1、The Business of Language and the Language of Business,Unit 1,The Business of English,The development of English The difference between American English and British English The influence of English,Research and discussion,Julius Caesar Duke of Normandy Old English Latin French Middle English A Table

2、Alphabeticall Samuel Johnson Webster Oxford,The difference between BE and AE,spelling pronunciation vocabulary grammar,Spelling,programme catalogue honour theatre offense recognise marvellous reflexion,program catalog honor theater offence recognize marvelous reflection,aesthetic sceptical cheque mo

3、ustache pyjamas likeable judgement,esthetic skeptical check mustache pajamas likable judgment,Pronounciation,Grammar,Tense Subjunctive mood Collective nouns Modal verbs Prepositions,Formatting of dates and numbers,As many,TEXT I,as many: of the same number,There wont be as many fireworks this year.

4、More than one hundred American colleges and universities now have educational exchanges with nearly as many Chinese institutions.,not as many as we had last year or previous years,with more or less 100 Chinese institutions,be exposed to,1. Make (something)visiblebyuncoveringit,e.g. Atlow tidethesand

5、sare exposed. e.g. weneed toexposeourweaknessesinordertolearnfrom themandgrow as a result.,2. Revealthetrue,objectionablenature of (someone or something),e.g. He has beenexposed asaliarand atraitor.,3. If someoneis exposed tosomething dangerous or unpleasant, they are put in a situation in which it

6、might affect them.,e.g. Mostpeoplein theworldarenon-smokersandhavea rightnottobeexposed toother peoplessmoke.,4. If someoneis exposed toan idea or feeling, usually a new one, they are given experience of it, or introduced to it.,e.g. He wants his childrentobeexposedtoall sorts of people with differe

7、nt values and beliefs.,proficient,TEXT I,proficient: a. to be proficient in sth,a proficient speaker,Ant.,clumsy, incompetent, unskilled,n. proficiency,proficiency in music Can you name some common proficiency tests in China?,Truly the tongue spoken back,TEXT I,Truly, the tongue spoken back in the 1

8、300s only by the “l(fā)ow people” of England has come a long way.,Paraphrase the sentence.,Indeed, the language spoken as early as 1300s by the native people in England has developed for a long time.,people of the lower class, those who were at the bottom of the society,Text I_ BG_2.1,What do these lang

9、uages have to do with English Romance, Germanic, Norse, Celtic?,The English language derives from or is influenced by them. Romance:e.g. French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese Germanic:e.g. German, Swedish Norse:language spoken by Scandinavian inhabitants Celtic:mainly spoken in Wales, Scotland, Irela

10、nd, Cornwall and the Isle of Man,TEXT I,But its elasticity makes it messier,TEXT I,But its elasticity makes it messier, as well as stronger.,What represents the elasticity of English?,e.g. It absorbs words from other languages and accepts created ones, thus a much larger vocabulary than many languag

11、es. In its history, it accepts, both in spoken and written form, influences from other languages, religion, law and science.,flexibility, adaptability,But its elasticity makes it messier 2,TEXT I,How does the elasticity of English make it messier and stronger?,messier: There are many varieties of En

12、glish, differences among them in pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar and so on, which can be very confusing sometimes. Stronger: English can be used in many fields and so it becomes a lingual franca, and enjoys a dominant status.,When it comes to,TEXT I,When it comes to saving the planet do celebriti

13、es practice what they preach? When it comes to renting or buying, youll spend about the same amount.,When it comes to as regards,“to” is not followed by an infinitive, but a noun or noun phrase.,barrier,TEXT I,barrier: n. ( to) obstacle,language barrier, trade barrier to remove barriers to success s

14、et barriers to communication,obstaclehindrance,A host of,TEXT I,a host of a great number of,a host of bills a host of new devices,a crowd of, a throng of, a swarm of(ants, bees, locusts), a flock of (sheep, birds),Angst-free,TEXT I,Angst-free: a. without anger or worry,-free: not containing a specif

15、ied substance (often used in combination),tax-free, a sugar-free soft drink,laisser-faire attitude: laisser-faire often refers to the principles of free trade, allowing for freedom to a great degree. Here it means hardly any restriction in the use and development of English.,To see a committee se up

16、 to regulate the language,TEXT I,to see a committee set up to regulate the language to see done: to make sure,You will see the work done properly. He is always the last to go to bed to see all the doors locked.,To have little to do with,TEXT I,to have little to do with:,to have everything to do with

17、 to have something to do with to have much to do with to have nothing to do with,Thus 2,TEXT I,Translate the following sentences.,1. If you throw the ball thus, as Im showing you, youll have better luck hitting the target. 如果你像我這樣扔球，命中的機會更大些。 2. I have all the tools I need. Thus I should be able to

18、fix the bike myself. 我有所有必要工具所以應該自己把自行車修好。 3. Register your phone right after purchase thus enabling us to provide you even better service in case of questions or in case of a warranty claim. 購買后請立即登記你的電話，以使我們在你萬一提出保修 要求時能提供更好的服務。,tr.,tr.,tr.,All-engulfing,TEXT I,all-engulfing:,all-knowing:knowing e

