1、聲波儀器,Piezoelectric Transducers,Piezoelectric Transducers,T,R,T,Efficiency.Data accuracy.People-oriented service,Slowness Measurement,T,R,A,C,B,TR,Dt = (A+B+C) / TR,Efficiency.Data accuracy.People-oriented service,Slowness Measurement,T,A,C,B,R2,Receiver Spacing,R1,E,D,Assuming C = E,Efficiency.Data

2、accuracy.People-oriented service,Tool Tilt or Cave Boundary,T,R2,R1,A,C,D,E,B,T,A,C,B,R2,R1,D,E,Efficiency.Data accuracy.People-oriented service,Borehole Compensated Slowness Measurement,Dt1 =,T1R2 - T1R1 Receiver Spacing,Dt2 =,T2R1 - T2R2 Receiver Spacing,Efficiency.Data accuracy.People-oriented se

3、rvice,6” Dt from 1 Transmitter & 4 Receivers,T,R1,R2,R3,R4,T,R1,R2,R3,R4,T,R1,R2,R3,R4,T,R1,R2,R3,R4,T,R1,R2,R3,R4,Synthetic Transmitter Array,Receiver Array,6”,Efficiency.Data accuracy.People-oriented service,6” Dt from 1 Transmitter & 4 Receivers,Transmitter Dt DtTR2 - DtTR1 = DtR2R1 DtTR3 - DtTR2

4、 = DtR3R2 DtTR4 - DtTR3 = DtR4R3 Transmitter Dt =,Receiver Dt DtTR2 - DtTR1 = DtR2R1 DtTR3 - DtTR2 = DtR3R2 DtTR4 - DtTR3 = DtR4R3 Receiver Dt =,6”,Efficiency.Data accuracy.People-oriented service,Cancellation,Efficiency.Data accuracy.People-oriented service,Dipole vs. Monopole,Efficiency.Data accur

5、acy.People-oriented service,Receivers - Dipole vs. Monopole,X1,X2,Y1,Y2,S,- +,Y Dipole,Monopole,- +,X Dipole,R,Efficiency.Data accuracy.People-oriented service,Cross Dipole - Shear Wave Splitting,Efficiency.Data accuracy.People-oriented service,Dipole in the Presence of Azimuthal Anisotropy,聲波儀器,Dip

6、ole聲波,偶極技術可使我們在軟地層中像在硬地層中一樣測取地層的橫波。由于受到井眼、地層物理特性的限制，單極聲波測井儀只能在聲波傳播速度大于井眼流體傳播速度的地層（即硬地層）中測取橫波速度，但偶極橫波成像儀克服了這一缺點，在軟地層中同樣可以測取橫波速度。 偶極橫波成像儀把新一代的偶極技術與最新發(fā)展的單極技術結合在一起，從而提供了當今測量地層縱波、橫波和斯通利波的最好方法 它解決了慢速地層的橫波測量問題,Dipole聲波,使用偶極聲源，這種聲源是一種定向的壓力源，由兩個相位相反且耦合在一起的單極聲源組成。這種壓力源可使井壁產生小的彎曲，因而能在地層中激發(fā)彎曲波或撓曲波，它是一種頻散現象很強的波，

7、當頻率很低時，其速度接近于橫波速度，故可在軟地層用來代替橫波速度。,偶極聲波測井儀使用了具有方向性的發(fā)射器和接收器。偶極發(fā)射器很像一個活塞，它使井眼一側的壓力增加，而使另一側的壓力減小，引起井壁出現小的擾動； 這樣就在地層中直接激發(fā)出縱波和橫波,Dipole聲波作用,測量結果除傳統(tǒng)縱波的用途外，其它的關鍵應用如下：機械特性分析：在這方面的應用包括井眼穩(wěn)定性分析、射孔穩(wěn)定性分析或出砂分析以及壓裂高度預測等；地層評價：應用包括氣層探測、自然裂縫探測和評價，以及定量指示滲透率等；地球物理解釋：應用包括合成地震道以及對AVO分析技術所輸入的幅度數據進行刻度等；地層各向異性：把各向異性與來自巖石物理地質

