1、unit 4 how to start your own business,New words,adj. 同時發(fā)生的，同時存在的；同時的；聯(lián)立的 We need a simultaneous interpreter. 我們需要一個同聲翻譯。This event was almost simultaneous with that one. 這件事幾乎是與那件事同時發(fā)生的。,n. 反論，悖論；似非而是的論點；自相矛盾的人或事； The faster he tried to finish, the longer Itseemed to take him.It is quite a paradox.

2、他越是想快點完成，似乎就做得越慢，這實在是很矛盾。 paradoxical adj. 矛盾的；反常的，荒謬的； We were a team of individuals as paradoxical as that sounds. 我們是一個保持了個體的團隊盡管這聽起來自相矛盾。,New words,n. 義務，責任；adj. 移民的，移來的；僑民的 The United States will do that which is necessary to meet its obligations to its own citizens. 美國將為自己的公民盡其應盡的義務。 Every pla

3、yer is under an obligation to keep the rules. 每個選手都必須遵守這些規(guī)則。 obliged adj. 感激，感謝 v. 迫使做( oblige的過去式和過去分詞 )；使負義務；滿足請求；施惠 Parents are obliged by law to send their children to school. 法律規(guī)定父母必須送子女入學。 Im much obliged to you for helping us. 承蒙相助，本人不勝感激。 I would be obliged if you could read it to us. 您若能把它讀

4、給大家聽，我將不勝感激。 If you ever need help with the babysitting, Id be glad to oblige. 如果你什么時候需要找人照看孩子，我很樂意幫忙。,New words,adj. 享有特權(quán)的；特許的，專用的；秘密的，保密的；幸運的 I felt very privileged to work at the university. 在這所大學工作，我感到非常榮幸。 Those in authority were in a privileged position. 有地位者自有特權(quán)。 They are only interested in p

5、reserving the power of the privileged. 他們只對維護特權(quán)階層的權(quán)力有興趣。,New words,vt. 排除，不包括；排斥；驅(qū)除，趕出 The army should be excluded from political life. 軍隊不應該涉足政治。 They eat only plant foods, and take care to exclude animal products from other areas of their lives. 他們只吃素食，在生活的其他方面也注意拒絕使用動物產(chǎn)品。 . We can exclude the pos

6、sibility of total loss from our calculations. 我們可以在預測中把徹底失敗的可能性排除在外。 include The list includes many British internationals. 名單中包括了許多英國國際級選手。 The atlas contains forty maps, including three of Great Britain. 這本地圖集有40幅地圖，其中包括3幅英國地圖。,tem2111,New words,adj. 專用的；高級的；排外的；單獨的 n. 獨家新聞；專有物；獨家經(jīng)營的產(chǎn)品（或項目、設計等）；排外

7、者 He is already a member of Britains most exclusive club. 他已經(jīng)是英國最高級俱樂部的成員了。 Many of their cheeses are exclusive to our stores in Britain. 在英國，他們生產(chǎn)的奶酪很多只在我們商店出售. Some papers thought they had an exclusive. 一些報紙認為自己是獨家報道。 All charges for service are exclusive of value added tax. 所有服務費都不包括增值稅。 The fight

8、 against inflation took priority over measures to combat the deepening recession. 抵制通貨膨脹比抑制日益加劇的經(jīng)濟衰退更為重要。 I disagree with the premise that economic development has priority over the environment. 我不贊成經(jīng)濟發(fā)展應優(yōu)先于環(huán)境保護這個前提。,tem2111,New words,申請 He applied for a passport. 他申請護照。 to apply for a visa 申請簽證 Don

9、t apply for that job: youre in danger of overreaching yourself. 不要申請那份工作，以免有不自量力之嫌。 (因過于雄心勃勃而失敗) apply to 適用于；運用； These principles apply to learning maths. 這些原則適用于學習數(shù)學。,New words,為購買（某物）討價還價；料到，考慮到（某情況）；預料 The women in the market often bargain away for hours. 女人們經(jīng)常在市場里一連幾小時討價還價。 The wife of Lieutena

