1、Advanced English Book One Unit10,The Trial That Rocked the World By John Scopes,The Scopes trial, also known as the “Monkey Trial,” is one of the most famous courtroom dramas in United States history. The press dubbed it the Monkey Trial because, according to popular belief, evolution meant that hum

2、ans were descended from monkeys.,Background Knowledge,Course,The defense argued for the scientific validity of evolution and against the constitutionality of the Butler Act, but it did not deny that Scopes had broken the law. Darrow, in cross-examining Bryan, succeeded in pointing out several seriou

3、s inconsistencies (矛盾) in Fundamentalist belief.,Results,Scopes was convicted and fined $100, but the verdict was later reversed on technical grounds by the state supreme court. The Butler Act remained on the books until 1967. The trial was seen as a victory for evolution.,rock:,to cause great shock

4、 and surprise to to move gently backwards and forwards or from side to side People used to say: The hand that rocks the cradle rules the world. The Presidents murder rocked the nation. Another financial blow has rocked the industry. The theory rocked the foundations of social and moral life.,Words a

5、nd phrases worth paying special attention to.,silver-tongued orator; a silver tongue e.g. Sometimes we do get fooled by all that beautifully packaged, silver-tongued hype of the record companies. be born with a silver spoon in the mouth Every cloud has a silver lining. 黑暗之中總有光明。 Speech is silver, bu

6、t silence is golden. Silver State: informal name for Nevada and Colorado silver medal; silver jubilee; silver wedding; the silver screen;,silver,counsel:,| u | advice: They refused to listen to the old mans counsel. | c | one or more lawyers acting for sb. in a court of law. e.g. The counsel are agr

7、eed. The judge asked the counsel for the defense to explain his point. take /hold counsel for advice: to ask sb. for advice,Cf. council: a group of people appointed or elected to make laws, rules, or decisions, for a town, etc., or to give advice. the state council國務(wù)院 the Council of Ministers內(nèi)閣 the

8、UN Security Council安理會(huì) Official meetings of the town council鎮(zhèn)政會(huì) are always held in the council chamber會(huì)議室.,Nominate:,to suggest or name sb. officially for election to a position, office, honor, etc. I wish to nominate Jane Morrison for president of the club. nominee: a person who has been nominated.

9、 nominator,The revival of fundamentalism,After WW I, religious intolerances were rampant. Quite a few states passed laws prohibiting the teaching of Darwinist evolution. When John Scopes, a school teacher, defied the law by teaching evolution, he was brought up for trial. The court debate was not on

10、ly a reflection of religious conflicts but also a significant struggle between the progressive and the reactionary.,Darwinism,The theory of evolution asserts that all living forms, plants and animals, including Man have developed from earlier and simpler forms by processes of change and selection. T

11、he fittest survive.,Testify (against, for, to):,a. to make a solemn statement of what is true. The teacher testified to the pupils ability and willingness to work hard. Can you testify that you saw the defendant at the scene of the crime? One witness testified that hed seen the prisoner run out of t

12、he bank after it had been robbed. b. to serve as proof: e.g. Her red face testified to her guilt / that she was guilty. testimonial（品行，行為，資格等）證明書，推薦書 Applicants for this post must send copies of 3 recent testimonials.,evidence:,information given personally, drawn from a document or in the form of ma

13、terial objects, tending or used to establish facts in a legal investigation or admissible as testimony in a law court 用于任何指示或?qū)蝈e(cuò)的事實(shí)，但并不能確切證明究竟是對(duì)是錯(cuò)。 Running away was evidence of his guilt. Without evidence, they cant bring a charge.,testimony:,a formal written or spoken statement, especially one give

14、n in a court of law; evidence or proof provided by the existence or appearance of sth 指證實(shí)對(duì)或錯(cuò) His blackened finger was testimony to the fact that he had played in pain. His speech was testimony of his good intention.,hand:,on hand: present, available the hidden hand the minute hour hand ask for a gir

15、ls hand give ones hand to sb. a fresh green hand a crack good, great hand extra hands at first hand (knowledge at first hand )。 at second hand at hand,hand:,be out of sb.s hands by hand : e.g. deliver a letter by hand fold ones hands from hand to mouth gain get, have the upper hand of get a big hand

16、 hand in hand: e.g. to act hand in hand 。 Hands off! Hands up! hold up ones hands,hand:,in hand: e.g. We have the situation well in hand kiss hands ( the hand ) kiss ones hand to lose the upper hand on hand out of hand try ones hand at,proof:,evidence or argument establishing or helping to establish