19、verything all-important: of greatest importance all-powerful:having unlimited power,engulf： If one thingengulfsanother, it completely covers or hides it, often in a sudden and unexpected way.,e.g. A seven-year-old boy was found dead after a landslide engulfed an apartment block.,Though the language

20、that now sweeps the,TEXT I,Paraphrase the sentence., though the language that now sweeps the world is called English, the culture carried with it is American.,Different from the history of English when English was spread through the power of the British Empire, now it is spread through the culture o

21、f a different powerful country the USA.,Americanization is equivalent to globalization to a large extent.,aspire,TEXT I,aspire: v. (to) desire, hope,Human beings have the power to accomplish whatever they intensely aspire to accomplish, provided they adhere to the method advocated.,n. aspiration,Wha

22、t is the life-long aspiration of the football player?,a. aspiring ambitious,Today, e-learning is turning out to be a great business proposition for the aspiring entrepreneurs.,As the 20th century drew on,TEXT I,As the 20th century drew on, however, and English continued to encroach, French was drive

23、n on to the defensive.,Paraphrase the sentence.,As the 20th century was approaching, and English kept on expanding beyond limits, French was put in a cornered position, having to fight for protection.,to advance beyond proper, established, or usual limits,Go into effect,TEXT I,go into effect to beco

24、me effective,The new tax laws wont go into effect until next year.,Other uses of effect:,To bring/put/carry a plan into effect 使一個計劃付諸實施 She disapproved of the proposal and wrote to that effect. 她不贊成此提議，并以書面形式表達此意。 His silence was in effect a confirmation of the rumor. 他的沉默實際上是證實了謠言。 The prescribed

25、medicine failed to take effect. 醫(yī)生開的藥沒能起作用。,aspire,TEXT I,oblige: v. (to),The storm got worse and worse. Finally, I was obliged to abandon the car and continue on foot.,n. obligation,When teachers assign homework, students usually feel an obligation to do it. The United States will do that which is

26、necessary to meet its obligations to its own citizens.,If youare obligedtodo something, a situation, rule, or law makes it necessary for you to do that thing.,In india some people see english as an,TEXT I,In India some people see English as an oppressive legacy of colonialism that should be extermin

27、ated.,Paraphrase the sentence.,India was once regarded as the Jewel in the Crown of the British Empire. People in India would think the English language reminds them of the period of colonialism, which should be wiped out.,But for many peoples the triumph of,TEXT I,But for many peoples the triumph o

28、f English is the defeat, if not outright destruction, of their own language.,Paraphrase the sentence.,But for many peoples the success or the wide spread of English means the defeat, if not a complete extinction, of their own language.,Text I_ BG_2.1,What is homogenisation?,Homogenization, a word us

29、ed in many fields, means making everything the same. This text uses the term to refer to homogenization of language, to show that English has become the dominant language of the world while at the same time many other languages face extinction.,TEXT I,homo- : being the same or like homonym homophone

30、 homograph homogenous homogenize homosexual,同音同形異義詞,同音詞,同形異義詞,同質的，同類的,使類同,同性戀的，同性戀者,multilingualism,TEXT I,multilingualism: n.,using or able to speak several or many languages with some facility,a. multilingual,a multilingual dictionary a multilingual person,multinational, multi-colored, multimedia

31、multiply: v.,Text II_ BG_4.2,What are these rhetorical devices: humor, metaphors, analogies, and literary allusions?,humor:,TEXT II,being funny, the speech or writing with ingenuity, verbal skill, or incongruity that may evoke laughter,metaphor:,a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applie

32、d to an object or action that it does not literally denote in order to imply a resemblance,analogy:,a comparison between two situations, processes etc that is intended to show that the two are similar,He uses the analogy of the family to explain the role of the state. An analogy attributed to Samuel

33、 Johnson is: “Dictionaries are like watches; the worst is better than none, and the best cannot be expected to go quite true.”,Text II_ BG_4.2,TEXT II,literary allusion:,a figure of speech that makes a reference to, or representation of, a place, event, literary work, myth, or work of art, either di

34、rectly or by implication.,In the stock market, he met his Waterloo. Martin Luther King, Jr., alluded to the Gettysburg Address in starting his I Have a Dream speech by saying Five score years ago.; his hearers were immediately reminded of Abraham Lincolns Four score and seven years ago, which opened

35、 the Gettysburg Address. Kings allusion effectively called up parallels in two historic moments.,multilingualism,TEXT I,circumlocution: n.,an indirect way of speaking, roundabout, ambiguous,multilingualism,TEXT I,Text III_ Bg_ 3_pop,The story of the tower of Babel is found in Genesis 11:1-9: “And th

36、e whole earth was of one language, and of one speech And they said, Go to, let us build us a city and a tower, whose top may reach onto heavenAnd the Lord said, Behold, the people is one, and have all one language; and this they begin to do; and nothing will be restrained from themlet us go down and