8、以及油藏工程等方面的數據結合在一起可以反應出某些特征的連通情況以及流體的流動路徑等。,1667EA 儀器特性,Tool Diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.38 in. (85.7 mm) Make-up Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 ft. 9.8 in (2.38 m) Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9、. . . . 136 lbs (61.69 kg) Maximum Logging Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 ft/min (18 m/min) Power Requirements: Logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 AC at 100 ma Wireline Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WTS Instrument Bus Tele

10、metry Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WTS T2 Channel 20.8 kbits/sec (To instrument) T2 Channel 41.6 kbits/sec (To surface) T5 Channel 93.75 kbits/sec (To surface only),1667EA電子線路作用,主要用于井下數據采集, 是陣列聲波儀器謠傳接口 (DAC, DAL, MAC) 1667EA 電子線路接到陣列聲波聲系的上部，控制聲系信號的接收,1667EA電子線路作用,采集到的陣列聲波

11、儀器數據通過WTS T5通道送到地面系統(tǒng). Commands, Down-loading and Up-loading tables, etc.通過 WTS M2通道 采集服務表 (subsets) 是地面要求采集的那一種數據,1667EA電子線路作用,The 4 channel 12 bit A/D card under the control of the CPU card accomplishes full waveform processing of four receivers simultaneously. During an acquisition sequence, the m

12、andrel is set up to select the transmitter, receivers, and gains based on the acquisition table.,1667EA電子線路方框圖,1667EA電子線路數據采集,The 1667EA 采集數據依靠下載到儀器里的subset. 每個 subset包含了哪個數據要被采集，知道從哪里來的等參數. 每個 subset 有一個或者多個 subcycles, subcycle包括了選擇那個發(fā)射探頭發(fā)射、相應的接收探頭接收 每個 subset 對 subcycle都有相關的采集參數.,1677EA 8 通道聲波電子線路

13、,1677EA 8 通道聲波電子線路特性,Modes: Command.mode 2 Tool Tables.mode 2 Tool Status .mode 2 Data. Mapable to Mode 5 or Mode 7 Sample Interval:. 2 Samples/ft. Recommended Logging speed: Recommended for 1678MB Subset 10. 15 ft/min Recommended for 1678MB Subset 6. 28 ft/min,1677EA 8 通道聲波電子線路作用,1677EA 8 通道聲波電子線路是

14、 WTS兼容儀器 升級到能夠同時采集到8個接收探頭的全波列信號. 主要用于井下數據采集, 是陣列聲波儀器謠傳接口 XMACII (XMAC Elite ) 、XMACII-F1. 1677EA 8 通道聲波電子線路兼容 1680 DAL 和 1678MA XMAC 聲波儀器，但是要經過一個 45 pin to 32 pin 轉換頭子(P/N 194754-000). 1677EA 8 通道聲波電子線路包含了電源，與地面進行通訊的 WTS儀器總線. 1677EA和地面系統(tǒng)接口符合 WTS 通訊特性.,1677EA 8 通道聲波電子線路作用),XMACII 儀器通過 WTS Mode 5或者 Mo

15、de 7將數據傳送到地面系統(tǒng)，那個通道選擇通過 OCT. commands, downloading and uploading tables, etc通過 WTS Mode 2進行. 對于給定的 subset 的儀器控制表， 表明地面系統(tǒng)要求采集多少數據,1677EA 8 通道聲波電子線路作用,The 1677EA 有2個4通道 digital signal processor (DSP) 采集板. 每個 DSP采集板有4到16位 A/D模數轉換器和低噪聲前置放大器. CPU 板控制地面和 DSP采集板的通訊，以及聲系的設置. 聲系被設置主要依靠采集服務表：設置探頭發(fā)射、接收以及增益 控制聲

16、系設置主要通過與聲系連接的串口通訊,1677EA 8 通道聲波電子線路方框圖,DAC,The Digital Array Acoustilog consists of five major components 1667EA Acoustic Electronics Cartridge, 1670MA Acoustic Receiver, 1670PA Acoustic Isolator, 1670BA Acoustic Transmitter and the 1670FA Transmitter Electronics.,1680 DAL 數字聲波Digital Acoustilog,DAL

17、 1680MA 電子線路特性,1680MA Mandrel Diameter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.38 in. (85.9 mm) 1680MA Mandrel Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 ft. - 9.1 in. (3.89 m) 1680MA Mandrel Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 lbs ( 91 Kg) Logging Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18、60 ft/min (18 m/min) max. Absolute Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +/- .5 microseconds Repeatability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +/- 1 % Vertical Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5 ft (15.24 cm) Basic measurement Power Requirements

