1、SAT寫作部分語法總結(jié)首先，這不是做廣告，感謝曾經(jīng)教過我語法的佐老師。沒有他，我對(duì)語法的理解至今還會(huì)是一團(tuán)漿糊。佐老師是一位能把深?yuàn)W的語法教的很簡(jiǎn)單易懂的老師 （雖然這看似并不難）。如果曾經(jīng)憎恨中式語法而現(xiàn)在在sat語法題上遇到巨大困難的童鞋們現(xiàn)在需要這種淺顯又系統(tǒng)的語法幫助（前提是你們想通了），請(qǐng)向佐 老師的郵箱里預(yù)定一下課程，會(huì)很有幫助的。以下只有錯(cuò)題和值得注意的點(diǎn)。句子級(jí)（什么算正常句子）：一、主語成分與其動(dòng)詞形式要一致：1. The derelict house across from the warehouses and the even mo

2、re decrepit one just beside them have been placed on the list of historic landmark. (No error)實(shí)際的主語成分是：the derelict house 和 the even more decrepit one；因?yàn)楹笳卟豢赡芘cthe warehouses有什么可以meke sense的聯(lián)系包含了另一個(gè)問題：是人能還是物能2. By including pieces of cloth, newspaper, wallpaper, and other materials in his work, Picas

3、sos innovation had an important influence on twenttieth-century art.首先，只有畢加索才能had influence on art by including pieces of cloth, 他的innovation不可能主動(dòng)include。結(jié)果就是只有the innovative Picasso was an important influence on(Influence on!)二、主語與其modifier距離要短；補(bǔ)語位置適當(dāng)（好像是補(bǔ)語吧、語法忘了。）：出現(xiàn)兩次1. Because of ignoring its po

4、tential, biofeedback is a medical therapy most physicians reject.此句的問題是：modifier “because of ignoring its potential” 距離主語”physicians”太遠(yuǎn)，可改為：Most physicians reject biofeedback because they ignore its potential.語法上解釋就是，從句because of、的主語“physicians”與主句的主語“biofeedback”不一致，所以錯(cuò)。改的辦法就是將because of、接到reject后面

5、。當(dāng)然，追求簡(jiǎn)潔，最好改成biofeedback is a medical therapy most physicians reject because they ignore its potential.2. The chair of the schoold board announced a plan to build two new elementary schools during an interview with a local news reporter.其實(shí)這句話最明顯的問題是邏輯問題。Build two new elementary schools怎么可能是在an inter

6、view的時(shí)候呢？！明顯時(shí)間不夠啊！所以把during an interview with a local news reporter換到句子前面，意思就通了。三、句子要完整?。ㄓ袝r(shí)候5個(gè)選項(xiàng)里只有一個(gè)是完整的句子，而這個(gè)就是正確答案?。┏霈F(xiàn)了非常迷惑的fragment：1. Clara Barton, an Ameriacan nurse, whose influence as a reformer in the field of health care almost equals that of Florence Nightingale.讀完句子可以知道理想情況下此句的主語是：Clara

7、Barton，動(dòng)詞：equals，賓語：that of Florence Nightingale。Whose出現(xiàn)后就迷惑了。四、虛擬了(if/had, would have/ifhad, would have)1.有時(shí)候had, would have就直接選了2. He was convinced that if property taxes had risen any higher, he would have had to move to a different area.這是個(gè)例外。五、注意連詞。只有連詞才能連句子（but/so/because.）六、很重要的思想：句子和動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容

8、詞和副詞的跨級(jí)統(tǒng)一（僅對(duì)sat寫作夠用）意思就是：that+句子=名詞、形容詞 If/although+句子=副詞 動(dòng)詞+ing/ed=名詞、形容詞 名詞主語（S, subject, actor）、賓語(O, object) 形容詞定語 副詞賓語補(bǔ)足語總之，用that/if/though等詞家在一個(gè)完整句子前就成了一個(gè)詞。句子當(dāng)詞用，就是長(zhǎng)句子形成的一個(gè)重要因素。有了以上內(nèi)容就不難理解：The magnet high school differs from other high schools, such as JB High and S High, in that its students

9、are so widely spread out geographically.That后面就以一個(gè)名詞了。句子成分邏輯關(guān)系（句子成分、指代問題、從句、詞前后一致）：一、平行，對(duì)稱and/or/as well as/(but)/is (like)/,插入語, 前后要嚴(yán)格對(duì)稱（注意較長(zhǎng)的成分）：注意長(zhǎng)的對(duì)稱成分1. A review of the composers new symphony called it confusing because of its unusual structure, and its melodious final movement makes it elegant

