1、Chapter Four ( Part I ),Conversion in English-Chinese Translation,兩個(gè)原因使詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換在翻譯中極為普遍: 一、英語(yǔ)有的詞類(lèi)在漢語(yǔ)中沒(méi)有，翻譯時(shí)不得不轉(zhuǎn)換； 二、英語(yǔ)屬于印歐語(yǔ)系, 漢語(yǔ)屬漢藏語(yǔ)系。英漢兩種語(yǔ)言在詞匯和語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)方面有許多不同，因此，英譯漢時(shí)在多數(shù)情況下很難將兩種語(yǔ)言的詞匯或結(jié)構(gòu)一一對(duì)應(yīng)。 為了使譯文符合漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣，更為地道，翻譯時(shí)不必拘泥于原文的表層結(jié)構(gòu)，可以在忠實(shí)原文意義的前提下將原文中某些詞的詞類(lèi)或成分轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語(yǔ)的其他詞類(lèi)或成分。,英語(yǔ)中許多名詞, 動(dòng)詞含義靈活, 翻譯時(shí)需要從其基本意義出發(fā), 聯(lián)系上下文加以靈活

2、處理。 通常情況下, 由動(dòng)詞派生的名詞和具有動(dòng)作意義或含有動(dòng)作意味的名詞往往可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞; 由形容詞派生的名詞和一些加不定冠詞作表語(yǔ)用的名詞往往可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞。有些意義抽象的名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)與句子其他成分之間存在一定的邏輯關(guān)系時(shí), 可以根據(jù)其意義轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)副詞或相應(yīng)的狀語(yǔ)成分。 由于英漢兩種語(yǔ)言在表達(dá)方式上的不同，有些英語(yǔ)形容詞可譯成漢語(yǔ)副詞，這種轉(zhuǎn)譯法在形容詞修飾的名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)更為常用。,一 轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞 二 轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞 三 轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞 四 其他詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)譯 a. 形容詞與副詞的互相轉(zhuǎn)譯 b. 名詞與副詞的互相轉(zhuǎn)譯,一、 轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞,1. 名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞 （1）由動(dòng)詞派生的名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯

3、成動(dòng)詞，在政論文體中出現(xiàn)比較多。如： Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe. 火箭已經(jīng)用來(lái)探索宇宙。 The government called for the establishment of more technical schools. 政府號(hào)召建立更多的技術(shù)學(xué)校.,Keep this dictionary on your desk for easy reference. 把這本詞典放在你書(shū)桌上，以備隨時(shí)查閱。 His music was an exciting mixture of whit

4、e country music and black blues. 他演唱的歌曲將白人鄉(xiāng)村音樂(lè)和傷感的黑人民歌融為一體，非常激動(dòng)人心。 He is a regular visitor. 他經(jīng)常來(lái).,(2) 含有動(dòng)作意味的名詞（在記敘、描寫(xiě)文體中出現(xiàn)較多）往往可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞。如： As the week drew to a close, the enemy rout was complete. 一周快結(jié)束時(shí)，敵人徹底潰退了。 International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for g

5、oods and services produced in another. 國(guó)際貿(mào)易就是一個(gè)國(guó)家生產(chǎn)的商品和提供的服務(wù)與另一個(gè)國(guó)家生產(chǎn)的商品和服務(wù)進(jìn)行交換。,He started at a walk but soon broke into a run. 他開(kāi)始時(shí)慢慢走著，但一會(huì)兒就奔跑起來(lái)。 The film took my thoughts back to the days in London. 影片使我回想起在倫敦的日子。 beyond thought 想象不到 after much thought 經(jīng)仔細(xì)考慮后,3. 英語(yǔ)中有些加后綴-er的名詞，如teacher教師，thinker思

6、想家等等，有時(shí)在句中并不指其身份和職業(yè)，而是含有較強(qiáng)的動(dòng)作意味，在漢語(yǔ)中沒(méi)有恰當(dāng)?shù)膶?duì)應(yīng)名詞時(shí)，往往可以譯成動(dòng)詞。 指職業(yè)的時(shí)候只能譯成名詞。e.g. She is a well-known singer. He is the best singer of this song in our class.,I am afraid I cant teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I. 我未必會(huì)教你游泳。我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。 Talking with his son, the old ma

