1、非謂語動詞 Non-predicate Verbs,一 什么叫非謂語動詞？與謂語動詞有什么區(qū)別？ 二 非謂語動詞有哪些？ 有哪些具體的不同形式？ 三 不同的非謂語動詞表示的動作與謂語動詞表示 的動作的先后關(guān)系是什么？ 四 非謂語動詞在句中通常作什么成分？,要點知識檢查及重難點強調(diào)與提醒,一、什么叫非謂語動詞？與謂語動詞有什么區(qū)別？ 非謂語動詞就是不能作句子謂語而具有其他語法功能的動詞。, At last, we found ourselves in a pleasant park with trees providing shade and _ down to eat our picnic l

2、unch. (2005上海） A. sitting B. having sat C. to sit D. sat,D, Prices of daily goods _ through a computer can be lower than store prices. A. are bought B. bought C. have been bought D. buying,B,非謂語,不定式（to do),過去分詞(-ed),- ing 分詞,-ed 分詞,二 非謂語動詞有哪些？,非謂語動詞有哪些不同的形式？,動詞不定式,過去分詞,to be done,to have been done,b

3、eing done,having been done,及物動詞的過去分詞既表示被動又表示動作已完成, 個別動詞的過去分詞只表示完成(多數(shù)為不及物動詞),主動形式,被動形式,to do,to have done,doing,having done,不定式除一般式、完成式以外還有_,進行式,done,- ing 分詞,三 非謂語動詞所表示的動作與謂語動詞表示的動作的先后關(guān)系是什么？ 弄清非謂語動詞表示的動作與謂語動詞表示的動作 之間的先后關(guān)系是解題的關(guān)鍵所在,在謂語表示的動作之后,與謂語表示的動作同時發(fā)生,在謂語表示的動作之前,to do/to be done,to do/to be done /

4、to be doing ; doing/being done ;,done; to have done/to have been done ; having done/having been done,四 非謂語動詞在句中通常作什么成分？,不定式和ing分詞均能作主語，二者有何區(qū)別？ 1.表示某一具體的動作時，多用不定式；表示比較抽象的一般行為傾向的，多用動名詞。 2.動名詞作主語 時通常位于句首；不定式作主語時常置于句末，用it作形式主語放在句首。 1) Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here. 2) It is not very good for you to smok

5、e so much.,(抽象),(具體),Seeing is believing. To see is to believe. 若主語和表語都是非謂語動詞, 應保持形式 上的一致。,1). Its necessary to be prepared for a job interview. _the answers ready will be of great help. A. To have B. Having had C. Have D. Having 2). In fact _ is a hard job for the police to keep order in an importa

6、nt match. A. this B. that C. there D. it,D,D,下列句型中常用動名詞作主語:,It is/was,no use/good,not any use/good,of little use/good,useless,+doing sth.,不定式和動名詞都可作賓語, 有何區(qū)別？,2. 有些動詞后只跟動名詞作賓語,3.有些動詞后既可以跟不定式又可以跟動名詞作賓語，意義上無多大區(qū)別,4.有些動詞后既可以跟不定式，又可以跟動名詞作賓語，但意義上有明顯差別,1. 有些動詞后只跟不定式作賓語,1. 有些動詞后只跟不定式作賓語，如： manage, promise, p

7、retend, plan, offer, agree, ask, dare, choose, fail, help(幫助)，want(想要) ,refuse等。,2. 有些動詞后只跟動名詞作賓語，如： practise, appreciate, dislike, excuse, forgive, keep, resist, risk, deny, advise, fancy, complete, forbid, permit, allow, stand, refer to, give up, lead to, take to, set about, get down to, object to

8、, succeed in, have difficulty in.,1) I cant stand _ with Jane in the same office. She just refuses _ talking while she works. A. working; stopping B. to work; stopping C. working; to stop D. to work; to stop 2) He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldnt risk _ the good opportunity. A

9、. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost,C,B,3.有些動詞如begin, start; love, like, hate, prefer后既可以跟不定式又可以跟ing分詞作賓語，意義上無多大區(qū)別(但ing分詞一般表示經(jīng)常性的行為；不定式表示具體的行為)。 I like _ very much, but I dont like _ this afternoon. A. swimming, swimming B. to swim, to swim C. swimming, to swim D. to swim, swimming,C,Lit

