1、34 - 0,Description, Narration, and Definition,Unit 2,34 - 1,Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.,FRANCIS BACON：Of Studies,34 - 2,Main Sections to be Covered,2.1 Language Functions Description Narration Definition 2.2 Writing Improvement Exercises,34 - 3,Descri

2、ption,Description,Physical: people, place, objects, relationships,General process and procedure,The present active/passive tense,The present passive tense,Particular process and procedure,The past passive tense,34 - 4,Description: physical (1),On the third finger of my left hand is the pre-engagemen

3、t ring given to me last year by my sister Doris. The fourteen carat gold band, a bit tarnished by time and neglect, circles my finger and twists together at the top to encase a small white diamond. The four prongs that anchor the diamond are separated by pockets of dust. The diamond itself is tiny a

4、nd dull, like a silver of glass found on the kitchen floor after a dishwashing accident. Just below the diamond are small air holes, intended to let the diamond breathe, but now clogged with grime. The ring is neither very attractive nor valuable, but I treasure it as a gift from my older sister, a

5、gift I will pass along to my younger sister when I receive my own engagement ring this Christmas. (the object: the present tense),34 - 5,Description: physical (2),Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland, a center for government, business, learning and the Arts. It is one of the most attractive cities i

6、n Britain. Its hill and coast location create a spectacular site. There are many parks and garden areas. The Old Town, running from the Castle to Holyrood Palace, is a World Heritage Site and is complemented by the elegance of the 18th century New Town. The city has a population of around half a mil

7、lion and is reasonably compact. Most city center attractions are within walking distance and there are good bus links to outlying areas. Edinburgh has a lively arts scene. There are galleries, theatres, cinemas and pubs for every taste. In the summer, there are a number of festivals including the Ed

8、inburgh International Festival. (the place: the present tense),34 - 6,Description of general process and procedure (1),Paper is made from wood, and many of the worlds paper mills are found in those countries which have great forests Canada, Sweden and Finland. First, the logs are placed in the shred

9、der. Then they are cut into small chips which are mixed with water and acid. Next they are heated and crushed to a heavy pulp which is cleaned. It is also chemically bleached to whiten it. After this, it is passed through rollers to flatten it. Then, sheets of wet paper are produced. Finally, the wa

10、ter is removed from the sheets which are pressed, dried and refined until the finished paper is produced. (The present passive tense),34 - 7,Description of general process and procedure (2),As soon as fresh tea leaves are picked, they are taken directly to a processing factory. The leaves are first

11、allowed to dry and are crushed either by rolling or by crushing and tearing. Next, the leaves are left for a time to ferment. After a certain period of time, fermentation is halted by drying the leaves with hot air, resulting in the familiar black tea color. After the roasting, the tea leaves are pa

12、ssed through vibrating sieves, grading the now black tea to various leaf sizes. Then, the tea leaves are packed in boxes and sent all over the world. When it arrives at a place, it is tasted to check its flavor and quality. The different types of tea are sold in a tea market and then mixed together

13、to make the tea we drink. (The present passive tense),34 - 8,Description of particular process and procedure (1),Twelve research article introductions and abstracts were randomly selected from two journals, Animal Behaviour and Conservation Biology, considered key in the two disciplines Wildlife Beh

14、aviour and Conservation Biology by specialists in the areas. The first 12 article introductions and abstracts (from the same articles) published in the 1995 issues of the two journals were included in the corpus, resulting in a total of 48 texts. The introductions and abstracts from these two discip

15、lines were analyzed using the models employed in previous research, namely, Swales (1990) for article introductions and Bhatia (1993) for abstracts. (The past passive tense),34 - 9,Description of particular process and procedure (2),Resting metabolic rate (RMR) and body weight for each woman were me

16、asured approximately every 6 weeks during pregnancy. Subjects were asked not to eat or work before the test. After the subject had lain quietly in an air-conditioned room for 30 minutes, RMR was measured by open-circuit calorimetry. (The past passive tense),34 - 10,Narration,What do you think is the

17、 difference between description and narration?,34 - 11,I entered the convenience store at around 8:00 pm. As I was making payment for a loaf of bread at the counter, I noticed that a man had come through the door and headed towards the coolers at the back of the store. I left the store to get into m

18、y car. Walking across the parking lot, I heard shouting behind me. I turned and saw a man running from the store carrying a paper bag. The man ran to a pickup with a driver waiting in the stores parking lot. The pickup screeched out of the lot onto 4th Street. I ran to the edge of the lot and saw th

19、e pickup turn right and out of sight onto University Avenue. (To be continued),Example,34 - 12,The employee working behind the counter had come out of the store. I dont think the employee saw the robber get into the pickup. He was nervous, and he told me that the man I saw running from the store had

20、 just robbed it. He said the robber had a gun and had pointed it at him, demanding all the money from the till. He said he gave it to the robber who stuffed it into a bag and then ran from the store. That was the time I saw him, the robber. He turned towards me as he ran towards the pickup. After I

21、learned what had happened, I told the employee he should dial 911. We then waited outside the store until the police arrived at about 8:15pm. They asked me to describe the suspect and later, asked me to come down to the station to make a full statement.,34 - 13,Definition,Simple Definition,Things to

