1、A Pragmatic Study on Politeness Principle,2015級外國語言學及應(yīng)用語言學,1. A Brief Review of Grices Cooperative Principle(CP) 2. Introduction to Politeness Principle(PP) and its Application in Legal English Texts 3. Relationship between PP 2. (typical) of a superior class in society; refined.,In other words, pol

2、iteness can be understood as a social phenomenon, a means to achieve good interpersonal relationships, and a norm imposed by social conventions. So it is phenomenal, instrumental and normative by nature.,2.Main Content of PP Minimize(other things being equal) the expression of impolite beliefs and m

3、aximize(other things being equal) the expression of polite beliefs.,In other words, other things being equal, minimize the expression of beliefs which are unfavorable to the hearer and at the same time(but less important) maximize the expression of beliefs which are favorable to the hearer. 在其他情況都相同

4、的情境下，盡量把不禮貌的信念減到最弱，把不利于聽話人或第三者的話語略去不說，或者以一種委婉、間接地方式表達出來。,The Six Maxims of PP,1.Maxim of Tact (得體準則) (a) Minimize cost to other; 盡量讓他人少受損 (b) Maximize benefit to other; 盡量讓他人多受益,2.Maxim of Generosity (慷慨準則) (a) Minimize the benefit to self; 盡量讓自己少獲利 (b) Maximize the cost to self; 盡量讓自己多吃虧,Actually,

5、the two maxims talk about the same point in specific conversational situation. However, the former pays more attention to the hearer in the conversation while the latter mainly talks about the speaker oneself.,Some examples: (1)Have some more cookies.(Tact) (2)Have a good rest at home, if you do not

6、 feel well.(Tact) (3)Is there anything I can do for you?(Generosity) (4)Can I help you?(Generosity),“得體”和“慷慨”準則常用于指令或承諾功能。而涉外法律英語函電常常涉及律師、律師事務(wù)所與客戶或當事人的權(quán)利和義務(wù)，在一方要求另一方承諾做某事或其中一方承諾做某事時，一般就要使用這兩條準則。例如： It is our intention to enter into a written agreement wherein out-side counsel will receive a portion

7、of the attorneys fees due to this firm in the event that we prevail on the case.（我們愿意與所外律師達成書面協(xié)議，如果我們勝訴，他們將從我們應(yīng)得的律師費中提取一部分收入。）,3. Maxim of Approbation (贊揚準則) (a) Minimize dispraise of others; 盡量少貶損他人 (b) Maximize praise of others. 盡量多贊美他人,It is easy for us to understand that saying something good ab

8、out others is much more polite than saying something bad. If you are in a situation that you have to say something bad about others, saying it indirectly seems to be more polite. In other words, you should imply your dispraise rather than speak it out badly.,For example: A: Do you like the bread I b

9、rought for you? B:(1) Not really! (2) Yes, I do. I love it very much. Obviously, the (2) is much more polite than the (1) .,4. Maxim of Modesty (謙遜準則) (a) Minimize praise of self; 盡量少贊賞自己 (b) Maximize dispraise of self. 盡量多貶損自己,Example to illustrate this maxim: A: You are a gifted singer! B:(1) Of c

10、ourse I am! (2) Thank you for your praise, but I think I still have to make great efforts. Obviously, (2) is much more polite than (1),贊揚準則和謙遜準則要求人們在對話中盡力夸大對他人的贊揚，縮小對他人的貶損；同時要夸大對自己的貶損，縮小對自己的贊揚。 在涉外法律英語函電中，當一方感謝另一方做了某事或謙虛地為對方做了某事情，就能很好地體現(xiàn)這兩條準則。例如： Thank you for your assistance in bringing this matter

11、 to an amicable resolution.(對于你方為妥善解決此事所提供的幫助表示感謝。),“贊揚”和“謙遜”準則還體現(xiàn)在稱呼語、結(jié)束語以及信尾的一些常用客套話中，如：Dear Sir or Madam, Sincerely yours, Yours truly等。 又如： To remedy our omission, and as a testament to our appreciation of your business, we are going to mark your first three months of legal service free of charg

12、e.(為了彌補我們的疏漏，并表示我們對您惠顧的感激，我們將免費為您提供前三個月的法律服務(wù)。),在上面這個例子中，寫信人一方面對客戶的惠顧表示感謝，另一方面又以向?qū)Ψ教峁┟赓M服務(wù)來彌補工作中的失誤。一方面感謝了對方，一方面又要為對方做些事情，很好地體現(xiàn)了“贊揚”和“謙遜”準則。,5. Maxim of Agreement (贊同準則) (a)Minimize disagreement between self and others; 盡量減少雙方的分歧 (b)Maximize agreement between self and others; 盡量增加雙方的共識,For example: To

13、m: This is a great restaurant, isnt it? Mary: (a)Not really! I do not like the food here. (b)Ill say. Obviously, (a) is less polite than (b),在涉外法律業(yè)務(wù)中，雙方在利益和意見上難免會有不同或沖突，這就要求雙方在一致原則下，盡量尋求利益的共同點，才能有利于糾紛或訴訟的解決。只有雙方具備高度的合作精神，才能謀求共同利益的實現(xiàn)。例如： Upon receipt of the signed agreement and the retainer fee, we w

14、ill begin your representation and will contact ABC in regard to your products liability claims against them.(一旦收到你方簽署的協(xié)議和聘請費，我們將開始代理你方，并且會就你方對ABC公司提起的產(chǎn)品訴訟一案跟他們聯(lián)系。),6. Maxim of Sympathy (同情準則) (a)Minimize antipathy between self and others; 盡量減少雙方的反感 (b)Maximize sympathy between self and others； 盡量增加雙

15、方的同情,For example: A:I am terribly pleased to hear your cat died. B:I am terribly sorry to hear about your cat. A is forbidden in actual communication because it is completely impolite to the hearer. But it may be preferable to say B which minimizes antipathy between self and others and maximizes sym

16、pathy between self and others.,在法律英語函電中，當一方遭到損失時，另一方會誠摯地表示同情，從感情上拉近雙方的距離，增進相互的理解，并以此建立良好的關(guān)系。例如： We regretted that you lost your wife in this accident and we will try our best to help you.（很遺憾，在這次事故中您失去了您的妻子，我們將盡力給您提供法律幫助。）,Summary,Relationship between PP essentially the desire that wants your action

17、s not be constrained or impeded by others. 消極面子是指不希望別人強加于自己,自己的行為不受別人的干涉或阻礙或者是不因遷就別人而使自己感到丟面子.,4. Face-threatening act: the act that infringes on the hearers need to maintain his or her self-esteem. That is, if you say something that represents a threat to another persons self-image, that is called a face-threa