftertheyleavecollege?4.WhatisthefunctionofPrototypeDay?Because,aftertheygraduatefromcollege,theyarenolongerregardedasstudentswhotrytheirhandatstartingupbusinesses.Failureinstartupsmeansthattheylosetheirjobs.Itfunctionstomotivatepeoplewhostartstartupstoworkharder.ReadingATextAnalysis

TextComprehension(3)ReadingfordetailsAnswerthequestions.5.Whydoestheauthorthinkthat,formoststartupfounders,gettingrichisonlya“nominalgoal”?6.Whyisstartingone’sstartupaclosegame?Becausemakingmoneyandgettingrichisnotyetapracticalgoalforthem.Instead,theycaremoreabouthowtheirpeersviewthem.

Becauseitisdifficulttoachievesuccessinstartups.ReadingATextAnalysis

TextComprehension(3)ReadingfordetailsAnswerthequestions.7.Istheauthoragainststartingstartupsincollege?Whyorwhynot?No.Theauthorthinksthatcollegestudentscanstartstartupsaslongastheyaredetermined.ReadingATextAnalysis

ZoominginTillrecentlygraduatingseniorshadtwochoices:getajoborgotogradschool.(Para1)gradschool:aninformalphraseinAmericanEnglishtomean“graduateschool”,acollegeoradepartmentwherestudentswhoalreadyhaveafirstdegreearetaught.e.g.Itwasingradschoolthatshediscoveredthedirectionhercareerwouldtake.ReadingATextAnalysis

Zoomingin2....thistimethey’llbestartingtheirowninsteadofgoingtoworkforotherpeople’s.(Para2)willbedoing:Thefuturecontinuoustenseisusedheretopredictwhatishappeningnow.e.g.He’llbehavinglunchnow.ReadingATextAnalysis

Zoomingin3.I’mgladIphrasedthatasaquestion,becausenowIcanpretenditwasn’tmerelyarhetoricalone.(Para4)arhetoricalone:arhetoricalquestionArhetoricalquestionisaskedjustforeffect,ortolayemphasisonsomepointbeingdiscussed,whennorealanswerisexpected.Suchaquestionmayhaveanobviousanswer,butthequestionerasksittoachieveanemphaticeffect.e.g.“Whoknows?”;“Areyoustupid?”;“Didyouhearme?”;“Ok?”;“Whynot?”ReadingATextAnalysis

ZoominginInliterature,arhetoricalquestionisself-evident,andusedforstyleasapersuasivedevice.AverygoodexampleisfromShakespeare’sRomeoandJuliet.Here,Julietmakesastatementthataman’snamedoesnotdefinehimasaperson.Shedrawsattentiontothisissuebyaskingtwoimportantrhetoricalquestions,asnotedinbold.“Tisbutthynamethatismyenemy.Thouartthyself,thoughnotaMontague.What’sMontague?Itisnorhand,norfoot,Norarm,norface,noranyotherpartBelongingtoaman.O,besomeothername!What’sinaname?ThatwhichwecallaroseByanyothernamewouldsmellassweet.”ReadingATextAnalysis

Zoomingin4.Graduationisabureaucraticchange,notabiologicalone.(Para4)bureaucraticchange:achangeonlyrelatedtoformalism,notsubstantialTheword“bureaucratic”conjuresimagesofsloth,inefficiencyandstatusquo-istmindset.Toassociate“bureaucracy”with“change”wouldthusbelookeduponasanoxymoron.ReadingATextAnalysis

Zoomingin5.Regardlessofhowcomplexyourlifeis,you’llfindthateveryoneelse,includingyourfamilyandfriends,willdiscardallthelowbitsandregardyouashavingasingleoccupationatanygiventime.(Para5)lowbits:atermincomputingthatreferstotheloworderunitthatcontainsthesmallestportionofthevalue.Here,itisusedfigurativelytomeanthingsthatarenotsoimportant.ReadingATextAnalysis

Zoomingin6.Theproblemwithstartingastartupwhileyou’restillinschoolisthatthere’sabuilt-in

escapehatch.(Para6)built-in:includedinsomethingatthetimethatitiscreatede.g.Built-inbookcaseslinedthewallsofthelibrary.escapehatch:ahatchprovidinganemergencyexitfromanenclosedspaceHere,thephraseisusedfigurativelytomean“ameansofevadingadifficulty,dilemma,orresponsibility”.ReadingATextAnalysis