10、.很難發(fā)現(xiàn)： Called it confusing because of its unusual structure but elegant because of its melodious final movement (E) 2. The Medieval era in music is considered by most scholars to begin during the reign of Pope Gregory and to have ended around the middle of the 15th century.后面有”to have ended”,所以前面應(yīng)該是

11、to have begun.注意這里的have并不是動(dòng)詞，have begun才是。2. His love of politics led him to volunteer in local campaighs as well as a job in a government office in the state capital.Campaigns和a job不對(duì)稱。改成jobs就行了。3. Early American factories did not so much replace household manufacturing but compliment it.看看熟悉一下就行了。

12、4. Dime novels flourished because increased mechanization of printing and increased literary rates made production of large numbers of these books profitable.句子成分復(fù)雜。主句：dime novel flourished然后because連接increased M and increased L made P profitable.Increased M and increased L平行很好，沒有錯(cuò)。5. In the most rec

13、ent election, voters were neither energized about the importance of the campaign and they lacked awareness of the issues that directed it.“neither”表明會(huì)有平行成分！neither后面的詞一定會(huì)是平行成分的一部分，那就是energized;并且表明會(huì)有表平行成分詞：nor！所以andnor；這樣nor后面的詞應(yīng)該會(huì)是與energized平行的，選項(xiàng)中就是aware(v.). 改完就是：about the importance of the campa

14、ign nor aware of the issues.6. For most young people in America who are approaching voting age, choosing a president is very much like the process by which you choose a homecoming queen.A is (like) B也可成為一種平行結(jié)構(gòu)。A=choosing a presidentB=choosing a homecoming queen.改完就是：choosing a homecoming queen.特殊平行：

15、(出現(xiàn)三次)6. Unlike 100 years ago, schoolteachers nowadays usually aspire to earn a good living.必須要改成：Unlike theit counterparts 100 years ago才能平行（結(jié)構(gòu)相同）動(dòng)詞不一的也行：7. Because the garden was untended, the windows had no shutters, and the lawn overrun by weeds, people passing by the old house assumed that it w

16、as unoccupied.第三個(gè)改成the lawn was overrun by weedsBefore8. Q took D to Des home for a visit, never imagining that five years would pass before seeing De again.Would pass所以后面是he would see插入語與其對(duì)應(yīng)結(jié)構(gòu)9. An increasing number of students are coming to realize that an education at a public university can be a

17、s good, if no better, than an elite private college.“, if no better,” 屬插入語，對(duì)應(yīng)前面的”be as good.” 這時(shí)候兩個(gè)對(duì)應(yīng)成分都要完整：be as good as和of no better than，才能使插入語起到完整的限定效果。所以是：can as good as, if no better than, one at an elite private college.二、比較級(jí)前后對(duì)稱問題大部分情況與and/or一樣，不能省略任何成分。有一例外：With the LP, the US acquired a la

18、rger territory in area than if you combined Britain, France, Italy, Germany, Spain and Portugal.應(yīng)該是：Territory (which is) larger in area than (the territories of) B, F, I, G, S and P combined. 應(yīng)該是省略了”territory.”三、邏輯關(guān)系決定邏輯詞條件Intimacy, love, and marrige are three different, if interrelated, subjects.此句

19、中if表示條件，而句子意思上也表明interrelated是條件。所以說這句子根本沒錯(cuò)。使必要(have to)Because the flood has made the brige inaccessible to automobiles and pedestrains alike, we had rented a small boat to reach the island.前面交代借船的原因了，所以借船必須是we have to rent四、一致！指代和對(duì)應(yīng)：(it/them/they/one/that/those/that of/others)代詞或?qū)?yīng)主語的詞要指代的對(duì)象是否清楚 以

20、及 動(dòng)詞的actor是否明確和與動(dòng)詞一致。根本就沒有可以指代的對(duì)象：1. Although the candidare promised both to cut taxes and improve services, he failed to keep either of them after the election.如果說：promise to cut taxes的話，沒有名次成分出現(xiàn)，后面的them根本就不可能指代其內(nèi)容?？梢愿臑椋簃ade promises to do。這樣them就可以指代promises了。因?yàn)榇~距離其指代對(duì)象太原看不出來：2. The council membe

21、rs proposed many new ideas, including taking parking priviliges away from county employees and opening more lots, but the chairman would not approve it.It和ideas距離很遠(yuǎn)，一定要看出來：itthem3. The common cold, like chikenpox, measles, and many other wiral diseases, can be spread both before and after their symp