10、nt-Governor does not bargain for such an experience. 省代理總督的妻子也不曾料到會發(fā)生這樣的事。 I didnt bargain for that. 那是我所沒有料到的。,New words,在對的位置；適當?shù)模?在工作；準備就緒 1. 在對的位置, 在適當?shù)奈恢?They put in place the tools of my new business. 他們把我干這一新行當所需要的用具安放得井井有條。 2. 適當?shù)? 適合的 The proposal is not quite in place. 那個提議并不十分適當。 3. 在工作；準

11、備就緒 We already have our core team in place. 我們的骨干團隊已經(jīng)就位了。,New words,在于；位于；躺在(lay lain) The Rocky Mountains lie in the west part of America. 落基山脈位于美國西部。 All their hopes lie in him. 他們把所有希望都寄托在他身上。 lay vt. 放置；鋪放；涂，敷；產(chǎn)卵 lay表示將某物放于某處或某個位置，意思上與動詞lie有相關(guān)之處。如某人把某物安放（lay）在某處，此物即放（lie）在那里。lay的過去式和過去分詞均為laid，它

12、通常用作及物動詞。例如，They laid him on the floor（他們把他放在地上）。lie則為不及物動詞，其過去式為lay，過去分詞為lain：I lay on the floor with my legs in the air（我躺在地上，雙腿抬起）。 Mothers routinely lay babies on their backs to sleep. 母親們一般讓嬰兒平躺著睡。 Freezing weather in spring hampered the hens ability to lay. 春天嚴寒的天氣降低了母雞的產(chǎn)蛋能力。,主謂一致的概念：主語和其謂語動詞在

13、人稱 和數(shù)上保持一致。 主謂一致分為三種情況：,語法一致,內(nèi)容一致,就近一致,主謂“三”一致,(1) 如果主語后面跟有with、together with, along with, but, except, like, in addition to, including, besides, as well as, as much as, rather than, more than 等短語再加一個 名詞時，謂語動詞仍與主語（第一個詞） 保持一致。如：,A library together with 5000 books was given to our school as a gift. Mr

14、. Johnson as well as his wife and children is visiting the Great Wall now. All but Tom have gone to the cinema.,語法一致,(2) 用and連接的并列主語，如果主語是 同一個人、同一事物或同意概念時， 謂語動詞用單數(shù)，否則用復數(shù)。如：,A teacher and writer is going to give us a speech. Bread and butter is usually my breakfast. The professor and scientist has al

15、ready come. A teacher and a writer are in the office.,語法一致,(3) 不定式（短語）、動名詞（短語）或 主語從句作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。如：,To learn English well takes effort. Serving the people is my great happiness. When well go for an outing has not been decided yet. How he can speak so good English interests us all.,語法一致,(4) 用 and 連接的

16、并列主語被each，every，no 或 many a 修飾時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。如：,Each boy and each girl has been given a gift. No teacher and no student is in the classroom. Every pen and every book _ ( lay ) on the desk already. Many a boy and many a girl is interested in her lesson.,has been laid,語法一致,(5) each of + 復數(shù)代詞，謂語動用單數(shù)。 復數(shù)代詞 +

17、 each，謂語動詞用復數(shù)。如：,Each of us has something to say. Each of them has been given a piece of bread. We each have a dictionary. They each have done their work.,語法一致,語法一致,(6) none作主語，修飾可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)時， 謂語動詞可用單數(shù)也可用復數(shù)，但修飾 不可數(shù)名詞時，謂語動詞只能用單數(shù)。 如：,None of us are(is) perfect. None of these books are(is) mine. None of his

18、 money has been found again. None of this worries me.,語法一致,(7) 名詞如trousers, scissors, glasses, goods , clothes 等作主語時，謂語動詞必須用復數(shù)， 但當它們前面有a pair of 或one pair of 修飾 時，謂語動詞只能用單數(shù)。如：,My trousers are black. His glasses are expensive. A pair of trousers lies on my bed. A pair of glasses was given to me as a

19、gift.,語法一致,(8) 形復意單名詞如：news; 以-ics結(jié)尾的學科 名詞如：physics, mathematics, economics; 國名如：the United States; 報紙名如： the New York Times; 書名如：Arabian Nights天方夜譚；以及the United Nations 等作主語時，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)。如：,Arabian Nights is full of interesting stories. The New York Times is a popular reading material for students. Ph