Zoomingin7....nooneregardsyouasafailure,becauseyouroccupationisstudent,andyoudidn'tfailatthat.(Para6)atthat:inspiteofsomething;usedattheendofasentencetoemphasizetheremarke.g.Thedefendingchampioniswidelyexpectedtoremainundefeated.However,thisnewchallengermightbeabletopulloutavictoryatthat.ReadingATextAnalysis

Zoomingin8.Fornearlyeveryone,theopinionofone'speersisthemostpowerfulmotivatorofall—morepowerfuleventhanthenominalgoalofmoststartupfounders,gettingrich.(Para7)nominalgoal:theoriginalgoalasplannedbutnotasthegoalreallyisParaphrase:Themostpowerfulmotivationformostpeopletoestablishtheirstartupisnottheoriginalgoalofgettingrich,buttheopinionoftheirpeers.ReadingATextAnalysis

Zoomingin9.Sothebestyoucandoisconsiderthisforcelikeawind,andsetupyourboataccordingly.(Para9)setupone’sboat:tomakesureeverythingisinworkingorderontheboatInthistext,theauthorusesmanyfigurativephrases,like“escapehatch”,“prevailingwinds”,“setupyourboat”,“l(fā)andinggear”,etc.todescribestartingastartupasanadventure.ReadingATextAnalysis

Zoomingin10.Theoneswhoareuncertainbelieveitandgiveup,andtheoneswhoaresufficientlydeterminedthink“screwthat,I’llsucceedanyway”.(Para13)Paraphrase:Somepeoplearenotcertainwhethertheyhavethetalenttodosomething,sotheywillbelievethattheydonothavethattalentandthusgiveup.However,thosewhoaredeterminedtodosomethingwilljustdoitandareconfidentthattheywillsucceednomatterwhatthedifficultyis.ReadingALanguageFocusFillintheblankswiththemostappropriatewordfromthefourchoicesmarkedwithA,B,CandD.1.The

moodofpublicopinionremainedhostile.A.instantB.prevailedC.prevailingD.average2.Themenaceandabusewasconstant;it

asahouseholdundersiege.A.takesB.readsC.writesD.worksInthecrash,theplanefinallylandedonagolfcourseaboutaquarter-milefromtheendofthedeparture

.A.runwayB.courtC.patchD.demoTask1CBAReadingALanguageFocus4.Whatmakesyousuccessfulisthatyoucan

thingsinawaythatisinspirationalandmakescoalitionspossible.A.flickB.gearC.motivateD.phrase5.Itwasaclose

forresidentswhenatornadosweptthroughjustwestofthetown.A.dealB.callC.startupD.hatch6.The

ofthisparticularcomputerwasdevelopedbyanAmericanin1975.A.defaultB.stereotypeC.optionD.prototypeDDBFillintheblankswiththemostappropriatewordfromthefourchoicesmarkedwithA,B,CandD.Task1ReadingALanguageFocus7.Itmaynotmattertoyou,butitmakesaworldof

tome.A.benefitsB.importanceC.differenceD.significance8.

foodcontainersandbottleslitteredthestreets.A.DiscardedB.ThrownC.LostD.Wasted9.Heremainedin

controlofthebusinessforanothertenyearswithoutanysubstantialpower.A.apocryphalB.predominantC.nominalD.dominant10.Anegativeattitudewillgetyou

.A.somewhereB.anywhereC.nowhereD.everywhereACCFillintheblankswiththemostappropriatewordfromthefourchoicesmarkedwithA,B,CandD.Task1CReadingALanguageFocusCompletethefollowingsummarywithwordschosenfromReadingA.Forgraduatingseniorsincollege,itisa

thattheywillchoosetogetajoborgoto

schoolaftergraduation.However,PaulGrahampointsoutthatstartingtheirown

islikelytobe

inthefuture.Heevenrecommendsstudentstodosowhilestillincollege.Inhisopinion,graduationisnotabiologicalchange,butrathera

one,sothereshouldbenoagelimitforbusinessfounders.Moreover,whenstudentsbegintheirbusinessincollege,theymaywellhaveexcusefortheirfailure.Itisnobig

