2025年考研英語(yǔ)（一）閱讀理解理解力提升高效閱讀技巧考試時(shí)間：______分鐘總分：______分姓名：______模擬試卷Directions:Thereare4passagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneFordecades,theideathatacompanyshouldfocussolelyonmaximizingshareholdervaluehasbeenthedominantdogmainbusinessschoolsandcorporateboardrooms.Thisshareholderprimacymodelassumesthattheprimaryresponsibilityofacorporation’smanagementistoitsowners,theshareholders,whoareseenasthetrueownersofthecompany.Thisapproachoftenleadstoshort-termthinking,asmanagersprioritizeactionsthatboostprofitsintheshortterm,evenifthoseactionsharmthecompany’slong-termprospects.Criticsarguethatthisnarrowfocuscanleadtoneglectingotherstakeholders,suchasemployees,customers,andthecommunity,resultinginnegativesocialconsequences.However,thereisagrowingmovementtochallengethistraditionalview.Thestakeholdermodelproposesthatacompanyshouldconsidertheinterestsofallitsstakeholders,notjustitsshareholders.Thisincludesemployees,whoareessentialtothecompany’ssuccess;customers,whoarethesourceofrevenue;suppliers,whoprovidethenecessarymaterials;andthecommunity,whichisaffectedbythecompany’soperations.Proponentsofthestakeholdermodelarguethatthisapproachleadstomoresustainableandethicalbusinesspractices,asitencouragescompaniestothinkaboutthelong-termimpactsoftheirdecisionsonallthoseaffectedbythem.Whilethestakeholdermodelisgainingtraction,itisnotwithoutitschallenges.Onemajorobstacleisthedifficultyofbalancingtheinterestsofdifferentstakeholders,whooftenhaveconflictingdemands.Forexample,shareholdersmaywanthigherdividends,whileemployeesmaywantbetterwagesandbenefits.Additionally,measuringtheimpactofacompanyonvariousstakeholderscanbecomplexandsubjective.Despitethesechallenges,manycompaniesarebeginningtorecognizethevalueofadoptingastakeholderapproach,asitcanleadtoimprovedreputation,increasedcustomerloyalty,andamoremotivatedworkforce.Questions:1.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?2.Whatdoestheauthormeanby"shareholderprimacymodel"?3.Accordingtothepassage,whatarethepotentialnegativeconsequencesoffocusingsolelyonshareholdervalue?4.Whatarethemainargumentsinfavorofthestakeholdermodel?5.Whatchallengesdoesthestakeholdermodelface?PassageTwoTherapidadvancementofartificialintelligence(AI)hassparkedaglobalconversationaboutitspotentialimpactonthefutureofwork.WhileAIpromisestoautomatetasksandincreaseefficiency,italsoraisesconcernsaboutjobdisplacementandthechangingnatureofwork.ProponentsofAIarguethatitwillcreatenewjobsandindustries,ultimatelyleadingtomoreeconomicgrowthandprosperity.Theypointtothehistoricalprecedentofpasttechnologicalrevolutions,which,whiledisruptive,ultimatelyledtothecreationofnewopportunitiesandjobs.However,criticsofAIwarnthatitsimpactontheworkforcecouldbemoreprofoundandfar-reachingthanprevioustechnologicaladvancements.TheyarguethatAIcouldautomateawiderrangeoftasks,includingthosethatrequirecognitiveskills,potentiallyleadingtosignificantjoblossesinvarioussectors.Thiscouldresultinincreasedunemploymentandeconomicinequality,asthosewithskillsthatareeasilyautomatedmayfinditdifficulttofindnewemployment.Additionally,theriseofAIcouldexacerbatetheskillsgap,asthosewhoareabletoadapttothechangingdemandsofthelabormarketwillbeinhigherdemand.TomitigatethepotentialnegativeimpactsofAIontheworkforce,policymakersandbusinessesneedtofocusonreskillingandupskillingthecurrentworkforce.ThisinvolvesprovidingtrainingandeducationtohelpworkersadapttothechangingnatureofworkanddeveloptheskillsneededtoworkalongsideAItechnologies.Additionally,businessesneedtoconsidertheethicalimplicationsofAIandensurethatitsdeploymentisdoneinawaythatbenefitsallstakeholders.ThisincludesconsideringthepotentialimpactofAIonjobdisplacementandtakingstepstomitigateanynegativeconsequences.Questions:6.Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage?7.WhatarethemainargumentsoftheproponentsofAI?8.WhatarethemainconcernsofcriticsofAI?9.WhataresomeofthesolutionsproposedtomitigatethenegativeimpactsofAIontheworkforce?10.WhatdoestheauthorsuggestbusinessesshouldconsiderwhendeployingAItechnologies?PassageThreeInrecentyears,therehasbeenagrowinginterestinsustainableliving,asmorepeoplebecomeawareoftheenvironmentalimpactoftheirdailychoices.Sustainablelivingreferstoalifestylethataimstominimizeanindividual'senvironmentalfootprint.Thiscaninvolveawiderangeofpractices,suchasreducingconsumption,reusingproducts,recyclingwaste,andusingrenewableenergysources.Proponentsofsustainablelivingarguethatitisessentialforprotectingtheenvironment,conservingresources,andensuringahealthyplanetforfuturegenerations.However,sustainablelivingcanbechallengingtoimplementinpractice.Onemajorobstacleisthecostassociatedwithadoptingsustainablepractices.Forexample,purchasingenergy-efficientappliancesorinstallingsolarpanelscanbeexpensive,makingitdifficultforsomepeopletoafford.Additionally,sustainablelivingoftenrequireschangestoestablishedhabitsandroutines,whichcanbedifficulttomake,especiallyforthosewhohavebeenlivinginaconsumer-orientedsocietyfortheirentirelives.Anotherchallengeisthelackofaccesstosustainableoptions,asnotallproductsandservicesarereadilyavailableinasustainableform.Despitethesechallenges,therearemanywaystoincorporatesustainablelivingintodailylife.Thiscaninvolvesimpleactions,suchasturningofflightswhennotinuse,usingpublictransportationorcarpooling,reducingmeatconsumption,andsupportinglocalbusinesses.Additionally,individualscanadvocateforsustainablepoliciesatthelocalandnationallevels,encouraginggovernmentsandbusinessestoadoptpracticesthataremoreenvironmentallyfriendly.Bymakingsmallchangestotheirlifestyles,individualscancontributetoamoresustainablefuture.Questions:11.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?12.Whataresomeexamplesofsustainablelivingpractices?13.Whataresomeofthechallengesofimplementingsustainablelivingpractices?14.Whataresomewaystoincorporatesustainablelivingintodailylife?15.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestindividualscandotoadvocateforsustainablepolicies?PassageFourTheriseofsocialmediahashadaprofoundimpactonthewaywecommunicateandinteractwitheachother.Whilesocialmediahasmadeiteasierthanevertoconnectwithpeople,ithasalsoraisedconcernsaboutthequalityofourinteractionsandtheimpactonmentalhealth.Proponentsofsocialmediaarguethatithasconnectedpeopleinwaysthatwerepreviouslyimpossible,allowingustomaintainrelationshipsacrosslongdistancesandaccessinformationinreal-time.Theypointtotheabilityofsocialmediatofacilitatesocialmovements,raiseawarenessaboutimportantissues,andprovideaplatformformarginalizedvoicestobeheard.However,criticsofsocialmediaarguethatitsimpactonoursocialliveshasbeenlargelynegative.Theyarguethatsocialmediaencouragessuperficialinteractions,aspeopletendtocommunicateinshort,disconnectedmessagesratherthanengaginginmeaningfulconversations.Additionally,socialmediacanleadtosocialisolation,aspeoplespendmoretimeinteractingwithscreensthanwitheachotherinperson.Thiscanhaveanegativeimpactonmentalhealth,asitcanleadtofeelingsofloneliness,depression,andanxiety.Furthermore,socialmediahasbeencriticizedforspreadingmisinformationandhatespeech,whichcancontributetosocialdivisionandpolarization.Tomitigatethenegativeimpactsofsocialmedia,itisimportanttodevelopahealthyrelationshipwiththesetechnologies.Thisinvolvesbeingmindfuloftheamountoftimespentonsocialmedia,settingboundaries,andprioritizingface-to-faceinteractions.Additionally,itisimportanttobecriticaloftheinformationencounteredonsocialmediaandtofact-checkclaimsbeforeacceptingthemastrue.Byusingsocialmediaresponsibly,individualscanenjoyitsbenefitswhileminimizingitspotentialdrawbacks.Questions:16.Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage?17.Whatarethemainargumentsoftheproponentsofsocialmedia?18.Whatarethemainconcernsofcriticsofsocialmedia?19.Whataresomewaystomitigatethenegativeimpactsofsocialmedia?20.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestindividualsshoulddotodevelopahealthyrelationshipwithsocialmedia?試卷答案PassageOne1.C解析：文章首段提出股東至上的觀點(diǎn)，第二段提出利益相關(guān)者模式，第三段指出利益相關(guān)者模式面臨的挑戰(zhàn)。文章圍繞股東至上和利益相關(guān)者模式展開(kāi)論述，核心是比較兩種模式的優(yōu)劣。故選C。2.A解析：根據(jù)文章第一段“theideathatacompanyshouldfocussolelyonmaximizingshareholdervalue”可知，股東至上模式認(rèn)為公司的首要責(zé)任是最大化股東價(jià)值。故選A。3.B解析：根據(jù)文章第二段“Criticsarguethatthisnarrowfocuscanleadtoneglectingotherstakeholders,suchasemployees,customers,andthecommunity,resultinginnegativesocialconsequences”可知，單一關(guān)注股東價(jià)值會(huì)導(dǎo)致忽視其他利益相關(guān)者，從而造成負(fù)面社會(huì)后果。故選B。4.D解析：根據(jù)文章第三段“Proponentsofthestakeholdermodelarguethatthisapproachleadstomoresustainableandethicalbusinesspractices,asitencouragescompaniestothinkaboutthelong-termimpactsoftheirdecisionsonallthoseaffectedbythem”可知，利益相關(guān)者模式的支持者認(rèn)為這種模式能帶來(lái)更可持續(xù)和合乎道德的商業(yè)實(shí)踐，因?yàn)樗膭?lì)公司考慮其決策對(duì)所有受影響者的長(zhǎng)期影響。故選D。5.A解析：根據(jù)文章第三段“Whilethestakeholdermodelisgainingtraction,itisnotwithoutitschallenges.Onemajorobstacleisthedifficultyofbalancingtheinterestsofdifferentstakeholders,whooftenhaveconflictingdemands.Additionally,measuringtheimpactofacompanyonvariousstakeholderscanbecomplexandsubjective”可知，利益相關(guān)者模式面臨的挑戰(zhàn)包括平衡不同利益相關(guān)者的利益以及衡量公司對(duì)各種利益相關(guān)者的影響。故選A。PassageTwo6.B解析：文章首段提出人工智能對(duì)未來(lái)的影響，第二段討論支持者的觀點(diǎn)，第三段討論批評(píng)者的觀點(diǎn)，第四段提出解決方案。文章圍繞人工智能對(duì)未來(lái)的影響展開(kāi)論述。故選B。7.C解析：根據(jù)文章第二段“ProponentsofAIarguethatitwillcreatenewjobsandindustries,ultimatelyleadingtomoreeconomicgrowthandprosperity.Theypointtothehistoricalprecedentofpasttechnologicalrevolutions,which,whiledisruptive,ultimatelyledtothecreationofnewopportunitiesandjobs”可知，人工智能的支持者認(rèn)為人工智能將創(chuàng)造新的工作和產(chǎn)業(yè)，最終帶來(lái)更多的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)和繁榮。他們指出，過(guò)去的技術(shù)革命雖然具有破壞性，但最終也創(chuàng)造了新的機(jī)會(huì)和就業(yè)。故選C。8.D解析：根據(jù)文章第三段“However,criticsofAIwarnthatitsimpactontheworkforcecouldbemoreprofoundandfar-reachingthanprevioustechnologicaladvancements.TheyarguethatAIcouldautomateawiderrangeoftasks,includingthosethatrequirecognitiveskills,potentiallyleadingtosignificantjoblossesinvarioussectors.Thiscouldresultinincreasedunemploymentandeconomicinequality,asthosewithskillsthatareeasilyautomatedmayfinditdifficulttofindnewemployment”可知，人工智能的批評(píng)者警告說(shuō)，人工智能對(duì)勞動(dòng)力的影響可能比以往的技術(shù)進(jìn)步更深遠(yuǎn)、更廣泛。