1、關(guān)于幸福心理的問題,人生的最終目的是什么？ 什么是幸福？ 你幸福嗎？幸福水平可以測量嗎？ 為什么有的人幸福，有的人不幸福？ 如何才能獲得幸福？ 2002年若貝爾經(jīng)濟學(xué)獎獲得者關(guān)于“財富的極大化與幸福的極大化”的看法,主講人：,幸福的含義,哈佛大學(xué)現(xiàn)在最熱的課程-積極心理學(xué) 哈佛大學(xué)最受歡迎的人生導(dǎo)師 塔勒本-沙哈爾 幸福=意義+快樂,Thinking about happiness,Remember, these studies are based on large numbers of people. The findings talk about general patterns.,In

2、general, are people happy?,Yes. 75% - 80% of people worldwide say theyre happy. Excited, proud, pleased within the past week.,Set point for happiness,幸福的調(diào)整點 May be genetic 可能是遺傳的 Within 1 year of a very positive or very negative event, happiness returns to previous levels. 在一個非常積極或非常消極的事件之后，1年之內(nèi)，幸?；?/p>

3、到從前的狀態(tài) 殘奧會的啟示,What is not associated with happiness?,Age Gender Race Why?,Age & SWB in 16 Nations,Report of Satisfaction by Gender,What is not associated with happiness?,Education（教育程度） Living in a big city or small town 生活在大城市，還是在小鎮(zhèn)上 Part of the country where you live Why?,What is not associated wi

4、th happiness?,Wealth（財富） Wealthy countries are no happier than poor countries. 富國并不比窮國更幸福 Within any country, people who are most wealthy are not any happier than everyone else. 在任何國家，最富裕的人，不比任何其他人更幸福 Why?,Money does not buy happiness,What is associated with happiness?,High self-esteem 高自尊 Why? How?

5、 自尊是人格的基石 Sense of control over life 對生活有控制感 Why? How? Optimism 樂觀主義 Why? How?,What is associated with happiness?,Extraversion 外向性 Why? How? Health and Fitness 健康與適應(yīng) Why? How? Marital Status 婚姻狀態(tài) Why? How?,IS MARRIAGE BLISS,Importance of family,Rare person who, as his life draws to a close, wishes h

6、e had spent more time with at work.,Question 1,How do happy people behave? 幸福的人的行為舉止是怎樣的呢? What do they do that makes them happy? 他們做了什么事，使得他們幸福呢？ To answer that question, we can look at some recent research studies on happiness.,Diener and Seligman, 2002,A comparison of happy people and unhappy peo

7、ple. 比較幸福的人與不幸福的人,Diener and Seligman, 2002,Participants reported satisfaction with life 生活滿意度 Mood 心境 information about friendships 有關(guān)友誼的資料 personality traits 人格特質(zhì),Then the authors compared People with the highest happiness scores “very happy” and People with the lowest happiness scores “unhappy”,R

8、esults（結(jié)果）,Very happy people differed from unhappy people in a number of ways. 在許多方面，非常幸福的人不同于不幸福的人。,Very happy people,Had strong and satisfying interpersonal relationships 擁有牢固和滿意的人際關(guān)系 Were more extraverted and more agreeable 更外向，更爽快 Never reported feeling ecstatic or exuberantly happy 從未報告說感覺到狂喜或者

9、幸福非凡,Unhappy people,Reported fewer close friends, fewer romantic relationships, and weaker family relationships. 報告較少的親密朋友，較少的浪漫關(guān)系，以及較弱的家庭關(guān)系 Reported more negative emotions than very happy people. 與非常幸福的人相比，報告更多的負(fù)面情緒,Question 2,How do happy people deal with rejection, or not getting what they want?

10、幸福的人如何處理拒絕呢？或者說，沒有得到他們想要的東西時，他們怎樣做的呢？,Lyubomirsky and Ross, 1999,The Dessert Study “甜點研究” Participants（被試）: Rated 10 desserts（評估10種甜點） Learned they would receive a dessert 得知他們會收到一種甜點 Rated the desserts again 再次評估這些甜點,Results,Happy people rated the dessert they received highly 對他們收到的甜點的評估非常高 also ag

11、reed the desserts they had rated highly but had not received still sounded good 也同意原來評估很高但沒有收到的甜點還是非常不錯,Results,Unhappy people also rated the dessert they received highly 對他們收到的甜點的評估也非常高 But they insulted the desserts they were denied 但是，他們蔑視他們得不到的甜點,The College Study,“大學(xué)研究” High school seniors （高中畢

12、業(yè)生）evaluated colleges（評價大學(xué)） after applying（在申請之后） again after learning which colleges accepted them and selecting which college they would ultimately attend. 在得知哪些大學(xué)已經(jīng)接受他們，以及選好他們最后就讀哪所大學(xué)之后，再次評價,Results-Happy students,Were more satisfied than unhappy ones with the colleges they ultimately chose. 與不幸福

13、的學(xué)生相比，幸福的學(xué)生對他們最終選擇的學(xué)校更滿意,Results-Happy students,Were more satisfied than unhappy students with colleges that accepted them but that they ultimately chose not to attend. 與不幸福的學(xué)生相比，幸福的學(xué)生對選擇他們但他們最終沒有就讀的學(xué)校更滿意,Results-Happy students,Happy students sharply devalued the colleges that rejected them! 幸福的學(xué)生急劇

14、貶低拒絕他們的大學(xué),Results,Unhappy students Were less satisfied than happy students with the colleges they ultimately chose. 與幸福的學(xué)生相比，不幸福的學(xué)生對最終選擇的學(xué)校滿意較少 Were not as likely to devalue colleges that rejected them. 不太貶低拒絕他們的大學(xué),Desserts vs. college,Not getting a dessert is a small instance of rejection. 沒有得到一種甜點

15、，是細(xì)小拒絕的場合 Not getting into college is a larger and more threatening instance of rejection. 沒有進(jìn)入大學(xué)，是較大拒絕和威脅性比較高的拒絕的場合,Desserts vs. college,So it makes sense that people would behave differently in these two situations. 因此，有意義的是，人在這兩種場合下的行為方式有所不同 Beyond that, happy people and unhappy people behaved qu

16、ite differently. 除此以外，幸福的人與不幸福 的人在行為舉止上非常不同,Summary,Purpose of positive psychology: to study happiness, strength and virtue 積極心理學(xué)的目的：研究幸福、力量和美德 What is not associated with happiness: demographic variables like gender, age, wealth and education 與幸福不相關(guān)的東西：人口統(tǒng)計學(xué)變量，如性別、年齡、財富和教育程度,Summary,What is associated with happiness: more internal variables such as self-esteem, sense of control, optimism, healthy relationships 與幸福相關(guān)的東西：更