22、tons emerge.指代對(duì)象”cold”遠(yuǎn)在天邊 應(yīng)該是its4. Most of the books around this old house smell of mildew, and if you pick one up, you will find that the spine has deteriorated and their covers have rotted.Their應(yīng)該指的是one，所以theirits，havehas純看不出來的5. Because they painted scenes of life as ordinary people lived it, ra

23、ther than scenes from myths, many ninteeth-century Americans artists differed from earlier times.一般說”live a life”，此句后面的”live it”的”it”指的就是前面的”live”。類似的還有什么？可以指代的東西太多，指代不清楚6. Confessions of violent crimes nationwide skyrocketed last year, but in some towns it remained steady or decreased.It之前有”confess

24、ions”和”violent crimes”，所以最好改成”but in some towns such confessions”7. The young fish were very tiny, yet each of them ate many times its own weight in solid food every day.此句甚欠?！眆ish”是復(fù)數(shù)所以用”were.” 然后又蹦出來個(gè)” each of them”所以后面的”its”是對(duì)的。8. Someone living in a technological, consumption-oriented culture pr

25、obably taxes the environment at a rate many times that of a country such as Myanmar.(換成that of someone living in a country like Myanmar.)看整個(gè)句子，主語應(yīng)該是：Someone. 按理說應(yīng)該是that of someone.“A of B”指代的是A還是B9. The number of awards given this year to biochemists accentuate the sigmificant gains being made in th

26、e study of the chemistry of living oragnisms.“accentuate”指代的是”the number”！所以是”accentuates”。句子所介紹的對(duì)象在句子中變著法出現(xiàn)。一定要一致10. The second-year students at this college have evolved into insightful, critical thinkers from an inexperienced and uncertain teenager just a year before.“Teenager”的出現(xiàn)。很不顯眼。其實(shí)teenager

27、指的就是students。所以只要選項(xiàng)中是”teenagers”就萬事大吉。（選項(xiàng)很迷惑。: From the inexperienced and uncertain teenagers they were just a year ago）指代詞前有一些成分。（注意：the number of時(shí)后面的動(dòng)詞一定是單數(shù)）11. Most major air pollutants cannot be seen, although large amounts of them concentrated in cities are visible as smog. (No error)Them沒錯(cuò)，因?yàn)榍?/p>

28、面說的是pollutants。Are也沒錯(cuò)，因?yàn)榍懊媸莂 large amounts。12. Though Rivers had done all the work, Peters had taken all the credit, and so he held him in contempt.He held him完全指代模糊，錯(cuò)指代的是復(fù)數(shù)，that要變those13. Annual visitors to New York Citys Central Park number almost ten times that of Munt Rushmore.先分析句子：主語：Annual vi

29、sitors動(dòng)詞：Number所以that應(yīng)該是those動(dòng)詞發(fā)出者不明確1. While visiting my grandparents in Amsterdam, I saw an impressive model of the Rotterdam library roaming through the various exhibits at the Madurodam. （如此多dam）非謂語動(dòng)詞roaming緊跟著Rotterdam library，但library不能roaming！應(yīng)該是I roaming才對(duì)。多因該改改為while I am roaming。2. As the

30、guide led us through the exhibit of ancient Russian icons, she interspersed explanation of the object with stories about her own first encounters with Russian art, giving you a unique personal dimension to the tour.雖然非謂語動(dòng)詞(giving)的發(fā)出者應(yīng)該跟主句主語一致，但這里如果換就近原則解釋的話，又可以以Russian art作發(fā)出者。所以錯(cuò)。五、where/when/whic

31、h/that/in which/by which/ 使用問題Where和in which有時(shí)不能混用。Where只能指代specific location1. Frank Hesslers map of North America, which was discovered in 1928, is the first recorded map where Canada and Mexico are depicted as distinct from the U.S.由于where only refers to specific location，改為in which更合適一些。Map就一東西，

32、沒法說“where”。Option不能by which（不能do sth by the option）2. Because studies show that stomach ulcers are caused by acute mocrobial infection, physicians may soon have the option by which common antibiotics are employed to combat.不能“通過某種選擇”所以改成”of prescribing common antibiotics to combat.”Which可以指代遠(yuǎn)一點(diǎn)的東西。（

