1、TOEFL READING Final十大題型解題方法,認識托福閱讀考什么？,托福閱讀考試簡介,四項中的第一項，一般考3篇文章（如果加試，則是4篇）。 文章一般為議論文或說明文，每篇700詞左右，之后有13-14道題目。 除特殊說明（如最后一大題）之外，所有題目小分值為1分，三篇總體小分值45分，最終成績按照30分標準分換算，換算標準如下圖所示。,認識托福閱讀怎么考？,詞匯 句子理解 句間關(guān)系 文章結(jié)構(gòu) 托福閱讀是以句子為核心的考試 (單詞+句法),詞匯題 指代題 事實信息題（細節(jié)題） 否定事實信息題（選非題） 句子簡化題 推斷題 修辭目的題（作者意圖題） 句子插入題 文章小結(jié)題 / 圖表題,

2、考查重點,十大題型,詞匯題,出題方式 The word“X” in the passage is closest in meaning to 考查關(guān)鍵 理解單詞在語境中的含義 詞匯量要求 8000+ 背單詞！ 詞匯題做法,背單詞！,不會背 背了忘，忘了背，循環(huán)往復 在文章里，它認得我，我不認得它,詞根詞綴 各種聯(lián)想（諧音，圖像，多個單詞編段子） 一次大量，多次重復 詞以類記 美劇、電影情景記憶,Paleontologist Paleontology,Skeleton Skull Fossil fossilize Strata,Dinosaur Trilobite Arthropod Juras

3、sic Cretaceous Cambrian,Sediment Spine Invertebrate Cold-blooded Warm-blooded ,Pottery Porcelain Ceramics Pot Ware Vessel Sculpture Surface Glaze Pigment Ore Kiln,詞匯題解題技巧,認識 直接選 + 帶回文章確認 選不出通過詞義褒貶色彩判斷 + 帶回文章確認 不認識 詞根詞綴 回文章找同、反義對應,認識褒義色彩,TPO 1-2-1. The word “championed” in the passage is closest in m

4、eaning to changed debated created supported,認識褒義色彩,TPO 1-2-1. The word “championed” in the passage is closest in meaning to changed debated created supported,認識貶義色彩,TPO 3-3-10. The word “pales” in the passage is closest in meaning to increases proportionally differs loses significance is common,認識貶義

5、色彩,TPO 3-3-10. The word “pales” in the passage is closest in meaning to increases proportionally differs loses significance is common,詞根詞綴,TPO 1-1-7. The word “overlie” in the passage is closest in meaning to cover change separate surround,詞根詞綴,TPO 1-1-7. The word “overlie” in the passage is closest

6、 in meaning to cover change separate surround over 在上面 lie 躺著 覆蓋,同義概念,TPO 3-3-1. The word “particular” in the passage is closest in meaning to natural final specific complex and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area.,同義概念,TPO 3-3-1. The word “particular” in the passa

7、ge is closest in meaning to natural final specific complex and their particular structure depends on the specific history of the area.,反義概念,TPO 6-3-2. The word “plausible” in the passage is closest in meaning to flexible believable debatable predictable Another seemingly plausible explanationthat in

8、fants do not form enduring memories at this point in developmentalso is incorrect.,反義概念,TPO 6-3-2. The word “plausible” in the passage is closest in meaning to flexible believable debatable predictable Another seemingly plausible explanationthat infants do not form enduring memories at this point in

9、 developmentalso is incorrect.,指代題,出題方式 The word “X”in the passage refers to 考查關(guān)鍵 單詞間的指代關(guān)系，尤其是代詞與其指代本體間的關(guān)系，（對長難句主干的把握） 應對技巧 往前找，兩個一致 數(shù)量單、復數(shù) 性質(zhì)動作發(fā)出者的特性,非代詞,TPO 1-1-5. The phrase “glacial outwash” in the passage refers to fast rivers glaciers the huge volumes of water created by glacial melting the pa

10、rticles carried in water from melting glaciers The water was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as glacial outwash, that deposited - particlessand grains and tiny pebbles,非代詞,TPO 1-1-5. The phrase “glacial outwash” in the passage refers to fast rivers glaciers the huge volumes of wat

11、er created by glacial melting the particles carried in water from melting glaciers - The water was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as glacial outwash - particlessand grains and tiny pebbles,代詞,TPO 1-2-5. The word “this” in the passage refers to the acting out of rites the divorce