他們認(rèn)為，人工智能可以自動(dòng)化更廣泛的任務(wù)，包括那些需要認(rèn)知技能的任務(wù)，可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致各個(gè)行業(yè)出現(xiàn)大量的失業(yè)。這可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致失業(yè)率上升和經(jīng)濟(jì)不平等加劇。故選D。9.B解析：根據(jù)文章第三段“TomitigatethepotentialnegativeimpactsofAIontheworkforce,policymakersandbusinessesneedtofocusonreskillingandupskillingthecurrentworkforce.ThisinvolvesprovidingtrainingandeducationtohelpworkersadapttothechangingnatureofworkanddeveloptheskillsneededtoworkalongsideAItechnologies”可知，為了減輕人工智能對(duì)勞動(dòng)力的潛在負(fù)面影響，政策制定者和企業(yè)需要專注于對(duì)現(xiàn)有勞動(dòng)力進(jìn)行再培訓(xùn)和技能提升。這包括提供培訓(xùn)和教育的幫助工人適應(yīng)工作的變化，并發(fā)展在人工智能技術(shù)旁邊工作的技能。故選B。10.A解析：根據(jù)文章第三段“Additionally,businessesneedtoconsidertheethicalimplicationsofAIandensurethatitsdeploymentisdoneinawaythatbenefitsallstakeholders.ThisincludesconsideringthepotentialimpactofAIonjobdisplacementandtakingstepstomitigateanynegativeconsequences”可知，企業(yè)還需要考慮人工智能的道德影響，并確保其部署以有利于所有利益相關(guān)者的方式進(jìn)行。這包括考慮人工智能對(duì)工作替代的潛在影響，并采取措施減輕任何負(fù)面后果。故選A。PassageThree11.D解析：文章首段提出可持續(xù)生活的概念和重要性，第二段討論實(shí)施可持續(xù)生活的挑戰(zhàn)，第三段提出實(shí)施可持續(xù)生活的途徑。文章圍繞可持續(xù)生活展開(kāi)論述。故選D。12.E解析：根據(jù)文章第二段“Thiscaninvolveawiderangeofpractices,suchasreducingconsumption,reusingproducts,recyclingwaste,andusingrenewableenergysources”可知，可持續(xù)生活可以涉及廣泛的做法，例如減少消費(fèi)、重復(fù)使用產(chǎn)品、回收廢物以及使用可再生能源。故選E。13.C解析：根據(jù)文章第二段“Onemajorobstacleisthecostassociatedwithadoptingsustainablepractices.Forexample,purchasingenergy-efficientappliancesorinstallingsolarpanelscanbeexpensive,makingitdifficultforsomepeopletoafford.Additionally,sustainablelivingoftenrequireschangestoestablishedhabitsandroutines,whichcanbedifficulttomake,especiallyforthosewhohavebeenlivinginaconsumer-orientedsocietyfortheirentirelives.Anotherchallengeisthelackofaccesstosustainableoptions,asnotallproductsandservicesarereadilyavailableinasustainableform”可知，實(shí)施可持續(xù)生活的挑戰(zhàn)包括成本、改變習(xí)慣和缺乏可持續(xù)選擇。故選C。14.F解析：根據(jù)文章第三段“Thiscaninvolvesimpleactions,suchasturningofflightswhennotinuse,usingpublictransportationorcarpooling,reducingmeatconsumption,andsupportinglocalbusinesses”可知，將可持續(xù)生活融入日常生活的方式包括關(guān)閉不用的燈、使用公共交通或拼車、減少肉類消費(fèi)和支持本地企業(yè)。故選F。15.G解析：根據(jù)文章第三段“Additionally,individualscanadvocateforsustainablepoliciesatthelocalandnationallevels,encouraginggovernmentsandbusinessestoadoptpracticesthataremoreenvironmentallyfriendly”可知，個(gè)人可以在地方和國(guó)家層面倡導(dǎo)可持續(xù)政策，鼓勵(lì)政府和企業(yè)采用更環(huán)保的做法。故選G。PassageFour16.A解析：文章首段提出社交媒體對(duì)溝通和互動(dòng)的影響，第二段討論支持者的觀點(diǎn)，第三段討論批評(píng)者的觀點(diǎn)，第四段提出解決方案。文章圍繞社交媒體的影響展開(kāi)論述。故選A。17.B解析：根據(jù)文章第二段“Proponentsofsocialmediaarguethatithasconnectedpeopleinwaysthatwerepreviouslyimpossible,allowingustomaintainrelationshipsacrosslongdistancesandaccessinformationinreal-time.Theypointtotheabilityofsocialmediatofacilitatesocialmovements,raiseawarenessaboutimportantissues,andprovideaplatformformarginalizedvoicestobeheard”可知，社交媒體的支持者認(rèn)為社交媒體以以前不可能的方式連接了人們，使我們能夠保持遠(yuǎn)距離的關(guān)系并實(shí)時(shí)獲取信息。他們指出社交媒體促進(jìn)社會(huì)運(yùn)動(dòng)、提高對(duì)重要問(wèn)題的認(rèn)識(shí)，并為邊緣化聲音提供平臺(tái)的能力。故選B。18.D解析：根據(jù)文章第三段“Howev