eveniftheyget

sincetheystill

asstudents.Aslongastheyhavecompetenceanddetermination,collegestudentsmaybuilduptheirownpromisingcompanyincollege.defaultgradstartupprevailingdealbureaucraticTask2nowherereadTask3ReadingALanguageFocus

whereasStudythefollowingsentencesfromReadingA.Payattentiontothewordinboldred.Whatisitsfunctioninthesentences?Ifyou’reincollegeandhaveasummerjobwritingsoftware,youstillreadasastudent.Whereasifyougraduateandgetajobprogramming,you'llbeinstantlyregardedbyeveryoneasaprogrammer.Soifitgoesnowhere,nobigdeal;youreturntoschoolinthefallwithalltheotherseniors;nooneregardsyouasafailure,becauseyouroccupationisstudent,andyoudidn'tfailatthat.Whereasifyoustartastartupjustoneyearlater,afteryougraduate,aslongasyou'renotacceptedtogradschoolinthefall,thestartupreadstoeveryoneasyouroccupation.華東師范大學出版社Theword“whereas”isusuallyusedtointroduceacommentwhichshowscontrast.Eventhoughinthetextitconnectstwosentences,morefrequentlyitfunctionsasasubordinateconjunction,connectingamainclauseandasubordinateclause,andisinterchangeablewith“while”.Task3ReadingALanguageFocus

whereasTranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.你午餐吃了一大盤食物，而我卻只有一個三明治。2.藍領工人的工資大幅上升，而白領工人的工資卻下降了。3.雖然知識可以從書本中獲得，但技能必須通過實踐來學習。

4.他要是按時服用這些藥丸,本來是可以治得好的。Youateamassiveplateoffoodforlunch,whereasIhadjustasandwich.Blue-collarwageshaverisensubstantially,whereaswhite-collarsalarieshasactuallyfallen.Knowledgecanbeacquiredfrombooks,whereasskillsmustbelearnedthroughpractice.Whereasthepopulationofworkingageincreasedbyonemillionbetween1981and1986,todayitisbarelygrowing.Task3ReadingALanguageFocus

“regardlessof”+clauseStudythefollowingsentencesfromReadingA.Comparethewordsinboldredintermsoftheirmeaningsandfunctionsinthesentences.1.Regardlessofhowcomplexyourlifeis,you'llfindthateveryoneelse,includingyourfamilyandfriends,willdiscardallthelowbitsandregardyouashavingasingleoccupationatanygiventime.2.Howeverhighastartupmaybeflyingnow,itprobablyhasafewleavesstuckinthelandinggearfromthosetreesitbarelyclearedattheendoftherunway.

Besidesbeingfollowedbyanounphrase,“regardlessof”canalsobefollowedbyaclausetoemphasizethatwhatoccursinthemainclauseisnotaffectedorinfluencedbywhathappensinthesubordinateclause.Whenusedinthisway,itisreplaceablewiththe“-ever”conjunctions.Forexample,“regardlessofhow”canbereplacedby“however”,“regardlessofwhen”by“whenever”,etc.Task3ReadingALanguageFocus

“regardlessof”+clauseFillintheblankswith“regardlessof+conjunction”tocompletethesentences.1.AllacrossEurope,

youlook,marriageisindeclineanddivorceratesaresoaring.2.Heseemstobealwaysworkinginthegarden,

Ivisithim.3.Everybodywhogoesintothisregion,

theyare,isatriskofbeingtakenhostage.regardlessofwhereregardlessofwhenregardlessofwhoTask3ReadingALanguageFocus

“regardlessof”+clauseFillintheblankswith“regardlessof+conjunction”tocompletethesentences.4.Youshouldalwaysstrivetoachievemore,

wellyouhavedonebefore.5.Anyway,it'sagoodstory,

it'strue.regardlessofhowregardlessofwhetherTask3ReadingALanguageFocus

as-clausethatshowsconcessionStudythefollowingsentencesfromReadingAandReadingB.Payattentiontothewordsinboldred.Howarethetwoclausesdifferentinmeaning?Andcertainlythereareundergradsascompetenttechnicallyasmostgradstudents.Butasfun-lovingasthefiveyoungentrepreneursare,they'vesacrificedatraditionalcollegeexperienceforthebettermentoftheKangabrand.Besidesimplyingtime,reasonandcomparison,as-clausecanalsobeusedtoshowconcession.Thetwosentencesabovearedifferentinthatthefirstoneimpliesacomparison,whereasthesecondconcession.Inthesecondsentence,thefirst“as”canalsobeomitted.Task3ReadingALanguageFocus

as-clausethatshowsconcessionFillintheblankswithas-clausestocompletethesentences.Another3,000soldierswereinjured

（隨著戰(zhàn)斗的持續(xù)）.