17、 a fact or the truth of a statement 確實(shí)證據(jù)，不容置疑的證據(jù) His actions were proof that he was telling the truth. You will be asked to give proof of your identity. The proof of the pudding is in the eating.,Erupt:,to explode and pour out fire (volcanoes, geysers, wars, emotions, etc.) Geysers and volcanoes eru

18、pt. The volcano erupted lava and ashes. He erupted angry words. Violence erupted in the city after the football.,build up,develop/extend gradually, steadily; become larger, stronger The clouds are building up. He has built up a good business over the years. It broke out after a study in China sugges

19、ted for the first time that GM cotton was permanently damaging the environment and that insects were building up resistance to it.,aim ( at ): point or direct towards some object, esp. with the intention of hitting it,Cf. aim / direct / level / point / train The central meaning shared by these verbs

20、 is to turn something in the direction of an intended goal or target. aimed the camera at the guests directing her eyes on the book leveled criticism at the administration pointing a finger at the suspect trained the gun on the intruder,least of all （最不應(yīng)該；尤其不）,less than anyone/anything else Nobody o

21、ught to complain; he least of all who has received so much kindness. 誰都不應(yīng)抱怨，他尤其不應(yīng)該，他已得到這么多恩惠。 I never hid the truth, least of all from you. He liked that book least of all. not in the least (not at all) to say the least (of it) (understatement) His performance was disappointing, to say the least of

22、it. It was rather an unsatisfactory dinner, to say the least of it. 那次宴會(huì)，相當(dāng)令人不滿意，至少可以如此說。,snowball:,to increase in size faster and faster or uncontrollably The effect of rising prices has snowballed. He helped the organization to snowball its political influence. 他幫助那家機(jī)構(gòu)迅速增大政治影響力。 The number of sign

23、ers of the petition for a new school snowballed. 要求增設(shè)新學(xué)校的簽名人數(shù)越來越多。,take on:,begin to have (the look of) The old city has taken on a new look. Believing he had only a year to live, his writing took on a feverish intensity. circus: acrobats, clowns, trained animals Cf. paint the town red: go out and e

24、njoy oneself flamboyantly,passersby,lookers-in lookers-on diners-out maids-in-waiting sons-in-law fathers-in-law,statesman spokesman craftsman sportsman yachtsman salesman swordsman dolesman,almsman cragsman mobsman banksman helmsman herdsman steersman draftsman pointsman landsman clansman kinsman,k

25、insfolk townsfolk townspeople,異教徒,infidel: a person who does not believe in religion or who adheres to a religion other than ones own, implying being in the hands of the devil pagan: a person holding religious beliefs other than those of the main world religions heretic: a person believing in or pra

26、cticing religious heresy,steeped in:,thoroughly filled or familiar with; saturated, immersed, imbued with a place steeped in mystery a mind steeped in law be steeped in women and liquor 沉緬于酒色,agnostic: a person who believes that one can only have knowledge of material things and that nothing is or c

27、an be known about God or life after death. 不可知論者 atheist: a person who disbelieves in the existence of God. 無神論者 cf. aesthete: a person who is appreciative of or sensitive to art and beauty. 唯美主義者，審美者,session:,a formal meeting of an organization, esp. a law-making body or court. Be seated! This cour

28、t is in session. This years session of Congress was unusually long. the morning/afternoon session the 2nd Session of the 10th National Peoples Congress 第十屆全國人民代表大會(huì)第二次會(huì)議（NPC) the 2nd Session of the 10th Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) 第十屆中國人民政治協(xié)商會(huì)議第二次會(huì)議,take legal proceeding

29、s against sb. 對(duì)-提出訴訟 take divorce proceedings 提出離婚訴訟 contentious procedure 訴訟程序,growl:,to make a deep rough sound in the throat to show anger or give warning, a deep rough sound The dog was angry and growled at me. We heard thunder growling in the distance. He growled (out) his disapproval. He answe

30、red the question with a growl.,a hell of,(used for giving force to an expression) a hell of a nasty accident a mess an actor a good car a lot of money work an exam a trip a change,drawl,speak in a slow, lazy way with prolonged vowel sounds “Suits me fine,” he drawled. People are getting used to Bush

31、s Texas drawl. 人們慢慢習(xí)慣了布什的得州慢腔調(diào)。,bigotry,bigot: a person who thinks strongly and unreasonably that his own opinion and belief is correct about matters of religion, race, politics, etc. bigotry: intolerance towards those who hold different opinions from oneself The report reveals racism and right-wing