10、tle Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking 如果like, love, prefer前有would/ should, 后面則應該接動詞不定式。,A,A,would like 還有哪些用法？,思考：下列情況中動詞后接不定式還是接ing 分詞作賓語呢？,Only then did I begin _ (see) she was really good to me. The moment he returned home, I was star

11、ting/beginning _ (cook) supper. The water began _ (freeze).,4.有些動詞后既可以跟不定式，又可以跟動名詞作賓語，但意義上有明顯差別。 討論：有哪些單詞或短語？ go on (stop/remember/regret)to do/doing cant help to do / doing be used to do / doing ( get used to doing) (used to do),Children should be allowed _ their own decisions. A. making B. to make

12、 C. make D. having made,B,My advisor encouraged _ a summer course to improve my writing skills. A. for me taking B. me taking C. for me to take D. me to take,D,1.能接帶to的不定式作賓語補足語和主語補 足語的動詞有： ask, advise, tell, force, get, allow, want, wish, like, hate, prefer, intend, expect, encourage, persuade, per

13、mit, request, order, warn, cause等。,使役動詞，感官動詞接 不帶to 的不定式作賓語補足語； 和帶to的不定式作主語補足語。 常見的使役動詞有make, let, have等； 感官動詞有see, hear, watch, observe, notice, feel以及l(fā)ook at, listen to等。,翻譯：你寧愿讓誰和你一起去？,3. 不定式和分詞作賓語補足語或主語補足語表達的意義不同。 I heard her _( sing) an English song just now. I heard her _ (sing) an English song

14、 when I passed by her room yesterday. I heard the English song _( sing) many times. (4) I heard the English song _( sing) when I passed by her room yesterday.,sing,singing,sung,being sung,不定式、ing 分詞和過去分詞都可以作定語，主要區(qū)別在于它們的時態(tài)意義和語態(tài)意義。 不定式作定語和被修飾的名詞具有 “動賓關(guān) 系”, 即被修飾的名詞是不定式的動作的承受 者; 如果不定式是不及物動詞，就要在不定式 動詞后加上

15、相應的介詞,分詞作定語與動詞不定式作定語的區(qū)別是： 現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動、進行之意；過去分詞表 示被動與完成；而不定式表示在謂語動詞表 示的動作之后即將發(fā)生的動作。例如： The question _ (discuss) at the meeting yesterday is of quite importance. The question _ (discuss) at the meeting now is of quite importance. The question _ (discuss) at the meeting tomorrow is of quite importance.,d

16、iscussed,being discussed,to be discussed,注：ing分詞作定語有時意義不同： flying fish 飛魚 a running dog 走狗 a falling tide 落潮 a crying boy 哭著的孩子 a running machine a swimming pool a waiting room a walking stick a fishing pole a reading room,能作狀語的有不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。作什么樣的狀語往往取決于它們的位置和在句中的意義。,Practise 1). When _(heat) water

17、 will be changed into vapour. While _ (heat) water, we can change it into vapour. 2) _(see) from the hill, the city looks beautiful. _ (see) from the hill, you will find the city beautiful. 3) Generally speaking, when _(take) according to the directions, the drug has no side effect. If _(take) the d

18、rug according to the directions, you will be better soon.,heated,heating,Seen,Seeing,taken,taking,分詞作狀語時的邏輯主語問題 分詞作狀語時，其邏輯主語必須同句子的主語一致；如果不一致，需在分詞前加一個邏輯主語，分詞和它的邏輯主語合稱獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)或用狀語從句。 1) Being an orphan, the nurse treated him kindly. 2) He being an orphan, the nurse treated him kindly. 3) As he was an or

19、phan, the nurse treated him kindly.,F,T,T,(True or false),現(xiàn)在分詞與不定式作結(jié)果狀語時的區(qū)別 1). European football is played in 80 countries , _ it the most popular sport in the world . (NMET 1998) A. making B. makes C. make D. to make 2). He hurried to the station only _ that the train had left . (2005廣東) A. to fin

20、d B. finding C. found D. to have found 現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語往往表示“正常出現(xiàn)的、自 然而然的或意料之中”的結(jié)果。不定式作結(jié)果狀語 時通常表示“偶然的、出乎意料的”一種結(jié)果,A,A,動名詞做表語是對主語內(nèi)容的解釋解或用來表示“身份、職業(yè)”等。這時主語與表語位置可以互換 The main job of the ant queen is laying eggs. Our work is serving the people,表示心理狀態(tài)的動詞如excite, interest等都是及物 動詞，漢語注解不是“激動”、“高興”，而是“使得激 動”、“使高興”，因而現(xiàn)