(盡管他很有才華),heisnotyetreadytoturnprofessional.Theresultswerenotasbad

（如我預期的那般).

(正如拿破侖曾經(jīng)說過的),attackisthebestmethodofdefence.

(盡管我還年輕),IalreadyknowwhatcareerIwanttofollow.

（因為天色已晚),Idecidedtobookintoahotel.asthebattlewentonTalentedasheisasIhadexpectedAsNapoleononcesaidYoungasIamAsitwasgettinglateReadingALanguageFocusTypicalMistakesFoundinChineseStudents’WritingsSentence1:

Firstly,inmyopinion,whetherwhyyoucametocollege,willingorforced,youshouldadjusttoit.Analysis:“Whetherwhy”isanungrammaticalexpressionwhichseemstobeaword-for-wordtranslationof“不管為什么”.Themeaningherecouldbebetterexpressedby“regardlessof”;and“why”shouldbereplacedby“how”sincewhatfollowsisnotanaccountofthereason.“Willing”and“forced”shouldalsobereplacedbyadverbssincetheymodifytheverb“came”.Asuggestedversion:Firstly,inmyopinion,regardlessofhowyoucametocollege,willinglyorreluctantly,youshouldadjusttoit.ReadingALanguageFocus

TypicalMistakesFoundinChineseStudents’WritingsSentence2:Therewasnodoubtthatmostofourparentsandteacherswereagainstcampusromance.Becausetheyfirmlyconvincedthatifwewereinlove,wewouldspendlesstimeonourstudies.Analysis:Whatfollows“Because”isasubordinateclauseandcannotbeusedasanindependentsentence.Sincethesentencedescribesageneralsituation,itisbettertousethepresentratherthanthepasttense.Theword“convince”shouldbeusedinthepassivevoicehere.Asuggestedversion:Thereisnodoubtthatmostofourparentsandteachersareagainstcampuslove,becausetheyarefirmlyconvincedthatifwehaveromanticrelationship,wewillspendlesstimeonourstudies.ReadingALanguageFocusTypicalMistakesFoundinChineseStudents’WritingsSentence3:Firstofall,learningsomecoursesconcerningbothChinesephilosophyandforeignphilosophyandancientculturesaswellasmoderncultures,helpsmetobecomemorelearned.Analysis:Thissentenceisnotgrammaticallywrong,buthasrepetitiveinformationandwordyexpressions.Itcouldbeturnedintoaconciseone.Asuggestedversion:Firstofall,coursesonphilosophyandculture,bothChineseandforeign,ancientandmodern,makememoreknowledgeable.ReadingALanguageFocusTypicalMistakesFoundinChineseStudents’WritingsSentence4:Soinsomeway,nocellphoneswouldmakeourlifebetter.Analysis:Whatthestudentwantstoexpresshereis“沒有手機我們的生活會更好”,butbytranslating“沒有手機”into“nocellphones”,thestudenthasfailedtodojusticetotheoriginalmeaning.Asuggestedversion:Soinsomeway,theabsence/disappearanceofcellphoneswouldmakeourlifebetter.(orsimply:…ourlifewouldbebetterwithoutcellphones.)ReadingAFurtherEnhancement

Listening(1)Listentoapartofthisdiscussionandanswerthefollowingquestions.1.Whydoestheauthor’sdaughterdecidetobecomeanentrepreneur?2.Accordingtotheauthor,whatisthedifferenceintakingjobsbetweenhergenerationandherdaughter’sasteens?Theauthorandherhusbandworkedforothersasteens.Forherdaughter’speers,becominganentrepreneurappearstobetherule,nottheexception.BecausesheisgoingtoKoreafortwoweeksthissummerandsheneededtoearnnearly$3,000.ReadingAFurtherEnhancement