22、 be defined + verb + general class word + “wh”-word + particular characteristics,Extended Definition,More information and more specific,Definition,34 - 14,Simple definition,A college is an institution where students receive higher or professional education. Aluminum is a metal which is produced from

23、 bauxite.,34 - 15,Extended definition (1),Psychology may be defined as the branch of biological science which studies the phenomena of conscious life and behavior.,34 - 16,Extended definition (2),A Uniform Resource Locator, commonly called a URL, is an addressing system which is used to identify sit

24、es on the Internet. A URL consists of four separate parts that together define the location of any files. The parts are the protocol, domain name, path, and filename.,34 - 17,Extended definition (3),The Science Teacher, a popular production of a large textbook publisher, follows the normal progressi

25、on of high school science courses. The series consists primarily of authoritative lectures by leading experts in each scientific discipline. It also contains field interviews with a wide range of scientists, and demonstrations conducted in laboratories across the country. The Science Teacher has bee

26、n marketed for 15 years and is revised every 5 years to keep up with new developments. Among college educators, it has an excellent reputation for preparing students for university-level science courses.,34 - 18,Notice: definition ！= exemplification,a.A dictionary is a book like “Cambridge Internati

27、onal Dictionary of English”. b.A dictionary is a book which explains the words of a language and the words are arranged in alphabetical order. For example, “Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English”, and “Cambridge International Dictionary of English” are very good reference works for learners of

28、English as a foreign language.,34 - 19,2.2 Writing Improvement Exercises,1. Here are a number of sentences describing New York City. Arrange these sentences and write a paragraph about New York City.,2. Part of the following text is given in sentences in the wrong order. Rearrange the sentences in t

29、he correct order by putting the numbers 1-8 next to letters a-h.,34 - 20,New York City is located in New York State on the Atlantic Coast of the United States of America. It was first founded as “New Amsterdam” in 1625 by the Dutch. Today, New York City is an important commercial and banking center

30、which includes the Wall Street. Among its many important skyscrapers are the World Trade Center and the Empire State Building. One of the most interesting museums is on Ellis Island which used to serve as the entry point for many immigrants who passed through New York City at the turn of the century

31、.,34 - 21,Every hospital needs a large supply of blood for transfusions. It is given by donors. Before giving blood, the donor is given tests to determine his blood group and make sure that he is not suffering from certain diseases. When this has been done, his blood can be taken. a First he lies do

32、wn with his arm on a pillow. f Next the nurse puts the cuff of the sphygmomanometer around his upper arm, and inflates it to compress the veins. b At this stage she cleans his skin with ether and inserts the needle into a vein. h As she does this the blood begins to flow into a bottle until it is fu

33、ll. e Meanwhile the donor opens and closes his hand to increase the blood flow. d As soon as the bottle is full the nurse takes off the sphygmomanometer and withdraws the needle. c Finally, she puts a dressing on the donors arm. g The blood is immediately labeled and refrigerated.,34 - 22,3. With th

34、e help of the notes below, write a narrative.,a woman heard the noise in the flat opposite - looked out through the window - her neighbor was threatened by someone - she called the police station - police car arrived - three policemen went inside and others guarded outside - the burglar was arrested

35、 without resistance,34 - 23,In the flat opposite, a woman heard the noise outside. When she looked out through the window, she discovered that her neighbor was threatened by someone. She immediately called the police station. In answer to the call, a patrol police car arrived at the scene of the cri

36、me quickly. Three policemen went inside the flat at once, and others guarded outside the building to prevent anyone from escaping. Within about five minutes, the burglar was arrested without any resistance.,34 - 24,4. Write out definitions of the subjects given below, using the notes provided.,(1) B

37、otany - science - structure of plants,Botany is the science of the structure of plants.,34 - 25,(2) Chemistry - science - basic characteristics of substances - different ways in which they react or combine with other substances,Chemistry may be defined as a branch of science which deals with the bas

38、ic characteristics of substances and the different ways in which they react or combine with other substances.,34 - 26,(3) Demography - study - population growth and its structure,Demography is the study of population growth and its structure.,(4) Home Economics - study of household management - lear

39、ning how to deal with the problems and challenges of homemaking,Home Economics is the study of household management. It is largely concerned with learning how to deal with the problems and challenges of homemaking.,34 - 27,(5) Electrical and electronic engineering - discipline - enjoying a period of

40、 exciting and dynamic growth - findings applied in the home, medicine, industry, public services and business - great impact on modern life likely to become more dramatic in future,Electrical and electronic engineering is a discipline which is enjoying a period of exciting and dynamic growth. Its fi

41、ndings are being applied with increasing frequency and effectiveness in households, medicine, industry, public services and business. Its great impact on modern life is likely to become even more dramatic in the near future.,34 - 28,5. Look at the following example of extended definition. Then write

42、 a definition of your subject of specialization in a similar way.,Econometrics may be defined as the branch of economics which applies mathematical and statistical techniques to economic problems. It is concerned with testing the validity of economic theories and providing the means of making quanti

43、tative predictions.,34 - 29,Example: Pragmatics may be defined as the branch of semiotics that deals with the relationship between signs, especially words and other elements of language, and their users. It is concerned with bridging the explanatory gap between sentence meaning and speakers meaning. The study of how context influences interpretation is then crucial.,34 - 30,6. Complete the following description of Hong Kong Disneyland by using appropriate words and expressions from the box. Make changes where necessary.,(1) theme par