21、在分詞應該是“令人激動的”、 “令人高興的”，過去分詞則是“感到激動的”和“感到高 興的”。所以，凡表示“令人的”都是-ing形式，凡 是表示“感到 ”都用-ed形式。換句話說，若人 對感興趣，就是somebody is interested in.， 若人/物本身有趣時，就是sb./sth. is interesting。,現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作表語的區(qū)別,delighting令人高興的delighted感到高興的 disappointing 令人失望的disappointed 感到 失望的 encouraging 令人鼓舞的encouraged 感到鼓 舞的 pleasing 令人愉快的pl

22、eased 感到愉快的 puzzling 令人費解的puzzled 感到費解的 satisfying 令人滿意的satisfied 感到滿意的 surprising 令人驚異的surprised 感到驚異的 worrying 令人擔心的worried 感到擔心的,動名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu) 動名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu)由物主代詞或人稱代詞賓 格、名詞所有格或普通格加動名詞構(gòu)成。 1) LiPings/ My helping her moved her deeply. 2) I appreciate your/you/LiPings/ LiPing coming to see me. 3) Is there any

23、hope of our team winning the match? 4) What made me angry was many students failing in the exam.,(動名詞結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語, 其邏輯主語用賓格或所有格均可),(動名詞結(jié)構(gòu)作主語, 其邏輯主語用所有格),(邏輯主語是無生命名詞時, 只用普通格),(以-s 結(jié)尾的名詞, 只用普通格),1) I would appreciate _ back this afternoon . A. you to call B. you call C. your calling D. youre calling 2) _ mad

24、e her mother very angry. A. Mary marrying Jim B. Marys married Jim C. Marys marrying Jim D. Marys being married Jim,C,C,3). The discovery of new evidence led to _. A. the thief having caught B. catch the thief C. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught 4).The noise of _ could be heard out i

25、n the street. A. desks opening and closing B. desks opened and closed C. desks being opened and closed D. desks being opened and closed,C,C,獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu),練習： 造一個含有獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的句子,All flights_ because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train. A. were canceled B. had been canceled C. having canceled D. havin

26、g been canceled 2. _ for a long time, most of the crops in this area died from lacking water. A. Being no rain B. There was no rain C. To be no rain D. There being no rain 3. Everything _ into consideration, they believed themselves more and returned to their positions. A. to take B. taken C. to be

27、taken D. taking,D,D,B,II. 鞏固 練習（07高考真題檢測）,1.Come on, please give me some ideas about the project. Sorry. With so much work _ my mind, I almost break down.（07福建卷） A. filledB. fillingC. to fillD. being filled 2. John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work _ he gladly accepted it.（07安徽卷） f

28、inishedB. finishing C. having finishedD. was finished 3. Robert is indeed a wise man. Oh, yes. How often I have regretted _ his advice!（07安徽卷） A. to take B. taking C. not to takeD. not taking,4. The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle _.（07浙江卷） A. to be heardB. to have h

29、eardC. hearingD. being heard 5. _ by a greater demand for vegetables, farmers have built more green houses.（07浙江卷） A. DrivenB. Being drivenC. To driveD. Having driven 6. As the light turned green, I stood for a moment, not _, and asked myself what I was going to do.（07湖南卷） moved B. moving C. to move

30、D. being moved,7. “Things _ never come again!” I couldnt help talking to myself.（07湖南卷） lostB. losing C. to loseD. have lost 8. Please remain _ until the plane has come to a complete stop.（07山東卷） to seatB. to be seated C. seatingD. seated,9. At the beginning of class, the noise of desks _ could be h

31、eard outside the classroom.（07全國卷II）A. opened and closed B. to be opened and closedC. being opened and closed D. to open and close 10. Peter received a letter just now _ his grandma would come to see him soon.（07四川卷） A. said B. says C. saying D. to say 11. He is a student at Oxford University, _ for

32、 a degree in computer science.（07北京） studied B. studying C. to have studiedD. to be studying,12. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _ for the day.（07重慶卷） finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished 13. I smell something _ in the kitchen. Can I call you back in a

33、 minute?（07全國I） burning B. burnt C. being burnt D. to be burnt 14. When asked why he went there, he said he was sent there _ for a space flight.（07江西卷） training B. being trained C. to have trained D. to be trained,15.Can I smoke here ? Sorry. We dont allow _ here.（07江蘇卷） A. people smoking B. people

34、smoke C. to smoke D. smoking 16. He is very popular among his students as he always tries to make them _ in his lectures.（07江蘇卷） A. interested B. interesting C. interest D. to interest 17. As a result of the serious flood, two-thirds of the buildings in the area _.（07陜西卷） A. need repairingB. needs t

35、o repair C. needs repairingD. need to repair,19. The glass doors have taken the place of the wooden ones at the entrance, _ in the natural light during the day.（07天津卷） A. to letB. letting C. letD. having let 20. After a knock at the door, the child heard his mothers voice _ him.（07上海卷） A. callingB.