12、of ritual performers from the rest of society the separation of myths from rites the celebration of supernatural forces But the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the groups oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites. Wh

13、en this occurs,代詞,TPO 1-2-5. The word “this” in the passage refers to the acting out of rites the divorce of ritual performers from the rest of society the separation of myths from rites the celebration of supernatural forces But the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of

14、the groups oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites. When this occurs,細節(jié)題,出題方式 According to the paragraph, which of the following is true of X? The authors description of X mentions which of the following? According to the paragraph, X occurs becaus

15、e According to the paragraph, X did Y because According to the paragraph, why did X do Y? 變數(shù)最多的題型，只要題干沒有其他題型的明顯標志就可以歸為細節(jié)題 True，原因，關(guān)系,細節(jié)題,考查關(guān)鍵 迅速找到原文明確指出的事實信息 準確判斷選項對信息的轉(zhuǎn)化 常見錯誤選項特征 無中生有 信息雜糅 直接相反 答非所問,做題技巧 準確理解題干 根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞定位原文 讀取原文相關(guān)信息（通常1-2句話） 判斷選項正誤 題干 原文 選項,Example 1.,TPO 3-3-6. According to parag

16、raph 4, which of the following is true of climax communities? They are more resilient than pioneer communities. They can be considered both the most and the least stable communities. They are stable because they recover quickly after major disturbances. They are the most resilient communities becaus

17、e they change the least over time.,Paragraph 4: The question of ecosystem stability is complicated, however. The first problem is that ecologists do not all agree what “stability” means. Stability can be defined as simply lack of change. In that case, the climax community would be considered the mos

18、t stable, since, by definition, it changes the least over time. Alternatively, stability can be defined as the speed with which an ecosystem returns to a particular form following a major disturbance, such as a fire. This kind of stability is also called resilience. In that case, climax communities

19、would be the most fragile and the least stable, since they can require hundreds of years to return to the climax state.,Example 1. 定位 CC,Example 1. 讀懂原文,In that case, the climax community would be considered the most stable In that case, climax communities would be the most fragile and the least sta

20、ble,Example 1. 選出答案,They are more resilient than pioneer communities. （信息雜糅） They can be considered both the most and the least stable communities. They are stable because they recover quickly after major disturbances.（直接相反） They are the most resilient communities because they change the least over

21、time.（直接相反）,Example 2.,TPO 8-2-1. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the Late Cretaceous climate? Summers were very warm and winters were very cold. Shallow seas on the continents caused frequent temperature changes. The climate was very similar to todays climate. The climat

22、e did not change dramatically from season to season.,Example 2. 定位 LC climate,Paragraph 1: Paleontologists have argued for a long time that the demise of the dinosaurs was caused by climatic alterations associated with slow changes in the positions of continents and seas resulting from plate tectoni

23、cs. Off and on throughout the Cretaceous (the last period of the Mesozoic era, during which dinosaurs flourished), large shallow seas covered extensive areas of the continents. Data from diverse sources, including geochemical evidence preserved in seafloor sediments, indicate that the Late Cretaceou

24、s climate was milder than todays. The days were not too hot, nor the nights too cold. The summers were not too warm, nor the winters too frigid. The shallow seas on the continents probably buffered the temperature of the nearby air, keeping it relatively constant.,Example 2. 讀懂原文,the Late Cretaceous

25、 climate was milder than todays milder 更溫和,Example 2. 選出答案,Summers were very warm and winters were very cold.（直接相反） Shallow seas on the continents caused frequent temperature changes. （答非所問） The climate was very similar to todays climate.（信息雜糅） The climate did not change dramatically from season to

26、season. did not change dramatically = milder,定位 also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.,Example 2. 原文分析,Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, re

27、d alder, and other arboreal fodder. 推不出上下文往前看 Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. 冬天低地有植物+鹿從高地到低地 冬天高地沒吃的,Example 2. 對應選項,TPO4-1-2. It can be inferred from the discussion in paragraph 2 that winter conditions cause some deer to hibernate m

28、ake food unavailable in the highlands for deer make it easier for deer to locate understory plants prevent deer from migrating during the winter,修辭目的題,出題方式 例子類 The author discusses X in order to Why does the author mention X? The author uses X as an example of 段落類 What is the purpose of paragraph X?