33、主或者賓，而不是他們的修飾成分）3. There is a special relationship between a conductor and the members of an orchestra, which at its best can be creative and at its worst, destabilizing.which指的就是relationship。重要的是，creative和destabilizing同詞性，所以竟然是平行的。只帶對(duì)象的人or物屬性問題4. Although they would have preferred to hace several c

34、andidated from which to choose, the voters nevertheless expected the unopposed candidacy of Senetor Frumm.“由于政客一般不叫人”木木木南，所以from which沒錯(cuò)。六、這種從句。：1. One challenge that the writer faced was how preserving her ethnic identity while becoming more accessible to readers who are not accustomed to writers f

35、rom other cultural backgrounds.“How”者，從句也。其實(shí)就是” how to preserve her ethnic identity”這個(gè)表從，跟后面becoming平行。七、比較級(jí)的問題1. Lions and tigers may be identical in size, but the tiger is the fiercer animal and the lion the strongest.明顯是lion和tiger之間的比較，所以”the stronger.”（比較級(jí)居然加the也變成名詞。）八、until和before1. Until it c

36、an be replaced by a faster, more efficient, and more economical means of transportation, trucks will carry most of the freight within ans through metropolitan areas.一般用before。until，not until九、主賓格格1. For we students, concern about impending tuition hikes was even more acute than apprehension about fi

37、nal exams.一般都說”for us”所以這里就是”for us students.”做主語的一定是主格，賓語則賓格2. My colleague and myself received an award for our paper.主格，所以是I 十、（與）時(shí)態(tài)（所有有關(guān)詞）一致1. I have gone to only one footbal game after I graduated from high school.“have”說明后面應(yīng)該是”since”2. Despite its cultural importance, the Daily Gazette lost 70

38、 percent of its subscribes since 1920 and, by 1955, was losing as much as $200,000 a year.首先，此句結(jié)構(gòu)為：Daily Gazette lost it subscribes since 1920 and was losing as much as 200,000 a year. 所以lost 取決于since，was losing取決于a year. a year表示1920后一個(gè)持續(xù)的狀態(tài)，所以是was losing. Since說明lost必須是has lost.3. Untill recently,

39、 most people entering politics feel that loss of privacy was a fair price to pay for the chance to participate in policy making.Untill recently說明后面應(yīng)該都是過去式。Was也說明了feel應(yīng)該是felt.4. We walked for many hours through the thick forests and over the rocky hills until we had reached the clearing in which we w

40、ould pitch our tent for the night.“Until”說明后面應(yīng)該是一般過去式。所以是reached.5. If there had been a power failure, the hospital will run on electricity from its own generators, which can operate for 200 hours.后面說”the hospital will run”，說明power failure沒有發(fā)生，只是說如果發(fā)生，所以應(yīng)該是if there is 或者是should there be. 但如果是猜測(cè)過去是否有

41、可能發(fā)生過（例如警探猜測(cè)犯罪現(xiàn)場(chǎng)是否有過打斗），就應(yīng)該是had there been a power failure, the hospital would have run6. By the time the first light of morning showed above the trees, the circus workers had took all of the equipment out of the truck and had begun to erect the tents.注意這里錯(cuò)的只是took（變taken）。但重要的是by the time說明后面動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該是pa

42、st perfect.前面的內(nèi)容很分心，但判斷時(shí)態(tài)的詞在后面！7. Recently trollyes have been brought back to solve the problems of congestion caused by the automobile, the very vehicle that causes the trolleys demise years ago.應(yīng)該是caused十一、看清句子中的primary verb1. An agricultural innovator, George Washington Carver aided the economy o

43、f the late nineteenth-century South, developed hundreds of uses for crops such as the peanut and sweet potato.Primary verb是aided。后面應(yīng)當(dāng)是by developing才意思對(duì)。十二、語法對(duì)，邏輯、意思也得對(duì)1. The directors insistence that there be adequate stage lighting and professionally installed backdrops in the theater was not obsti

44、nate but a determination to provide a safe work environment for the actors and stage crew.首先，obstinate與insistence邏輯就不對(duì)。Insistence不能obstinate。應(yīng)該是director 、obstinate之后導(dǎo)致了insistence。所以是was not result from obstinacy. 其次，句子中有“由于determinnation”的含義，所以在補(bǔ)一個(gè)”but from determination.”十三、看清主語是什么、1.The region bou

45、nded by the northwest corner of Greenland, the northern tip of labrador, and the Mackenzie Delta include the islands collectively known as the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.這句話的主語是the region. 主語的定語是(which is) bounded by the northwest corner of Greenland, the northern tip of labrador, and the Mackenzie