36、called C. being calledD. to call,21. The Town Hall _ in the 1800s was the most distinguished building at that time.（07上海卷） A. to be completed B. having been completed C. completed D. being completed,（08高考真題檢測） 1(08全國卷I 26) I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good _. A. to b

37、e breathed B. to breathe C. breathing D. being breathed 2(08全國卷II 12)The director had her assistant _ some hot dogs for the meeting. A. picked up B. picks up C. pick up D. picking up 3(08北京卷 24) _ that she was going off to sleep, I asked if shed like that little doll on her bed. A. Seeing B. To see

38、C. See D. Seen,4(08北京卷 31)Did the book give the information you needed? Yes. But _ it, I had to read the entire book. A. to find B. find C. to finding D. finding 5(08北京卷 32) I feel greatly honored _ into their society. A. to welcome B. welcoming C. to be welcomed D. welcomed 6(08北京卷 35) It is worth

39、considering what makes “convenience” foods so popular, and _ _ better ones of your own. A. introduces B. to introduce C. introducing D. introduced,7(08上海春卷 32) As a new driver, I have to practise _ the car in my small garage again and again A. parking B. to park C. parked D. park 8(08上海春卷 34) Due to

40、 the heavy rain and flooding , ten million people have been forced _their homes A. leaving B. to leave C. to be left D. being left 9(08上海春卷 38) Throughout history, the language _ by a powerful group spreads across a civilization A. speaking B. spoken C. to speak D. to be spoken,10(08上海春卷39) If we ha

41、ve illegal immigrants _ in, many local workers will lose their jobs A. came B. coming C. to come D. having come 11(08上海卷30) My sister , an inexperienced rider, was found sitting on the bicycle _ to balance it . A. having tried B. trying C. to try D. tried 12(08上海卷33) If theres a lot of work _, I am

42、happy to just keep on until it is finished. A. to do B. to be doing C. done D. doing,13(08上海卷35) Something as simple as _ some cold water may clear your mind or relieve pressure. A. to drink B. drinking C. to be drinking D. drunk 14(08上海卷37) Ideally _ for Broadway theatres and Fifth Avenue , the New

43、 York Park is a favourite with many guests. A. locating B. being located C. having been located D. located 15(08天津卷 04)_ their hats into the air, the fans of the winning team let out loud shouts of victory. A. To throw B. Thrown C. Throwing D. Being thrown,16(08重慶卷 29) to reach them on the phone, we

44、 sent an email instead A. Fail B. Failed C. To fail D. Having failed 17(08遼寧卷 27)He was busy writing a story, only _ once in a while to smoke a cigarette. A. to stop B. stopping C. to have stopped D. having stopped 18(08遼寧卷 31)Please remain _; the winner of the prize will be announced soon. A. seati

45、ngB. seated C. to seatD. to be seated 19(08山東卷 35)Lucys new job paid twice as much as she had made _ in the restaurant. A. working B. work C. to workD. worked,20(08江蘇卷 29)They are quiet, arent they?Yes. They are accustomed _ at meals. A. to talkB. to not talk C. to talkingD. to not talking 21(08江蘇卷

46、34)To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English _ as much as we can. A. speak.B. speaking C. spoken D. to speak 22(08江西卷24)I hear theyve promoted Tom, but he didnt mention _ when we talked on the phone. A. to promote B. having been promoted C. having promoted D. to be promoted

47、,23(08江西卷28)We finished the run in less than half the time _. A. allowing B. to allow C. allowed D. allows 24(08安徽卷30) _ in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring. A. To walk. B. Walking C. Walked D. Having walked 25(08浙江卷10)_that he was in great danger, Eric walked deeper into the forest. A. Not realized B. Not to realize C. Not realizing D. Not to have realized 26(08浙江卷13)It is one of the funniest things _ on the Internet so far this year. A. finding B. being found