7、n was the forgiver of the young mans past wrong doings. 在和兒子談話(huà)時(shí)，老人寬恕了年輕人過(guò)去所干的壞事。,I am no drinker, nor smoker. 我既不喝酒, 也不抽煙. He is a lover of Chinese painting. 他熱愛(ài)中國(guó)畫(huà)。 This pupil is a good writer. 這個(gè)小學(xué)生文章寫(xiě)的不錯(cuò). I am an amateur actor. He is a better player than I. 我是個(gè)業(yè)余演員，他演得比我好。,3. 作為習(xí)語(yǔ)主體的名詞往往可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞，如

8、： to have a rest; to have a good look at; take a walk; go for a walk A. verb + objective + prep. make a claim to 要求，主張,give no evidence of 不足以說(shuō)明 keep watch over 密切注視 have an effect on 影響 put on an imitation 模仿,2. prep. + objective + prep. in answer to 響應(yīng) on account of 基于的原因 in proportion to 與成比例 He

9、has already made mention of the matter in his speech. 他在講演中曾提到過(guò)這件事。,He showed with his eyes that he heard, but made no sign of assent or dissent. 他瞧了他一下，表示他聽(tīng)見(jiàn)了，但沒(méi)有表示同意或不同意。 The party branch secretary showed great concern for the students health. 黨支書(shū)很關(guān)心學(xué)生的健康。,2 介詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞,Millions of the people in the m

10、ountainous areas are finally off poverty. 千百萬(wàn)山區(qū)人終于擺脫了貧窮. He came to my home for help. 他來(lái)我家, 請(qǐng)求幫助. At noon, she came home for lunch. 中午, 她回家吃午飯. The people are with him. 人民擁護(hù)他.,The woman, with her two daughters, arrived. 這婦女帶著兩個(gè)女兒到了. He caught the ball with his left hand. 他用左手接球. He was away before d

11、awn. 他是黎明前出發(fā)的. Everyone was away on holiday. 大家都去度假了. What are you after? 你追求什么?,Up the street they went, past stores, across a broad square, and then entered a huge building. 他們沿著大街走去, 經(jīng)過(guò)許多商店, 穿過(guò)一個(gè)大廣場(chǎng), 然后進(jìn)入了一座大廈.,3 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞,英語(yǔ)中表示知覺(jué)、情欲、欲望等心理狀態(tài)的形容詞，在系動(dòng)詞后作表語(yǔ)用時(shí)，往往可轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞。如：confident, certain, careful, c

12、autious, angry, sure, ignorant, afraid, doubtful, aware, concerned, glad, delighted, sorry, ashamed, thankful, anxious，grateful, able, content, suspicious, resentful等。,Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life. 醫(yī)生們說(shuō)他們不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。 The fact that she was able to send a message wa

13、s a hint. But I had to be cautious. 她能夠給我?guī)€(gè)信兒這件事就是個(gè)暗示。但是我必須小心謹(jǐn)慎。,It was a very informative meeting. 會(huì)上透露了許多信息。 They were not content with their present achievements. 他們不滿(mǎn)足于現(xiàn)有的成就. They were suspicious and resentful of him. 他們不信任他, 討厭他.,4 副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞,He is not in/ out. 他出去了。 As he ran out, he forgot to ha

14、ve his shoes on. 他跑出去時(shí),忘了穿鞋子. The successful fishermen of that day were already in. 那天交好運(yùn)的漁夫們都已回來(lái) 。,What film will be on this evening? 今晚放映什么影片？ That book will be out pretty soon. 那本書(shū)不久就要出版了。 In those years the republicans were in. 那些年是共和黨執(zhí)政。 Double windows were fixed to keep the cold out. 安裝雙層窗御寒。,

15、二、 轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞,（一）英語(yǔ)中很多由名詞派生的動(dòng)詞，以及由名詞轉(zhuǎn)用的動(dòng)詞，在漢語(yǔ)中往往不易找到相應(yīng)的動(dòng)詞，這時(shí)可將其轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)名詞。,1. 名詞派生的動(dòng)詞 英語(yǔ)中許多名詞派生的動(dòng)詞，以及由名詞轉(zhuǎn)用的動(dòng)詞，在漢語(yǔ)中往往不易找到相應(yīng)的動(dòng)詞，這時(shí)可以將其轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。例如： The development of scientific research in China is characterized by the integration of theory with practice. 中國(guó)科學(xué)研究發(fā)展的特點(diǎn)是理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際。 To them, he personified the absolut