19、 Logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 VAC at 120 ma Tensile Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,000 lbs Compressional Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,000 lbs,介紹 Introduction,主要作用是測量縱波的時差 D t. 由于計算機技術的發(fā)展，能夠提供高質量的時差 D t 儀器在尺寸大小上設計的更小 16

20、80MA 是WTS 數字聲波探頭：可以發(fā)射、接收和傳送信號到電子線路,1680MA發(fā)射/ 接收電子線路,發(fā)射/ 接收電子線路在探頭上部，由采集控制和信號恢復接收組成 1667EA 或者1677EA通過串行線控制發(fā)射/ 接收電子線路1680MA的增益、接收多路選擇、發(fā)射探頭的選擇.,1680MA發(fā)射/ 接收聲系,聲系部分包括4個壓電晶體接收探頭， 4個壓電晶體之間距里是六英寸；2個壓電晶體發(fā)射探頭， 2個壓電晶體之間距里是2英尺. 4個陣列放置的接收探頭最靠近發(fā)射探頭的距離是3英尺 提供探頭發(fā)射所需的大約 2800 volts高壓脈沖.,1668 MAC,1668BA MAC Transmitt

21、er Mandrel,1668BA 發(fā)射聲系,發(fā)射探頭有2個單極子發(fā)射探頭和兩個偶極子發(fā)射探頭以及四個高壓脈沖變壓器s. 接收來自1668FA 發(fā)射電子線路的發(fā)射脈沖，激發(fā)探頭發(fā)出聲波信號,XMAC,1678MA XMAC Receiver Mandrel,1678MA XMAC接收聲系,1678MA XMAC接收聲系,Combination . WTS Compatible, run with 1668 MAC System in place of the 1668MA Receiver mandrel. Vertical Resolution Semblance. 3 ft. 6 in.

22、(1.067 m) Threshold detection .6 in. (152.4 mm) Minimum T-R Spacing Monopole . 8 ft. 6.0 in. (2.591 m) Dipole.9 ft. 3.0 in. (2.819 m) Transducer Type Type .Four orthogonal piezoelectric elements Bandwidth . 0.5 - 30 kHz Number.8 Spacing.6.0 in. (152.4 mm),1678MA XMAC Receiver Mandrel,XMAC 偶極子接收探頭可以同

23、時接收兩個方向的信號,1678MA XMAC Receiver Mandrel,The XMAC 是 WTS 儀器 he XMAC 接收聲系必須與 1667EA聲波電子線路，和 MAC儀器其他3個組成部分： 1668PA 隔聲體 1668BA 發(fā)射聲系 1668FA 發(fā)射電子線路.,Introduction,The XMAC II 四部分組成： 接收聲系 ：1678MB 聲波隔聲體： 1678PA 發(fā)射聲系 ： 1678BA 發(fā)射電子線路 ： 1678FA The XMAC II 工作在 1677EA 8 通道聲波電子線路和3514 WTS Common Remote.,Introductio

24、n,The XMAC II 集成了普通的單極子探頭和四分體探頭以及一個偶極子探頭.,1678FA XMAC II 發(fā)射電子線路,1678FA XMAC II發(fā)射電子線路,The 1678FA 在 1677EA 電子線路控制下，發(fā)出發(fā)射脈沖進入 1678BA 發(fā)射聲系的高壓脈沖變壓器激發(fā)發(fā)射探頭 發(fā)射器的工作情況由 1677EA發(fā)出的串行線控制.,1678BA XMAC II發(fā)射聲系,探 頭,Monopole Transmitters Type . Pair of piezoelectric cylinder Bandwidth . 1.0 - 20.0 kHz Number.2 Spacing

25、. 42.0 in. (106.7 cm) Dipole Transmitters Type . Pair of orthogonal piezoelectric bender-bars Bandwidth . 0.5 - 5.0 kHz Number. 2 Spacing. Same Depth: 0.0 in. (0.0 cm),1678BA XMAC II 發(fā)射聲系,發(fā)射聲系有1個普通的單極子探頭和1個四分體探頭以及一個偶極子探頭；還有四個發(fā)射高壓脈沖變壓器 接收來自1678FA 發(fā)射電子線路的發(fā)射脈沖，激發(fā)探頭發(fā)出聲波信號（縱波和橫波等),1678BA XMAC II發(fā)射聲系,發(fā)射探頭