32、 bigotry. bigoted: obstinately convinced of the superiority or correctness of ones own opinions and prejudiced against those who hold different opinions a bigoted group of reactionaries,rampant:,of crime, disease, beliefs, ideas, ignorance, bigotry, wide spread, impossible to control, unchecked. wee

33、ds, vines,(grow too freely) The vines ran rampant over the fence. Ignorance is rampant among them. Anarchy was rampant after the dictator died. a rampant leopard: 一只暴怒的豹子 two gold lions rampant: 用后腳立起的獅子,contaminate:,made impure or bad by or as if by mixing in /with impure, dirty, or poisonous matte

34、r: Dont eat this food: it may have been contaminated by the flies. The river was contaminated with waste from the factory. Our students are being contaminated by foreign ideas! His morals have been contaminated by bad companions.,warm: become more enthusiastic, animated vt.to raise slightly in tempe

35、rature; make warm:e.g. warmed the rolls a bit more; warm up the house. vt. to make zealous or ardent; enliven; to fill with pleasant emotions:e.g. We were warmed by the sight of home. vi. to become warm; e.g. The rolls are warming in the oven. vi. to become ardent, enthusiastic, or animated:e.g. beg

36、an to warm to the subject. vi. to become kindly disposed or friendly:e.g. She felt the audience warming to her. Bryan was encouraged by the audiences appreciation of his sarcasm and became more enthusiastic.,denounce:,to speak or write against He was denounced as a rascal. The ministers action was d

37、enounced in the newspaper. They denounced him to the police as a criminal. to declare publicly and officially the end of (an agreement, treaty, esp. one between nations) to denounce a treaty,thunder:,the loud explosive noise that follows a flash of lightning, any noise like this. To shout loudly, to

38、 attack violently with words. The gun thundered in the distance. The sea thunders against the rocks. She was thundering at the door. The reformers thundered against drinking and gambling.,thunder:,to thunder threats (condemnation, denouncement) some phrases: in thunder (used for giving force to a qu

39、estion) What in thunder do you think youre doing? like /as black as thunder (very angry /annoyed) steal ones thunder (剽竊別人的思想或方法等),（用預(yù)期表演或言論等之精彩而使實(shí)際表現(xiàn)為之失色）,gone:no longer present, departed,Gone are the days when imperialists could run rough shod over the Chinese people. Gone are the days when my hea

40、rt was young and gay. Gone are the days when I could sleep for as long as I pleased.,arena:,the central (middle) part of a Roman amphitheater, used for public sports and fights, amusement. arena of politics, arena of World War II ( a scene /place), literary arena-business, cultural, academic, theatr

41、ical circle,quarters 界,diplomatic quarters 外交界 dinancial quarters 金融界 the highest quarters 最高層 the quarters concerned 有關(guān)方面,the platform,the pulpit,literati,in the field of medicine,the scientific field,reconcile:,1if you reconcile two beliefs, facts, or demands that seem to be opposed or completely

42、different, you find a way in which they can both be true or both be fulfilled. vt. e.g. Its difficult to reconcile the demands of my job and the desire to be a good father. 2If you are reconciled with someone, you become friendly with them again after a quarrel or disagreement. e.g. He never believe

43、d he and Susan would be reconciled. 3If you reconcile two people, you make them become friends again after a quarrel or disagreement e.g. my attempt to reconcile him with Toby 4If you reconcile yourself to an unpleasant situation, you accept it, although it does not make you happy to do so. e.g. She

44、 had reconciled herself to never seeing him again. She felt, if not grateful for her own lot, at least a little more reconciled to it.,deliberate/ponder:,Both emphasize the slow, careful process of weighing possibilities/ alternatives. deliberate: stresses the slowness, rational process of decision-

45、making. The jury deliberated four hours before bringing in a verdict. Jurors deliberated the fate of those charged. She deliberated over the menu.,deliberate/ponder:,ponder: stresses the weighing of possibilities and points to the solemnity and difficulty of the problem, to which there may be no sol

46、ution. The Minister for Defense pondered the problem of how to maintain national security without compromising individual freedom. I pondered the question of what clothes to wear for the occasion. She sat pondering over her problem.,cower (wince, shrink, flinch),shrink from a person or action becaus

47、e of alarm, cowardice, servility, obsequiousness, cold, also indicate a fearful and trembling recoil or drawing back from danger, pain, extreme discomfort. antonyms: confront, face, carry off( to do /perform easily, successfully), brazen out ( to face trouble/ blame with shameless daring) He cowered

48、 in frozen panic as the horses stampeded towards him.,yokel (country bumpkin, hayseed, hick, rustic, rube) refer contemptuously, unflatteringly, unfavorably to rural, provincial, uncultured, unsophisticated, narrow-minded people who could be easily gulled, duped, conned, taken in.,repel/ repulse,1,

49、to drive back by or as if by force to repel an attack/an enemy 2. to cause feelings of dislike in Lets go at once! You repel me. His accent repels me. 他說話的腔調(diào)讓我惡心。 3. make displeased Evil odors invariably repel. 臭味總讓人不愉快。,4. be against each other Particles with similar electric charges repel each oth

50、er. 帶有同性電荷之物體相排斥。 5. be waterproof This coat repels rain. repellant appearance 令人憎惡的外貌,repulse:,1. to drive back (an enemy/attack) to repulse the enemy 2. to refuse coldly; push away (a friendly person, or an offer of friendship) He offered to help, but was repulsed.,Bryan is like Don Quixote in his

51、 actions, fighting windmills or tilting at windmills, too dramatic and too pretentious to be really convincing and impressive.,punctuate,interrupt periodically The football game was punctuated by the cheers of each teams supporters. She punctuated his prayer with Amens. He punctuated his speech with

52、 gestures. He punctuated his lecture with a few well-chosen jokes.,笑,snigger/snicker:竊笑 smothered or half-suppressed laughter. They sniggered when he announced that he would someday be Prime Minister. The boys sniggered as the poor dog ran about with a tin can tied to its tail. chuckle: low-keyed, r

53、eflective, expressing appreciation, satisfaction, denote quiet laughter, usu. harmless, pleasant, good-natured in tone,chortlechuckle+snort: high glee, impishness 咯咯笑 giggle/ titter: 嗤嗤笑，傻笑， uncontrollable fit of silly but harmless laughter, high-pitched sounds, usu. associated with children or girl

54、s.,slur,unfair damaging remarks to harm ones reputation slander n/v blaspheme v. 褻瀆，辱罵 cast slurs upon ones friends sny. smear, disgrace, insult,hubbub,a mixture of loud noises tumult brawl din roar racket row uproar pandemonium commotion clamour,(heart, sympathies, feelings) go out to sb,be extende

55、d to (of feelings) to be in sympathy with; feel sorry for The Englishmans heart went out to the pitiful figure. My heart couldnt help going out to the helpless wounded children in dirty rags whose parents died in the recent Iraqi war. Our thoughts go out to our friends abroad. Our hearts go out to t

56、he heroic fighters in the forefront of anti-imperialist struggle.,jury,The jury finds the prisoner guilty. The jury were divided in opinion. 陪審團(tuán)意見分歧。 The jury were (was) asked to consider their verdict at noon the following day. (a jury anchor),oxymoron,a victorious defeat sweet bitterness 苦中有甜 crue

57、l kindness 看似殘酷，實(shí)則仁慈 falsely true 似假還真 a blessing in disguise 貌似災(zāi)禍，實(shí)際使人得福的事,oxymoron,I despise its very vastness and power. It has the poorest millionaires, the littlest great men, the haughtiest beggars, the plainest beauties, the the lowest skyscrapers, the dolefulest pleasures of any town I ever

58、saw. (O. Henry, The Duel) 我嗤之以鼻的正是其宏大與權(quán)勢(shì)，我從未見過哪個(gè)城市有象這里這樣的最貧窮的百萬富翁，最渺小的偉人，最高傲的乞丐，最丑陋的美人，最低矮的摩天大廈，最無趣味的樂事。,paradox,Caesar: Cowards die many times before their deaths; The valiant never taste of death but once 愷撒：懦夫在未死之前，就已經(jīng)死過好多次；勇士一生只死一次。,paradox,Yet, those who have eyes apparently see little. The pan

59、orama of color and action which fills the world is taken for granted. (Helen Keller, Three Days to See) 可是，明眼人顯然徒有兩只眼睛，充滿著大千世界的豐富多彩、千姿百態(tài)的畫景，在他們看來竟是平淡無奇。,in the wake of:,close behind and in the same path of travel as The car left clouds of dust in its wake. Traders came in the wake of the conquering army. 商人們隨著征服的軍隊(duì)而來。 as a result of; following as a consequence hunger and disease in the wake of war,climate,the general temper or opinions of a group of people or period of history I wouldnt have liked the moral/political climate of Britain before the 1st World War. In a climate