16、e power. 在他們看來(lái)，他就是絕對(duì)權(quán)威的化身。,2. 名詞轉(zhuǎn)用的動(dòng)詞譯成名詞,He objected that the plan is not practical. 他反對(duì)的理由是：這個(gè)計(jì)劃不現(xiàn)實(shí)。 Our age is witnessing a profound political change. 我們的時(shí)代是深刻政治變革的見(jiàn)證。 He aims to enter the university next year. 他的目標(biāo)是明年進(jìn)大學(xué),（二） 有些英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)式句子中的動(dòng)詞，可以譯成“受（遭）到+名詞”、“予（加）以+名詞”這類(lèi)結(jié)構(gòu)。如： He was treated very shab

17、bily by the press during this period. 在這期間，他受到了新聞界極不公正的對(duì)待。 I was encouraged by our president. 我得到了校長(zhǎng)的鼓勵(lì)。,His image as a good student was badly tarnished. 他作為一個(gè)好學(xué)生的形象，已遭受到很大的玷污。 He was snuffed by the top-ranking officials there. 他受到那邊高級(jí)官員們的冷遇。,（三） 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞,1. 英語(yǔ)中有些形容詞加上定冠詞表示某一類(lèi)的人，漢譯時(shí)常譯成名詞。如： They did

18、 their best to help the sick and the wounded. 他們盡了最大的努力幫助病號(hào)和傷員。 Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and protected the poor. 羅賓漢和他的伙伴們痛恨闊人，熱愛(ài)并保護(hù)窮人。 Both compounds are acids, the former is strong and the latter is weak. 這兩種都是酸。前者是強(qiáng)酸，后者是弱酸。,2. 此外，根據(jù)情況還有些形容詞可以譯成名詞。如： Stevenson was eloq

19、uent and elegant-but soft. 史蒂文森有口才、有風(fēng)度，但很軟弱。 They were considered insincere. 他們被人認(rèn)為是偽君子。 His whole family were religious. 他全家都是虔誠(chéng)的教徒。,三、轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞,（一）形容詞派生的名詞往往可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞。 We found difficulty in solving this complicated problem. 我們感到，解決這個(gè)復(fù)雜的問(wèn)題是困難的。 I recognized the absurdity of dealing with them through i

20、ntermediaries. 我認(rèn)識(shí)到，通過(guò)中間人跟他們打交道是愚蠢的。,This issue is of vital importance. 這個(gè)問(wèn)題至關(guān)重要。 So the re-habilitation of the cabin became a necessity. 因此，重新布置小屋的陳設(shè)是必要的了。,（二）有些名詞加不定冠詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，往往可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞。如： Our performance was a success. 我們的演出很成功。,He is a stranger to the operation of the electronic computer. 他對(duì)電子計(jì)算機(jī)的操

21、作是陌生的。 Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study. 獨(dú)立思考對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)是絕對(duì)必需的。,（三）副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為形容詞,由于動(dòng)詞變?yōu)槊~，原來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞的副詞響應(yīng)地變?yōu)樾稳菰~： He was deeply impressed by what they did in the critical moment. 他們?cè)陉P(guān)鍵時(shí)刻的行為給他留下了深刻的印象。 “I suppose boys think differently from girls,” he said. 他說(shuō)，“我認(rèn)為男孩想法/思維方式與女孩是不一樣的?！?In science a

22、nd engineering, it is of great importance to state the laws and principles accurately. 工程學(xué)方面, 定律和原理的正確敘述非常重要。 The wide application of electronic computers affects tremendously the development of science and technology. 電子計(jì)算機(jī)的廣泛應(yīng)用，對(duì)科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展有極大的影響。,英語(yǔ)中副詞用在名詞前或后，在意義上相當(dāng)于定語(yǔ)，譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)這種副詞變?yōu)樾稳菰~。 The power plant