29、 How is paragraph X related to other parts of the passage? 考查作者意圖,例子類出題套路,問“作者為什么說某事” 把作者說的“某事”通通理解為例子 找觀點 根據(jù)題干定位回出題點 觀點所在位置的五種情況： 1.觀點直接在前半句或者前一句； 2.例子的前一句不是觀點，只是描述性fact或explanation，那么觀點很可能是段首句； 3.如果例子的后一句話以代詞、或者表示結(jié)果的連接詞如therefore，thus，so，consequently開頭，或者例子之后有冒號，那么觀點很可能是后一句； 4.并列例子，例子的前一句是另外一個例子，那

30、么觀點在段首，或者前一個例子之前；TPO12-1-9 5.相反觀點的舉例，段落中出現(xiàn)兩個相反的觀點，例子用來支持后一個觀點，那么在選項中很可能表現(xiàn)為第一個觀點的反例（counterexample/alternative） TPO23-3-40 先讀懂觀點，然后看例子是如何證明觀點，對應選項,段落類出題套路,段落類題目考查對段落主旨、段落結(jié)構(gòu)及段間關(guān)系的理解 五種類型： 1. 段落目的，一般直接看段首主旨句，并通過抓每句主干的方式快速瀏覽段落 TPO12-1-12 2. 段落結(jié)構(gòu)(organization of the paragraph)，一般用抓主干讀句子的方法瀏覽，通常為觀點對比或例子支持

31、觀點的結(jié)構(gòu) 3.具體某兩段關(guān)系：兩段銜接處，前一段段末和后一段段首 4.某一段和整個文章其他段落的關(guān)系：首先弄清楚該段大意，再看它之前和之后那兩段的段首 5. 文章整體結(jié)構(gòu)(organization of the passage)，只可能在倒數(shù)第三題出現(xiàn)，前面題目已經(jīng)做完，對文章結(jié)構(gòu)應該有印象，直接選即可；如果印象不清楚，可以通過看段首句的方式理清段落間關(guān)系,Example 7. 后半句例子,TPO 8-3-5. In paragraph 2, why does the author include the information that 105 tons of water flow thr

32、ough the Amazon river per second? To emphasize the great size of the volume of water that seems to have flowed through Mars outflow channels To indicate data used by scientists to estimate how long ago Mars outflow channels were formed To argue that flash floods on Mars may have been powerful enough

33、 to cause tear-shaped “islands” to form To argue that the force of flood waters on Mars was powerful enough to shape the northern volcanic plains,Example 7. 例子證明觀點,Judging from the width and depth of the channels, the flow rates must have been truly enormousperhaps as much as a hundred times greater

34、 than the 105 tons per second carried by the great Amazon river.,Example 7. 對應選項,TPO 8-3-5. In paragraph 2, why does the author include the information that 105 tons of water flow through the Amazon river per second? To emphasize the great size of the volume of water that seems to have flowed throug

35、h Mars outflow channels To indicate data used by scientists to estimate how long ago Mars outflow channels were formed To argue that flash floods on Mars may have been powerful enough to cause tear-shaped “islands” to form To argue that the force of flood waters on Mars was powerful enough to shape

36、the northern volcanic plains,Example 8. 獨立的例子,TPO4-1-5. The author tells the story of the explorers Lewis and Clark in paragraph 3 in order to illustrate which of the following points? The number of deer within the Puget Sound region has varied over time. Most of the explorers who came to the Puget

37、Sound area were primarily interested in hunting game. There was more gamefor hunting in the East ofthe United States than inthe West. Individual explorers were not as successful at locating games as were the trading companies.,Paragraph 3: The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry

38、 of Europeans into Puget Sound country. The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorers of the north American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia R

39、iver on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances. They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 people alive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And when game m

40、oved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than face possible starvation. Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudsons Bay Company, deer populations continued to fluctuate. David Douglas,

41、 Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832. A recent Douglas biographer states: The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the f

42、ort were gone in 1832, hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops.,Example 8. 對應選項,TPO4-1-5. The author tells the story of the explorers Lewis and Clark in paragraph 3 in order to illustrate which of the following points? The number of deer within the Puget Sound region has varied over ti