ListeningListentoapartofthisdiscussionandanswerthefollowingquestions.3.Whatarethereasonsforthedeclineofteenemploymentrate?4Whatistheauthor’sopinionontoday’steensgettingdifferentjobsfromtraditionalones?It’sbetterpreparingthemtobeinnovator.Thereasonsforthisdeclinearemultifaceted,fromastrugglingeconomy,tocompetitionwitholderworkers,totimeconflicts,tothefactthatmanyteensjustdon’twanttraditional“teenjobs.”ReadingAFurtherEnhancement

Listening(2)Workingroupstotalkaboutthejobsyoumighttaketobeanentrepreneurandpresentyourreasonsandplantoyourpeers.Openfordiscussion.ReadingAFurtherEnhancementSSpeakingIsitacommonphenomenoninyouruniversityforstudentstobeentrepreneurs?Whatarethepopularbusinessesforstudentstostart?Whatarethechallengesandrewardsforstudentstobeentrepreneurs?Workingroupstomakeasurveyandtrytoanswertheabovequestionsinyourpresentation.Openfordiscussion.ReadingAFurtherEnhancement

Translation（1）Makesenseofthewordsorexpressionsmarkedinboldinthefollowingsentences,andthentranslatethesentencesintoChinese.1.I’msurethedefaultwillalwaysbetogetajob,butstartingastartupcouldwellbecomeaspopularasgradschool.2.Iwouldn’tbesurprisedifthatsituationreturns,butwithonedifference:thistimealltheundergradswillbestartingtheirownstartupsinsteadofgoingtoworkforotherpeople’s.我相信畢業(yè)生總會把獲得一份工作作為常規(guī)選擇，不過創(chuàng)業(yè)也可以像讀研一樣，成為本科生的普遍選擇。如果現(xiàn)在歷史重演，我絲毫不會感到奇怪，但如今與以往有一點不同：所有大學畢業(yè)生紛紛準備自己創(chuàng)業(yè)，而不是去為他人打工。ReadingAFurtherEnhancement

Translation（1）Makesenseofthewordsorexpressionsmarkedinboldinthefollowingsentences,andthentranslatethesentencesintoChinese.3.Regardlessofhowcomplexyourlifeis,you’llfindthateveryoneelse,includingyourfamilyandfriends,willdiscardallthelowbitsandregardyouashavingasingleoccupationatanygiventime.4.Fornearlyeveryone,theopinionofone’speersisthemostpowerfulmotivatorofall—morepowerfuleventhanthenominalgoalofmoststartupfounders,gettingrich.不論你的生活多么復雜多樣，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)，包括你的家人、朋友在內的所有人都不會在意你所有的副業(yè)，而只關心你在某一人生階段所從事的那項主業(yè)。幾乎對所有人而言，同輩人的看法是最強大的激勵源泉，其激勵效果遠比大多數(shù)創(chuàng)業(yè)者追求的名義目標——發(fā)家致富——更為強大。ReadingAFurtherEnhancement

Translation（1）Makesenseofthewordsorexpressionsmarkedinboldinthefollowingsentences,andthentranslatethesentencesintoChinese.5.Succeedingasamusiciantakesdeterminationaswellastalent,sothisanswerworksouttobetherightadviceforeveryone.6.Withinaboutthreeminutesofmeetinghim,Irememberthinking“Ah,sothisiswhatBillGatesmusthavebeenlikewhenhewas19.”一名音樂家成名，不但需要天賦，而且需要決心，因此，對于所有人來說，這個回答倒成了一條恰如其分的建議。我記得，與他見面短短三分鐘，我就在心底想：“嗯，這一定就是比爾.蓋茨19時的模樣吧。”ReadingAFurtherEnhancement

Translation（1）Makesenseofthewordsorexpressionsmarkedinboldinthefollowingsentences,andthentranslatethesentencesintoChinese.7.I’mgladIphrasedthatasaquestion,becausenowIcanpretenditwasn’tmerelyarhetoricalone.8.Insuchaclosegame,thesmallestincreaseintheforcesagainstyoucanbeenoughtoflickyouovertheedgeint