23、 supplies the inhabitants sixty li about with electricity. 這個(gè)電廠供電給周?chē)锏木用瘛?The buildings around are mostly of modern construction. 附近的建筑物大部分是現(xiàn)代化的。 The sun thinly rose from the sea. 淡淡的太陽(yáng)從海上升起。,四. 其他詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)譯,（一）形容詞與副詞的互相轉(zhuǎn)譯 1. 英語(yǔ)名詞譯成漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，修飾該名詞的形容詞往往轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)副詞。如： At last, he whispered a hurried goodbye to h

24、is host and darted toward the door. 最后,他匆匆地向主人輕聲道別, 疾步走向門(mén)口。,He asked me for a full account of myself and fami1y 他詳盡地問(wèn)起我自己和我家里的情況。 Another war will be the absolute end of our country。 再來(lái)一次戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)我們空虛國(guó)家就會(huì)徹底毀滅了。,3. 由于英漢兩種語(yǔ)言表達(dá)方式不同，還有一些英語(yǔ)形容詞可譯為漢語(yǔ)副詞。如： This is sheer nonsense. 這完全是胡說(shuō)。 Buckley was in a clear min

25、ority. 巴克利顯然屬于少數(shù)。,I succeeded in persuading him. 我成功地說(shuō)服了他。(動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化成副詞),（二）名詞與副詞的互相轉(zhuǎn)譯,1. 名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成副詞 He had the kindness to show me the way. 他好意地給我之路。 I had the fortune to meet him. 我幸運(yùn)地遇到了他。 I have the honour to inform you that you had won the first prize in the competition. 我很榮幸地通知你在這次比賽中你獲得了一等獎(jiǎng)。,2. 副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成

26、名詞They have not done so well ideologically, however, as organizationally. 但是，他們的思想工作沒(méi)有他們的組織工作做得好。 He is physically weak but mentally sound. 他身體雖弱，但思想健康。 It was officially announced that Paris is invited to the meeting. 官方宣布, 巴黎應(yīng)邀出席會(huì)議。,Exercises supplementary material 1Vietnamese War is a drain on Am

27、erican resources. 2Im so grateful to my father for his continuous encouragement during my childhood. 3The people are with him. 4Millions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty. 5 Official Moscow is going to object the proposal.,6 Im no drinker, nor smoker. 7. I do not like to

28、 be interrupted when I am about an important piece of woke. 8. It was a clear and unemotional exposition of the Presidents reasons for willing to begin a Chinese-American dialogue. 9. He is a great success in his career, but a total failure as a father. 10. To the disappointment of the spectator, th

29、e match has to be abandoned.,11 His insistence on his innocence arouses some reporters attention. 12 She has a firm conviction that she will overcome all the difficulties. 13 Round-the-clock service features this store. 14 What motivate you to do such a thing?,參考譯文 1. 越戰(zhàn)不斷地消耗美國(guó)的資源。n.= v. 2. 我非常感激我的父

30、親，因?yàn)樵谖倚r(shí)候他總是不斷地鼓勵(lì)我。adj.+n =adv.+v. 3. 人民擁護(hù)他. prep. = v. 4. 千百萬(wàn)山區(qū)人終于擺脫了貧困。prep. = v. 5. 莫斯科官方準(zhǔn)備反對(duì)此項(xiàng)提議。adj.= n. 6. 我既不喝酒，也不抽煙。 n.= v. 7 我在做一件重要工作時(shí),從不喜歡有人打擾.,8 這篇發(fā)言清清楚楚地心平氣和地說(shuō)明了總統(tǒng)希望開(kāi)始中美對(duì)話(huà)的原因. 9 他在事業(yè)上很出色,但卻是一個(gè)完全 不稱(chēng)職的父親. 10 使觀眾失望的是,這次比賽不得不取消. 11 他堅(jiān)持說(shuō)自己無(wú)罪，這引起了一些記者的注意 12 她堅(jiān)信她會(huì)克服所有的困難。 13 24小時(shí)服務(wù)是這家商店的特色。 14

31、 使你做這樣的事的動(dòng)機(jī)是什么。,轉(zhuǎn)譯法練習(xí),n.-v.（名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞） They went on strike in demand of a 40 percent wage increase. 他們舉行罷工，要求工資增加40%。 Give me liberty or give me death. 不自由， 毋寧死。 He is an enemy to reform. 他反對(duì)改革。 Difference between the social system of states shall not be an obstacle to their approach and cooperation. 國(guó)與國(guó)社會(huì)制