43、me. （varied fluctuated） Most of the explorers who came to the Puget Sound area were primarily interested in hunting game. There was more gamefor hunting in the East ofthe United States than inthe West. Individual explorers were not as successful at locating games as were the trading companies.,思考,托福

44、閱讀文章的行文特點/段落結(jié)構(gòu),思考,托福閱讀文章的行文特點 如果答案是例子信息，通常不選,Example 9. 段落目的,TPO 9-1-7. The authors purpose in paragraph 4 is to indicate that a number of recent geologic studies seem to provide support for the coastal hypothesis indicate that coastal and inland migrations may have happened simultaneously explain w

45、hy humans may have reached Americas northwest coast before animals and plants did show that the coastal hypothesis may explain how people first reached Alaska but it cannot explain how people reached areas like modern British Columbia and Washington State,Paragraph 4: More recent geologic studies do

46、cumented de-glaciation and the existence of ice-free areas throughout major coastal areas of British Columbia, Canada, by 13,000 years ago. Research now indicates that sizable areas of southeastern Alaska along the inner continental shelf were not covered by ice toward the end of the last Ice Age. O

47、ne study suggests that except for a 250-mile coastal area between southwestern British Columbia and Washington State, the Northwest Coast of North America was largely free of ice by approximately 16,000 years ago. Vast areas along the coast may have been de-glaciated beginning around 16,000 years ag

48、o, possibly providing a coastal corridor for the movement of plants, animals, and humans sometime between 13,000 and 14,000 years ago.,Example 9. 對應選項,TPO 9-1-7. The authors purpose in paragraph 4 is to indicate that a number of recent geologic studies seem to provide support for the coastal hypothe

49、sis indicate that coastal and inland migrations may have happened simultaneously explain why humans may have reached Americas northwest coast before animals and plants did show that the coastal hypothesis may explain how people first reached Alaska but it cannot explain how people reached areas like

50、 modern British Columbia and Washington State,Example 10. 段落關(guān)系,TPO 5-3-6. Which of the following best describes the relationship between paragraph 2 and paragraph 3? Paragraph 2 puts forward several scientific claims, one of which is rejected in paragraph 3. Paragraph 2 poses several questions, and

51、paragraph 3 offers a possible answer to one of them. Paragraph 2 presents outdated traditional views, while paragraph 3 presents the current scientific conclusions. Paragraph 2 introduces a generalization that is illustrated by specific examples in paragraph 3.,Paragraph 2: Scientists have asked imp

52、ortant questions about this explosion for more than a century. Why did it occur so late in the history of Earth? The origin of multicellular forms of life seems a relatively simple step compared to the origin of life itself. Why does the fossil record not document the series of evolutionary changes

53、during the evolution of animals? Why did animal life evolve so quickly? Paleontologists continue to search the fossil record for answers to these questions. Paragraph 3: One interpretation regarding the absence of fossils during this important 100-million-year period is that early animals were soft

54、bodied and simply did not fossilize. Fossilization of soft-bodied animals is less likely than fossilization of hard-bodied animals, but it does occur. Conditions that promote fossilization of soft-bodied animals include very rapid covering by sediments that create an environment that discourages dec

55、omposition. In fact, fossil beds containing soft-bodied animals have been known for many years.,Example 10. 對應選項,TPO 5-3-6. Which of the following best describes the relationship between paragraph 2 and paragraph 3? Paragraph 2 puts forward several scientific claims, one of which is rejected in para

56、graph 3. Paragraph 2 poses several questions, and paragraph 3 offers a possible answer to one of them. Paragraph 2 presents outdated traditional views, while paragraph 3 presents the current scientific conclusions. Paragraph 2 introduces a generalization that is illustrated by specific examples in p

57、aragraph 3.,句子插入題,出題方式,句子插入題,考查關(guān)鍵 句子之間的銜接，段落結(jié)構(gòu) 做題原則 插入句子與上下文銜接緊密 同時不破壞原文已有的銜接 概括信息插入具體信息之前,句子插入題,應對技巧 讀懂待插入句，劃分句意 找待插入句子關(guān)鍵詞： 代詞，邏輯詞，句子主要信息 找關(guān)鍵詞在原文中的對應點，通常前半部分句意與前文銜接，后半部分句意與后文銜接,Example 1.,TPO 4-1-13 Paragraph 2: Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deers diet. Where th

58、e forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensati

59、on for not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate. Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder. Paragraph 3: The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost