1、1Community service is an important component of education here at our university. We encourage all students to volunteer for at least one community activity before they graduate. A new community program called One On One helps elementary students whove fallen behind. You education majors might be es

2、pecially interested in it because it offers the opportunity to do some teachingthat is, tutoring in math and English. Youd have to volunteer two hours a week for one semester. You can choose to help a child with math, English, or both. Half-hour lessons are fine, so you could do a half hour of each

3、subject two days a week. Professor Dodge will act as a mentor to the tutors-hell be available to help you with lesson plans or to offer suggestions for activities. He has office hours every Tuesday and Thursday afternoon. You can sign up for the program with him and begin the tutoring next week. Im

4、sure youll enjoy this community service and youll gain valuable experience at the same time. It looks good on your resume, too, showing that youve had experience with children and that you care about your community. If youd like to sign up, or if you have any questions, stop by Professor Dodges offi

5、ce this week.2I hope youve all finished reading the assigned chapter on insurance so that youre prepared for our discussion today. But, before we start, Id like to mention a few things your text doesnt go into. Its interesting to note that insurance has existed in some form for a very long time. The

6、 earliest insurance policies were what we are called bottomry（use boats as mortgage） contracts. They provided shipping protection for merchants as far back as 3000 B.C. In general, the contracts were often no more than verbal agreements. They granted loans to merchants with the understanding that if

7、 a particular shipment of goods was lost at sea, the loan didnt have to be repaid. Interest on the loans varied according to how risky it was to transport the goods. During periods of heavy piracy at sea, for example, the amount of interest and the cost of the policy went up considerably. So, you ca

8、n see how insurance helped encourage international trade. Even the most cautious merchants became willing to risk shipping their goods over long distances, not to mention in hazardous weather conditions when they had this kind of protection available. Generally speaking, the basic form of an insuran

9、ce policy has been pretty much the same since the Middle Ages. There are four points that were salient then and remain paramount in all policies today. These were outlined in chapter six and will serve as the basis for the rest of todays discussion. Can anyone tell me what one of those points might

10、be?3Located at the NASA Research Center in Iowa is a 5,000-gallon vat of water, and inside the tank is an underwater treadmill designed by Dava Newman, an aerospace engineer. For four years Newman observed scuba divers as they simulated walking on the Moon and on Mars on her underwater moving belt.

11、She wanted to discover how the gravity of the Moon and of Mars would affect human movement. To do this, Newman attached weights to the divers and then lowered them into the tank and onto the treadmill. These weights were carefully adjusted so that the divers could experience underwater the gravity o

12、f the Moon and of Mars as they walked on the treadmill. Newman concluded that walking on Mars will probably be easier than walking on the Moon. The Moon has less gravity than Mars does, so at lunar gravity, the divers struggled to keep their balance and walked awkwardly. But at Martian gravity, the

13、divers had greater traction and stability and could easily adjust to a pace of 1.5 miles per hour. As Newman gradually increased the speed of the treadmill, the divers took longer, graceful strides until they comfortably settled into an even quicker pace. Newman also noted that at Martian gravity, t

14、he divers needed less oxygen. The data Newman collected will help in the future design of Martian space suits. Compared to lunar space suits, Martian space suits will require smaller air tanks; and, to allow for freer movement, the elbow and knee areas of the space suits will also be altered.4Welcom

15、e to Everglades National Park. The Everglades is a watery plain covered with saw grass thats home to numerous species of plants and wildlife. At one and a half million acres, its too big to see it all today, but this tour will offer you a good sampling. Our tour bus will stop first at Taylor Slough.

16、 This is a good place to start because its home to many of the plants and animals typically associated with the Everglades. Youll see many exotic birds and, of course, our world famous alligators. Dont worry, theres a boardwalk that goes across the marsh, so you can look down at the animals in the w

17、ater from a safe distance. The boardwalk is high enough to give you a great view of the saw grass prairie. From there well head to some other marshy and even jungle like areas that feature wonderful tropical plant life. For those of you whod like a closer view of the saw grass prairie, you might con

18、sider renting a canoe sometime during your visit here. However, dont do this unless you have a very good sense of direction and can negotiate your way through tall grass. Wed hate to have to come looking for you. You have the good fortune of being here in the winterthe best time of year to visit. Du

19、ring the spring and summer, the mosquitoes will just about eat you alive! Right now theyre not so bothersome, but youll still want to use an insect repellent.5Thank you. Its great to see so many of you interested in this series on Survival in Outer Space. Please excuse the cameras, were being videot

20、aped for the local TV stations. Tonight Im going to talk about the most basic aspect of survivalthe space suit. When most of you imagine an astronaut, thats probably the fist thing that comes to mind, right? Well, without space suits, it would not be possible for us to survive in space. For example,

21、 outer space is a vacuumtheres no gravity or air pressure; without protection, a body would explode. Whats more, wed cook in the sun or freeze in the shade with temperatures ranging from a toasty 300 degrees above to a cool 300 degrees below zero Fahrenheit. The space suit that NASA has developed is

22、 truly a marvel. This photo enlargement here is a life-size image of an actual space suit worn by astronauts on the last space shuttle mission. This part is the torso. Its made of seven extremely durable layers. This thick insulation protects against temperature extremes and radiation. Next is what

23、they call a bladder of oxygen thats an inflatable sac, filled with oxygen, to simulate atmospheric pressure. This bladder presses against the body with the same force as the Earths atmosphere at sea level. The innermost layers provide liquid cooling and ventilation. Despite all the layers, the suit

24、is flexible, allowing free movement so we can work. Another really sophisticated part of the space suit is the helmet. I brought one along to show you. Can I have a volunteer come and demonstrate?6Good evening. My name is Pam Jones, and on behalf of the Modern Dance club, Id like to welcome you to t

25、onights program. The club is pleased to present the TV version of The Catherine Wheel, Twyla Tharps rock ballet. This video version of the ballet has been even more successful with audiences than the original theater production. It includes some animation, slow motion, and stop-action freezes that r

26、eally help the audience understand the dance. The title of the piece refers to Saint Catherine, who died on a wheel in 307 A.D. Nowadays, a Catherine wheel is also a kind of firework. It looks something like a pinwheel. Anyway, the dance is certainly full of fireworks! Youll see how Twyla Tharp expl

27、ores one familys attempt to confront the violence in modern life. The central symbol of the work is a pineapple, but exactly what it represents has always created a lot of controversy. As you watch, see if you can figure it out. The music for this piece is full of the rhythmic energy of rock music.

28、It was composed by David Byrne. Of the rock band Talking Heads? And the lead dancer in this version was Sara Rudner, who is perfectly suited to Tharps adventurous choreography. Following the video, dance teacher Mary Parker will lead a discussion about the symbolism Ms. Tharp used. We hope you can s

29、tay for that. So, enjoy tonights video and thank you for your support.7In our lab today, well be testing the hypothesis that babies can count as early as five months of age. The six babies here are all less than six months old. Youll be watching them on closed-circuit TV and measuring their response

30、s. The experiment is based on the well-established observation that babies stare longer if they dont see what they expect to see. First, were going to let two dolls move slowly in front of the babies. The babies will see the two dolls disappear behind a screen. Your job is to record, in seconds, how

31、 long the babies stare at the dolls when the screen is removed. In the next stage, two dolls will again move in front of the babies and disappear. But then a third doll will follow. When the screen is removed, the babies will only see two dolls. If were right, the babies will now stare longer becaus

32、e they expect three dolls but only see two. It seems remarkable to think that such young children can count. My own research has convinced me that they have this ability from birth. But whether they do or not, perhaps we should raise another question. Should we take advantage of this ability by teac

33、hing children mathematics at such a young age? They have great untapped potential, but is it good for parents to pressure young children? 8Before starting our tour of Monticello, Id like to give you some historical facts that might help you appreciate what you see today even more. Monticello was the

34、 very much loved home of Thomas Jefferson for over fifty years. Jefferson, who was, of course, President, was also a great reader and language enthusiast. He read widely on different subjects, including architecture. He wasnt formally trained in architecture, but as a result of his study and observa

35、tion of other buildings, he was able to help design and build the house. He chose the site himself, naming the estate Monticello, which means little mountain in Italian. In fact, many of the ideas behind the design also came from the Italian architect Andrea Palladio, who lived in the sixteenth cent

36、ury and who had a great influence on the architecture of England. Jefferson, however, ignored one of Palladios principles, that is, not to build in a high place. Monticellos elevation made the transportation of what was needed at the housefor example, foodespecially difficult. But the view from the

37、estate would not be as spectacular if Jefferson had followed Palladios advice; there really is no boundary between the house and the nature around it, and so Jefferson was able to look out on his beloved state of Virginia from his wonderful vantage point. Now well go on to Jeffersons library.9Now th

38、at weve all introduced ourselves to the new members, lets get down to work. As the committee in charge of this years tree-planting project, we have several items on our agenda. First, we have to review the budget. The president has informed me that the trustees have set aside $3,000 for the purchase

39、 of trees and our environmental T-shirt sale netted a profit of $1,500. Second, we have to finalize the choice of trees. As you know, were working with Richardsons Nursery again this year since everyone seemed pleased with the work he did for us last year. Mr. Richardson has presented us with severa

40、l choices within our price range that he thinks would meet our needs. Hes sent us pictures of the trees for us to look at, but he wanted me to tell you that were welcome to visit the nursery if we want to see the trees themselves. Lastly, we need to plan some kind of ceremony to commemorate the plan

41、ting. Several ideas, including a garden party of some sort, have been suggested. So lets get on with it and turn to the first order of business.10Welcome to the Four Winds Historical Farm, where traditions of the past are preserved for visitors like you. Today, our master thatchers will begin giving

42、 this barn behind me a sturdy thatched roof, able to withstand heavy winds and last up to a hundred years. How do they do it? Well, in a nutshell, thatching involves covering the beams or rafters, the wooden skeleton of a roof with reeds or straw. Our thatchers here have harvested their own natural

43、materials for the job, the bundles of water reeds you see lying over there beside the barn. Thatching is certainly uncommon in the Untied States today. I guess thats why so many of you have come to see this demonstration. But it wasnt always that way. In the seventeenth century, the colonists here t

44、hatched their roofs with reeds and straw, just as they had done in England. After a while, though, they began to replace the thatch with wooden shingles because wood was so plentiful. And eventually, other roofing materials like stone, slate, and clay tiles came into use. Its a real shame that most

45、people today dont realize how strong and long lasting a thatched roof is. In Ireland, where thatching is still practiced, the roofs can survive winds of up to one hundred ten miles per hour. Thats because straw and reeds are so flexible. They bend but dont break in the wind like other materials can.

46、 Another advantage is that the roofs keep the house cool in the summer and warm in the winter. And then, of course, theres the roofs longevitythe average is sixty years, but they can last up to a hundred. With all these reasons to start thatching roofs again, wouldnt it be wonderful to see this disa

47、ppearing craft return to popularity?11A lot of people in the United States are coffee drinkers. Over the last few years, a trend has been developing to introduce premium, specially blended coffees, known as gourmet coffees into the American market. Boston seems to have been the birthplace of this tr

48、end. In fact, major gourmet coffee merchants from other cities like Seattle and San Francisco came to Boston, where today theyre engaged in a kind of coffee war with Bostons merchants. They are all competing for a significant share of the gourmet coffee market. Surprisingly, the competition among th

49、ese leading gourmet coffee businesses will not hurt any of them. Experts predict that the gourmet coffee market in the United States is growing and will continue to grow, to the point that gourmet coffee will soon capture half of what is now a 1.5-million-dollar market and will be an 8-million-dolla

50、r market by 1999. Studies have shown that coffee drinkers who convert to gourmet coffee seldom go back to the regular brands found in supermarkets. As a result, these brands will be the real losers in the gourmet coffee competition.12You may remember that a few weeks ago we discussed the question of

51、 what photography is. Is it art, or is it a method of reproducing images? Do photographs belong in museums or just in our homes? Today I want to talk about a person who tried to make his professional life an answer to such questions. Alfred Stieglitz went from the United States to Germany to study e

52、ngineering. While he was there, he became interested in photography and began to experiment with his camera. He took pictures under conditions that most photographers considered too difficult. He took them at night, in the rain, and of people and objects reflected in windows. When he returned to the

53、 United States he continued these revolutionary efforts. Stieglitz was the first person to photograph skyscrapers, clouds, and views from an airplane. What Stieglitz was trying to do in these photographs was what he tried to do throughout his life: make photography an art. He felt that photography c

54、ould be just as good a form of self-expression as painting or drawing. For Stieglitz, his camera was his brush. While many photographers of the late 1800s and early 1900s thought of their work as a reproduction of identical images, Stieglitz saw his as a creative art form.He understood the power of

55、the camera to capture the moment. In fact, he never retouched his prints or made copies of them. If he were in this classroom today, Im sure hed say, Well, painters dont normally make extra copies of their paintings, do they? 13So, uh . . . as Jim said, James Polk was the eleventh President, and . .

56、 . uh . . . well, my reports about the next PresidentZachary Taylor. Taylor was elected in 1849. Its surprising because . . . well, he was the first President that didnt have any previous political experience. The main reason he was chosen as a candidate was because he was a war hero. In the army, h

57、is men called him Old Rough and Ready. I guess because of his . . . rough edges. He was kind of blunt and he didnt really look like a military hero. He liked to do things like wear civilian clothes instead of a uniform, even in battle. And he was so short and plump he had to be lifted up onto his ho

58、rse. But he did win a lot of battles and he became more and more popular. So, the Whig party decided to nominate him for the presidency, even though no one knew anything about where he stood on the issues. I couldnt find much about his accomplishments, probably because he was only in office about a

59、year and a half before he died. But one thing, he pushed for the development of the transcontinental railroad because he thought it was important to form a link with the West Coast. There was a lot of wealth in California and Oregon from commerce and minerals and stuff. Also, he established an agricultural bureau in the Department of the Interior and promoted more government aid to agriculture. Well, thats