26、里面有充滿硅油的平衡膠管，上有調節(jié)方位的頭子，可以調整發(fā)射聲系和接收聲系的正確位置,1678PA XMAC II聲波隔聲體,1678PA XMAC II聲波隔聲體,消除沿著儀器傳播的直達波 這個設置包含了專利 1678 XMAC II測井時候必須放到接收聲系和發(fā)射聲系之間,NOTE,聲波隔聲體容易彎曲， 如果不正確使用，彎曲得壓縮力量超出其壓縮力，將損壞儀器,1678MB XMAC II接收聲系,1678MB XMAC II接收聲系,Minimum T-R Spacing Monopole: 8.50 ft. (2.59 m) Dipole: 10.25 ft. (2.82 m) Transd

27、ucer Type Type: Four orthogonal piezoelectric elements Bandwidth: 0.5 - 30 kHz Number: 8 Spacing: 6.0 in. (15.2 cm),1678MB XMAC II接收聲系,The 1678MB XMAC II (also known as the XMAC EliteSM) 接收聲系接收全波列單極子偶極子、交叉偶極子的儀器.,1678MB XMAC II Brief Description,The XMACII Receiver Mandrel is the second generation a

28、coustic logging tools for the MAC system. This new design represents a significant improvement over the standard MAC Receiver in unconsolidated formations (Dt s 350 msec/ft.) where the MAC has had difficulties. The mandrel is configured with an array of eight (8) receivers, each capable of true four

29、 component cross dipole acquisition.,1678MB XMAC II Brief Description,The XMACII Receiver Mandrel is 能夠采集8個單極子全波列、8個偶極子全波列、8個交叉偶極子全波列數據. 采集縱波時差. 低頻的斯通利波用于滲透率計算,1678MB XMAC II Receiver Mandrel,The 1678MB XMACII Receiver Mandrel integrates a monopole acoustic receiver array with a two axis dipole acou

30、stic array. The receiver array contains eight (8) multipole piezoelectric transducers on a 6 inch spacing. The monopole transducers are formed by summing four piezoelectric elements, producing a broadband response from 200 - 20 kHz. The dipole transducers are a pair of differenced piezoelectric elem

31、ents that are aligned on the same depth.,Benefits / Advantages,The XMAC/XMACII Receiver provides the following unique features: An array of 8 acoustically isolated receivers on a six (6) inch spacing, which produces linear moveouts in all formations. In-line and cross-line shear receivers at same de

32、pth, the optimum configuration for cross dipole acquisition. The monopole and dipole measurement at same location on mandrel. Slowness measurements can be confidently acquired in very slow, unconsolidated formations, 300-1000 msec/ft.,1678BA XMAC II Transmitter Mandrel,Combination WTS Compatible, ru

33、n with 1678MA XMAC and 1668 MAC System in place of the 1668BA MAC Transmitter Mandrel. Minimum T-R Spacing Monopole . 8.50 ft. (2.59 m) Dipole. 10.25 ft. (3.11 m),1677儀器升級,SUBJECT Update 1677EA CPU and DSP firmware to add real time data compression of the waveforms without any appreciable loss of wa

34、veform integrity. This will decrease the data block by approximately 1/2 and increase logging speed by approximately 2X. Once this is updated the tool (service) will be called XMAC-F1.,1677儀器升級,PURPOSE Update all 1677EAs to CPU firmware version 3.0 and DSP firmware version 2.0. The CPU and DSP firmw

35、are (located in flash memory) will be updated using a CPU binary file (a7000207fw300.bin) and DSP binary file (a7000210fw200.bin) the ECLIPS acquisition system (a7000207fw300.bin and a7000210fw200.bin are located in/cls2/misc directory).,1677儀器升級,IMPACT ON YOUR OPERATION Will increase logging speed

36、by approximately 2X when running XMAC-F1 Subset 1 (Compressed version of Subset10) and Subset 2 (Compressed version of Subset 6). Example estimated logging speed of Subset 10 is 15fpm with new firmware estimated logging speed of Subset 1 is 30fpm with a stack of monopole 2 and dipole 2.,1677儀器升級,Launch the OCT j1677diag. Launch the 1677 CPU FLASH LOADER CONTROL from the