2025年托福聽力講座試卷及答案講座一：生物學(xué)——蜜蜂的交流行為Now,let'stalkaboutanincrediblyfascinatingaspectofthenaturalworld:thecommunicationbehaviorofhoneybees.Honeybeesarewell-knownfortheirhighlyorganizedsocialstructure,andtheircommunicationmethodsplayacrucialroleinmaintainingthisstructure.Oneofthemostremarkableformsofhoneybeecommunicationisthewaggledance.ThisdancewasfirstdiscoveredandstudiedindetailbytheAustrianethologistKarlvonFrischinthe1920s.Whenaforagerbeefindsagoodsourceofnectarorpollen,itreturnstothehiveandperformsthisuniquedanceontheverticalsurfaceofthehoneycomb.Thewaggledanceconsistsoftwomainparts:thewagglerunandthereturnrun.Duringthewagglerun,thebeemovesinastraightlinewhilewagglingitsabdomenvigorouslyfromsidetoside.Thedirectionofthewagglerunrelativetotheverticalaxisofthehoneycombindicatesthedirectionofthefoodsourcerelativetothepositionofthesun.Forexample,ifthebeewagglesstraightup,itmeansthefoodsourceisinthedirectionofthesun.Ifitwagglesatanangleof45degreestotheleftofthevertical,thefoodis45degreestotheleftofthesun'sposition.Thedurationofthewagglerunisrelatedtothedistanceofthefoodsourcefromthehive.Generally,thelongerthewagglerun,thefartherawaythefoodis.Scientistshavefoundthatforeverysecondofthewagglerun,thefoodsourceisapproximately100metersaway.Thereturnrunisasemi-circularmovementthatbringsthebeebacktothestartingpointofthewagglerun,allowingittorepeatthedance.Otherworkerbeesinthehivecloselyfollowthedancingbee,usingtheirantennaetosensethevibrationsandaircurrentscreatedbythedance.Theycantheninterprettheinformationaboutthedirectionanddistanceofthefoodsourceandflyouttocollectit.However,thewaggledanceisnottheonlywayhoneybeescommunicate.Theyalsousepheromones,whicharechemicalsubstancessecretedbythebees.Pheromonescanconveyavarietyofmessages.Forinstance,thequeenbeeemitsaspecialpheromonethathelpstomaintaintheunityandorderofthehive.Thispheromonesuppressesthedevelopmentoftheovariesofworkerbees,ensuringthatonlythequeencanreproduce.Whenahiveisunderthreat,beesreleaseanalarmpheromone.Thispheromonesignalstootherbeesthatthereisdanger,andtheywillthenmobilizetodefendthehive.Thealarmpheromonealsomakesthebeesmoreaggressive,increasingtheirchancesofrepellingtheintruder.Inaddition,honeybeesusetactilecommunication.Whenbeestoucheachotherwiththeirantennae,theycanexchangeinformationaboutthegeneralconditionofthehive,suchastheavailabilityoffoodandthetemperatureinside.Thisformofcommunicationisespeciallyimportantinthedarkenvironmentofthehivewherevisualcuesarelimited.So,asyoucansee,honeybeeshaveacomplexandsophisticatedcommunicationsystemthatallowsthemtocoordinatetheiractivitieseffectively,ensuringthesurvivalandprosperityoftheentirecolony.QuestionsforLectureOne1.WhatdidKarlvonFrischdiscoverinthe1920s?A.ThesocialstructureofhoneybeesB.ThewaggledanceofhoneybeesC.TheuseofpheromonesbyhoneybeesD.Thetactilecommunicationofhoneybees2.Howdoesthedirectionofthewagglerunrelatetothepositionofthefoodsource?A.Itshowsthedistancefromthehivetothefoodsource.B.Itindicatesthedirectionofthefoodsourcerelativetothesun.C.Itrepresentsthequalityofthefoodsource.D.Ittellsthenumberofbeesneededtocollectthefood.3.Whatdoesthedurationofthewagglerunsignify?A.ThequalityofthenectarorpollenB.ThenumberofbeesatthefoodsourceC.ThedistanceofthefoodsourcefromthehiveD.Thetimeittakesforthefoodtospoil4.Whatisthefunctionofthequeenbee'spheromone?A.ToattractmalebeesB.TosignalthelocationoffoodC.TomaintaintheunityandorderofthehiveD.Todefendthehivefromintruders5.Whendobeesreleasethealarmpheromone?A.WhentheyfindanewfoodsourceB.WhenthehiveisunderthreatC.WhentheyarepreparingtoswarmD.Whenthetemperatureinthehivechanges講座二：藝術(shù)史——印象派繪畫Let'sturnourattentiontooneofthemostinfluentialartmovementsinhistory:Impressionism.ImpressionismemergedinFranceinthelate19thcentury,aroundthe1860s-1880s.Itwasaradicaldeparturefromthetraditionalartformsofthetime.BeforeImpressionism,academicart,whichwashighlyregulatedbytheartestablishment,dominatedtheartscene.Academicartfocusedonprecisedrawing,detailedrealism,andhistoricalormythologicalthemes.Thepaintingswereoftencreatedinstudios,withartistscarefullyplanningeverybrushstroketoachieveapolishedandperfectfinish.Incontrast,Impressionistartistsaimedtocapturethefleetingmoment,theimmediateimpressionofascene.Theywereinterestedinhowlightandcolorchangedovertimeandhowtheyaffectedtheappearanceofobjects.Toachievethis,theyoftenpaintedoutdoors,directlyfromnature,apracticeknownasenpleinair.OneofthekeycharacteristicsofImpressionistpaintingsistheuseofloosebrushstrokes.Insteadofblendingcolorssmoothlyonthecanvas,Impressionistartistsappliedshort,brokenbrushstrokesofpurecolor.Whenviewedfromadistance,theseindividualbrushstrokesblendtogetherintheviewer'seye,creatingtheillusionofaunifiedimage.Thistechniquegivesthepaintingsasenseofspontaneityandenergy.TakeClaudeMonet,oneofthemostfamousImpressionistpainters,asanexample.Monetwasparticularlyobsessedwithcapturingtheeffectsoflightondifferentsurfaces.HisseriesofpaintingsofhaystacksandRouenCathedralareexcellentexamples.Inthehaystackseries,hepaintedthesamehaystackatdifferenttimesofthedayandindifferentweatherconditions.Eachpaintingshowshowthecolorandappearanceofthehaystackchangewiththeshiftinglight.ThesameistrueforhispaintingsofRouenCathedral.Hepaintedthecathedralmultipletimes,emphasizingthedifferentcolorsandshadowscreatedbythesunatvarioushours.AnotherimportantImpressionistartistisPierre-AugusteRenoir.Renoirwasknownforhispaintingsofpeople,especiallywomenandchildren.Hisworksoftenfeaturesoft,warmcolorsandasenseofintimacy.Heusedalotofreds,pinks,andorangestocreateaglowingeffectontheskinofhissubjects.Hispainting"DanceatLeMoulindelaGalette"isamasterpiece.ItdepictsalivelysceneofpeopledancinginaParisiandancehall.Theloosebrushstrokesandbrightcolorsconveythesenseofmovementandcelebrationinthescene.TheImpressionistmovementfacedalotofoppositionfromthetraditionalartestablishmentatfirst.Theirpaintingswereconsideredunfinishedandtooradical.However,overtime,theirinnovativeapproachgainedmoreandmorerecognition.ThepublicbegantoappreciatethefreshandvividwayinwhichImpressionistartistscapturedtheworldaroundthem.Impressionismalsohadaprofoundinfluenceonlaterartmovements.Itopenedthedoorforartiststoexplorenewwaysofrepresentingreality,suchasPost-Impressionism,Fauvism,andCubism.TheselatermovementsbuiltontheideasofImpressionism,pushingtheboundariesofartevenfurther.QuestionsforLectureTwo1.WheredidImpressionismemerge?A.ItalyB.FranceC.EnglandD.Spain2.HowdidImpressionistartistsdifferfromacademicartistsintermsofpaintinglocation?A.Impressionistartistspaintedinmuseums.B.Academicartistspaintedoutdoors.C.Impressionistartistspaintedoutdoors(enpleinair).D.Bothpaintedinthesamelocation.3.WhatisthepurposeoftheloosebrushstrokesinImpressionistpaintings?A.TomakethepaintingslookmoredetailedB.TocreateasenseofspontaneityandenergyC.TohidemistakesinthepaintingD.Tofollowtherulesofacademicart4.WhatdidClaudeMonetfocusoninhispaintings?A.HistoricalandmythologicalthemesB.TheeffectsoflightondifferentsurfacesC.PortraitsoffamouspeopleD.Abstractformsandshapes5.WhywasPierre-AugusteRenoir's"DanceatLeMoulindelaGalette"consideredamasterpiece?A.Itfollowedthetraditionalacademicstyle.B.Itusedblackandwhitecolorseffectively.C.Itdepictedahistoricaleventaccurately.D.Itconveyedthesenseofmovementandcelebrationwithloosebrushstrokesandbrightcolors.