20、ysics is my favourite subjects.,語法一致,(9) “a/an + 名詞 + and a half”, “one and a half + 名詞” “the number of + 名詞” 等作主語時， 謂語動詞要用單數(shù)。如：,An apple and a half is on the table. One and a half days has passed. The number of the students in our class is 63.,語法一致,(10) 百分數(shù)（或分數(shù)）+ of + 可數(shù)名詞單數(shù) （或不可數(shù)名詞）謂語動詞用單數(shù)； 百分數(shù)（或分

21、數(shù)）+ of + 可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)， 謂語動詞用復數(shù)。 如：,Twenty percent of land has been turned into a playground. Two thirds of the apple is rotten. Sixty percent of the workers in the factory are women.,語法一致,Many a/an + n. + V(單數(shù)）+ O. 表示復數(shù)的意思，譯作 “很多”。如：,Many a student is interested in English. 很多學生對英語感興趣。 Many a teacher has

22、resigned. 很多老師已經(jīng)辭職了。 Many an apple has gone bad. 很多蘋果已經(jīng)壞了。 Many a mistake has been made by him. 他犯了很多錯誤。,語法一致,（12） A (large) quantity of + N. + V + O. 動詞的數(shù)由名詞決定； A (large) ammount of + N. (不可數(shù)名詞）+ V (單三）+ O. 謂語動詞用單數(shù)，但是， Large quantities of + N. (pl.or uc）+ V (復數(shù)）+ O. Large ammounts of + N. (不可數(shù)名詞）+

23、V (復數(shù)）+ O. 謂語動詞用復數(shù)。,A large quantity of sugar has been put in the boiled water. Large quantities of money have been wasted on the project. A larege ammount of time has been spent on English. Large ammounts of time have been saved by the new invention.,語法一致,“This kind of + 復數(shù)名詞” 作主語時， 謂語動詞用單數(shù)； “復數(shù)名詞

24、+ of this kind” 作主語時， 謂語動詞用復數(shù)。如：,This kind of apples was imported from America. Apples of this kind were imported from America.,語法一致,(14) “A/An + 單數(shù)名詞 + or two” 作主語時， 謂語動詞用單數(shù)； “One or two + 復數(shù)名詞” 作主語時， 謂語動詞用復數(shù)。如：,A day or two is enough for this work. One or two days are enough for this work. A man o

25、r two is to be sent there to help them. One or two men are to be sent there to help them.,語法一致,（15）“A set of + 復數(shù)名詞” 及 “A series of + 復數(shù)名詞” 作主語時， 謂語動詞用單數(shù)。如：,A series of debates was scheduled for the weekend. The sales man told me that a good set of tires was guaranteed to run at least fifty thousand

26、 miles.,語法一致,(15) 在 “one of + 復數(shù)名詞 + 定語從句” 結(jié)構(gòu)中， 定語從句中謂語動詞的用復數(shù)；但如果one 前面有the only 修飾時，定于從句的謂語 動詞只能用單數(shù)。 如：,Mary is one of the students that have been invited to sing at the concert. Mary is the only one of the students that has been invited to sing at the concert.,不定代詞all, most, some 等作助于書， 謂語動詞的單復數(shù)取決

27、于它們所指代的 名詞的數(shù)。如：,內(nèi)容一致,內(nèi)容一致,（2）”the + 形容詞（或分詞）” 指一類人， 如：the rich (富人), the living (活著的人), the wounded (傷者）作主語時， 謂語動詞用復數(shù)。 如：,The sick have been cured and the lost have been found. The rich are eager to help the poor. The wounded have been taken good care of . The living have to cheer up and continue to live.,內(nèi)容一致,(3) 用and 連接的成對名詞習慣上被看做一個 整體時，如：bread and butter(面包加黃油), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主語時，謂語動詞 用單數(shù)。如：,內(nèi)容一致,（4）不定數(shù)量的詞組，如：a part of, a lot of, lots of, one of, a number of, plenty