46、 Delta. 動(dòng)詞是include.因此動(dòng)詞改為includes?？催@句話這句話容易忽略”bounded by”，因而將the northwest corner of Greenland, _, and the Mackenzie Delta看成主語，“, the northern tip of labrador,”看成插入語。個(gè)別詞級(jí)（特殊詞的性質(zhì)、improper idioms、非謂語動(dòng)詞、疊加后的詞義矛盾或重復(fù)、不能連句子的副詞）：一、 有無復(fù)數(shù)（it depends）抽象名詞無復(fù)數(shù)Success: although the coach had predicted that the r

47、eam would have a winning season, the fans were surprised by the success of the young, inexperienced players. (No error)BurdenFailure-abilityCourageFunTroubleHappinessAngerBehaviorInformationEducationWeatherNioseDirtFace（作面目表情時(shí)）本來就沒復(fù)數(shù)。FishSheepScore特指某事物的時(shí)候不用復(fù)數(shù)The warning in the plays is clear: unles

48、s we restore the eintegrity of the family, all traditional values will disappear.Family就是泛指這一事物，跟we沒關(guān)系，所以是單數(shù)他就長(zhǎng)這樣A means of一種方法： a radio system consists of a means of transforming sounds into telectromagnetic waves.罕見的large amounts of是復(fù)數(shù) Most major air pollutants cannot be seen, although large amoun

49、ts of them concentrated in cities are visible as smogMountains是復(fù)數(shù)形式 appearing like an apparition in the distance were the beautiful Blue Ridge Mountains.Characteristic是單數(shù)，characteristics是復(fù)數(shù)。當(dāng)說probability時(shí)，它本身是可數(shù)的。但50%不可數(shù)。：the probability of getting hit bu lightning are fewer than the probability of

50、winning the lottery, although both are minuscule.改成is二、好煩人的過去式拼寫。Swim-swam-swumShrink-shrank-shrunk三、(多)詞性、它就長(zhǎng)那樣Complete adj.: although she considers her chemistry research complete. (No error)Shed v.: Carmen Smiths novel Hope sheds light on the character Anita.Successive與successful. 前者是one after an

51、other的意思。后者才是成功的意思。四、非謂語動(dòng)詞使用ing形式還是ed形式（很難）五、idioms/介詞介詞：Advocate for - exception: advocate doing: Greek physician advocated collecting data fromArrive at/in/on-（點(diǎn)，小地區(qū)，州/國/洲）（作名詞）offer of sth (for)Do sth at the risk of doingPreoccupy (preoccupation) with Protest against: though it began as a protest

52、 against traditional theology.Confined to Debate overImpatient withFund forBe fired fromBe made from用from！有點(diǎn)間接！經(jīng)過了加工步驟！所以看不出材料！eg. Paper-woodBe made of 用of！很直接！所以是看得出材料！eg. Table-woodAbsent fromInterfere withOpposition to 、 eg. There is hardly ever any oppotition to their proposals.Over long distanc

53、eA is a synonymous with BBe recognized asbelieve (belief) inAt riskBe familiar withNeed not do (無to)Smell of (聞起來有特定味道) eg. Most of the books around this old house smell of mildew(Mis/dis)trust in 、 eg. Her new book is both a response to her critics mistrust in her ealier findings and a elaboration

54、of her original thesis.Capable doingObsession withOffer ofRisk sth 冒。的險(xiǎn)Regard as(必) eg. John is regarded to be(as) one of the most talented writers of the late twentieth century.Just as A, so B （固定搭配） eg. Just as Ireland has produced many famous writers and the Netherland an abundance of famous pain

55、ters, so Finland has provided a large number of famous architects.Mistrust of eg. Her new book is a reponse to her critics mistrust of her earlier findings.Succeed in eg. It was a Chinese American grower who finally succeeded in adapting the now familiar orange tree to the American climate.Controal

56、overBetween andA tendency to doBut, so不能連用Foster sth from doing eg. L believes that parents can foster musical ability in small children from playing classical music for themDesire to doDepend on sth依賴于/ (in)dependence for sb某人的（獨(dú)立）依賴Method of sth (doing) 注：sth的實(shí)質(zhì)是名詞，doing的實(shí)質(zhì)也是名詞，所以sth與doing對(duì)等Cannot help but doingDrone on 單調(diào)的進(jìn)行A is synonymous with BOppose toBe on the verge of sth (doing)Broke with sth of sth (doing)背離(eg organization)；破除(eg