講座三：天文學(xué)——太陽系外行星Today,we'regoingtoexplorethefascinatingworldofexoplanets,whichareplanetsthatorbitstarsoutsideoursolarsystem.Thediscoveryofexoplanetsisarelativelyrecentdevelopmentinastronomy,butithasalreadyrevolutionizedourunderstandingoftheuniverse.Thefirstconfirmedexoplanetwasdiscoveredin1995.Sincethen,thousandsofexoplanetshavebeenidentified.Oneofthemainmethodsusedtodetectexoplanetsisthetransitmethod.WhenanexoplanetpassesinfrontofitshoststarasseenfromEarth,itblocksasmallamountofthestar'slight.Bycarefullymeasuringthedecreaseinthestar'sbrightnessovertime,astronomerscaninferthepresenceofanexoplanet.Thedurationanddepthofthebrightnessdipcanalsoprovideinformationaboutthesizeandorbitoftheexoplanet.Anothermethodistheradialvelocitymethod.Starswithplanetsorbitingaroundthemexperienceagravitationaltugfromtheplanets.Thiscausesthestartowobbleslightly.BymeasuringtheDopplershiftofthestar'slight,whichisachangeinthewavelengthoflightduetothestar'smotiontowardsorawayfromus,astronomerscandetectthiswobblinganddeterminethepresenceofanexoplanet.Theradialvelocitymethodcanalsogiveusinformationaboutthemassoftheexoplanetandtheshapeofitsorbit.Exoplanetscomeinawidevarietyofsizesandcharacteristics.SomeexoplanetsaresimilarinsizetoEarth,knownasterrestrialexoplanets.Theseplanetsarelikelytohavearockycomposition,similartoEarth,Mars,Venus,andMercuryinoursolarsystem.Otherexoplanetsaremuchlarger,oftencalledgasgiants,similartoJupiterandSaturn.Thesegasgiantsaremainlycomposedofhydrogenandhelium.Oneofthemostexcitingaspectsofexoplanetresearchisthesearchforhabitableexoplanets.Ahabitableexoplanetisonethathastherightconditionstosupportlifeasweknowit.Thisusuallymeansthattheplanetislocatedinthehabitablezone,alsoknownastheGoldilockszone,ofitshoststar.Thehabitablezoneistheregionaroundastarwherethetemperatureisjustrightforliquidwatertoexistontheplanet'ssurface.Liquidwaterisconsideredessentialforthedevelopmentandsurvivaloflife.However,findingatrulyhabitableexoplanetisnoteasy.Inadditiontobeinginthehabitablezone,theplanetalsoneedstohaveastableatmosphere,asuitablemagneticfieldtoprotectitfromharmfulsolarradiation,andtherightchemicalcomposition.Scientistsarealsointerestedintheformationandevolutionofexoplanets.Thereareseveraltheoriesabouthowexoplanetsform.Onepopulartheoryisthecore-accretionmodel.Accordingtothismodel,asolidcoreformsfirstfromtheaccumulationofdustandiceparticlesinaprotoplanetarydisk.Asthecoregrows,itstartstoattractgasfromthesurroundingdisk,eventuallyformingaplanet.Inconclusion,thestudyofexoplanetsisanexcitingandrapidlyevolvingfieldinastronomy.ItnotonlyexpandsourknowledgeoftheuniversebutalsoraisesmanyquestionsaboutthepossibilityoflifebeyondEarth.QuestionsforLectureThree1.Whenwasthefirstconfirmedexoplanetdiscovered?A.1985B.1995C.2005D.20152.Whatdoesthetransitmethodmeasuretodetectexoplanets?A.ThegravitationaltugonthestarB.TheDopplershiftofthestar'slightC.Thedecreaseinthestar'sbrightnessD.Thetemperatureoftheexoplanet3.Howdoestheradialvelocitymethodwork?A.Bymeasuringthechangeinthestar'spositionintheskyB.BydetectingthelightreflectedfromtheexoplanetC.BymeasuringtheDopplershiftofthestar'slightduetoitswobblingD.Byanalyzingthechemicalcompositionofthestar4.Whatisahabitableexoplanet?A.AplanetthatisthesamesizeasEarthB.AplanetthathasalotofwateronitssurfaceC.AplanetthatisinthehabitablezoneandhastherightconditionstosupportlifeD.Aplanetthatismadeentirelyofgas5.Whatisthecore-accretionmodelabout?A.ThewayexoplanetsaredestroyedB.TheformationofexoplanetsfromtheaccumulationofdustandiceparticlesC.ThemovementofexoplanetsintheirorbitsD.Thedetectionofexoplanetsusingthetransitmethod答案講座一答案1.B.ThelectureclearlystatesthatKarlvonFrischdiscoveredthewaggledanceofhoneybeesinthe1920s.2.B.Thedirectionofthewagglerunindicatesthedirectionofthefoodsourcerelativetothesun.Forexample,ifthebeewagglesstraightup,itmeansthefoodsourceisinthedirectionofthesun.3.C.Thedurationofthewagglerunisrelatedtothedistanceofthefoodsourcefromthehive.Generally,thelongerthewagglerun,thefartherawaythefoodis.4.C.Thequeenbeeemitsaspecialpheromonethathelpstomaintaintheunityandorderofthehive.Thispheromonesuppressesthedevelopmentoftheovariesofworkerbees,ensuringthatonlythequeencanreproduce.5.B.Whenahiveisunderthreat,beesreleaseanalarmpheromonetosignaltootherbeesthatthereisdangerandmobilizethemtodefendthehive.講座二答案1.B.ImpressionismemergedinFranceinthelate19thcentury.2.C.Impressionistartistsoftenpaintedoutdoors,directlyfromnature(enpleinair),whileacademicartistsusuallypaintedinstud