37、 there confound their language that they may not understand one anothers speechTherefore is the name of it called Babel”.,What do you know about the story of the Babel?,TEXT III,Text III_ Bg_ 3_pop,Here the tower is a symbol of mans aspiring arrogance, rebuked by God. Babel in modern English simply

38、means a noisy confusion.,What does the tower of Babel refer to?,TEXT III,manage,TEXT III,manage: v. (used with object) 1) to bring about or succeed in accomplishing, sometimes despite difficulty or hardship,Translate the following sentences.,tr.,工作和家庭都需要付出很多，她怎么都能做得這么好？,Work and Family are big commi

39、tments. How does she manage it all?,tr.,盡管兩人沒有見過面，但是他們還是從人群中找出了對方。,Although they have never met, they managed to identify each other among the crowds.,Manage 2,TEXT III,2) to take charge or care of,Translate the following sentence.,tr.,他決定自己來掌管投資事物。,He decided to manage his investments by himself.,t

40、r.,3) to handle, direct, govern, or control in action or use,Translate the following sentence.,tr.,對于經(jīng)驗不足的水手來說，在大風中控制好船帆是很困難的事。,For less experienced sailors it is difficult to manage the sail in strong winds.,Manage 3,TEXT III,(used without object) 4) to continue to function, progress, or succeed, u

41、sually despite hardship or difficulty; get along,Translate the following sentences.,tr.,這是艱苦的年代，但是我們挺過來了。,It was a rough time, but we managed.,tr.,他的太太要出差了，他既要接送小孩還要買菜做飯。他怎么辦??？,His wife will be away on business, so he has to send and pick up the kids and do the shopping. How will he manage?,percepti

42、vely,TEXT III,perceptively: adv. keenly, sensitively,Other forms of the word:,對問題深入透徹的分析,a perceptive analysis of the problems involved,perceptive: a. having or showing keenness of insight, understandina. g, or intuition,察覺到危險臨近,perceive the approach of threat,perceive: v. to be aware of, know,在能預見到

43、的未來,in the perceivable future,perceivable: a. can be perceived, can be seen,Filter out,TEXT III,filter out: to remove or separate sth by the action of a filter,The software magnate has almost an entire department working to filter out unwanted mails. filter out the dirt過濾出臟東西 filter out impurities 濾

44、除雜質,Londons rich linguistic medley,TEXT III,Londons rich linguistic medley passes through, and is connected by, English but since the English dont speak different languages, cosmopolitanism is in London but not really of it.,Can you paraphrase the sentence?,In London there is a large variety of lang

45、uages used, together with English, and is connected by this common language. But the English people can speak only one language, so London is not a real international city although it appears or sounds so.,Now above all what once sounded,TEXT III,Now, above all, what once sounded like a joyous babel

46、 can take on a more sinister ring.,Can you paraphrase the sentence?,The sentence refers to the previous sentence that regards English as “a two-edged sword”. Being the native speaker of the world language, English, used to be bliss. Now it has become a curse when they do not understand any other lan

47、guages.,Laisser-faire attitude,TEXT I,debilitate: v.,If youare debilitatedbysomething such as an illness, it causes your body or mind to become gradually weaker.,Stewart took over yesterday when Russell was debilitated by a stomach virus.,2. Todebilitatean organization, society, or government means

48、to gradually make it weaker.,Their made efforts to debilitate the political will of the Western alliance.,debilitating adj.,Susceptible to,TEXT III,susceptible to: easily influenced and affected,Translate the following sentences.,tr.,Some people are more susceptible to symptoms of anxiety, and stres

49、s induced illnesses.,有些人更容易出現(xiàn)焦慮的癥狀，或者其它由于壓力而引起的疾病。,tr.,年輕人更容易受到毒品的誘惑。,The young are susceptible to the allure of drugs.,Falling off a cliff,TEXT III,falling off a cliff: a sharp decrease, a sudden drop to the bottom,Translate the following sentences.,tr.,上個月美國的經(jīng)濟如同上演了一場驚悚秀，經(jīng)濟數(shù)據(jù)急轉直下。,The last month h

50、as been a horror show for the U.S. economy, with economic data falling off a cliff.,tr.,如果發(fā)達市場的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展突然跌入谷底，新興市場的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展能夠挽救世界經(jīng)濟嗎？,If economic growth in developed markets were to fall off the cliff, would growth in emerging markets save the world economy?,The adage you can buy in your own,TEXT III,What d

51、oes the saying mean?,In foreign trade it puts you in an advantageous position if you can do business in the language of your clients. If you want to sell your goods, youd better understand your customer very well and the good understanding can be reflected in your mastery of their language, which me

52、ans a successful deal., the adage you can buy in your own language, but you must sell in the language of your customer, is graphically illustrated in the UKs export figures.,The adage you can buy in your own 2,TEXT III,Can you paraphrase the sentence?,The saying proves to be true if you look at the export figur