1、從句類型-狀語從句,. 時(shí)間狀語從句 . 原因狀語從句 . 條件狀語從句 . 讓步狀語從句 . 方式狀語從句 . 目的狀語從句與結(jié)果狀語從句,在句子中作狀語成分的從句叫狀語從句。依據(jù)其含義，可分為時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步等狀語從句，下面就各種狀語從句的疑難問題展開。 . 時(shí)間狀語從句 時(shí)間狀語從句通常由下列連詞引導(dǎo)：after, before, since, as, when, whenever, while, till, until, once, as soon as, scarcely (hardly) when (before), no sooner than, imme

2、diately (that), directly( that), the moment, the instant (that)等。 1. as, when 和 while 都可以表示主句中動作發(fā)生的背景，也可以表示主句的動作與從句的動作同時(shí)發(fā)生。因此，在很多情況下這三個(gè)連詞可以互換使用。例： example: as/when/while I was reading a book, he came into my room. 雖然很多情況下可以互換，但while一詞用作時(shí)間狀語從句的連詞時(shí)， 一般不能與短暫性動詞一起使用，因?yàn)閣hile在時(shí)間概念上表示一段時(shí)間，不能表示非持續(xù)性動作。因此下列句子

3、中的while應(yīng)該改為when或as. Example: The mother was overjoyed while she found the lost child. 連詞when的位置很靈活，下面兩句話的意思非常相近，只是英譯漢時(shí)稍有不同。 Example: We were driving swiftly on the road when the car broke down. When we were driving swiftly on the road, the car broke down.,2.since 用在時(shí)間狀語從句中常見模式是：主句為完成時(shí)，而從句為一般過去時(shí)。其實(shí)這并

4、不是唯一的選擇。下面這些時(shí)態(tài)搭配都是可以的。 Example: Since her parents died, she has lived a poor life. I havent been to the Great Wall since I have been in Beijing. Two years had passed since my daughter had married him. It seems ages since we saw him last. It has been ages since I felt happy. 3.once, directly, immedia

5、tely原是修飾連詞that與when的副詞?，F(xiàn)在這三詞已單獨(dú)地引導(dǎo)狀語從句，意義相當(dāng)于as soon as，同時(shí)名詞詞組 the moment, the instant, the minute 也可充當(dāng)引導(dǎo)狀語從句的連詞。例： example: the moment the meeting is over, I will fly to New York. She wept aloud immediately she heard the news. I felt back home the instant I stepped on my homeland.,4.引導(dǎo)詞no soonerthan

6、/ hardlywhen/ scarcelywhen 可以分別用來強(qiáng)調(diào)兩個(gè)非持續(xù)性動作的同時(shí)發(fā)生。例如： Example: I had no sooner got back to the kitchen than the door bell rang loud enough to wake the dead. 5. 時(shí)間狀語從句的主語與主句的主語一致時(shí)，或時(shí)間狀語從句的主語是不定代詞it 時(shí)，這時(shí)狀語從句的主語連詞同動詞be一起都可以省略。例： When (you are) in trouble, telephone to me.,. 原因狀語從句 1.原因狀語從句通常由because, si

7、nce, as, now that, seeing (that), considering (that)引導(dǎo)。 because, since, as都是引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句的連詞，其區(qū)別如下，because引導(dǎo)的狀語從句既可放在主句之前，也可置于主句之后，但置于主句之后情況居多。它所引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句更強(qiáng)調(diào)原因。而由since與as引導(dǎo)的從句則更強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果，且它們多數(shù)情況下放在主句之前。 Example: He was fined because he had disregarded traffic rules. As I have seen him only twice, I am afraid

8、I may not be able to recognize him in the crowd. 2.以as 引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句中的表語形容或名詞可以移到從句之前。在正式文體中，that 可以代替連詞as。例： Child as/that he was, he couldnt resist long.= since he was unarmed, he couldnt resist long. 3.由because 引導(dǎo)的從句是狀語從句，它在句中應(yīng)充當(dāng)狀語，因此不能把它當(dāng)作名詞從句而在句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、同位語等。 Example: Because another person lies is

9、 not the reason why you should. The reason he is absent from duty is because he is ill.,. 條件狀語從句 引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的連詞有：if, unless, as/so long as, provided (that), providing (that), on condition (that), suppose (that), supposing (that), when, in case等。 最常見的條件句，其條件分句動詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)形式，主句動詞用will/shall+不定式。 例如：if he doe

10、snt come, Ill go alone. 這種條件句中的條件可能實(shí)現(xiàn)，也可能不實(shí)現(xiàn)。它還可以有下列這種句式： If you wake up before lunch, give me a call. 1. 但是條件句并非只有這一種時(shí)態(tài)搭配。根據(jù)句意的需要，從句和主句的謂語動詞可以是多種時(shí)態(tài)形式。因此下面這些句子都是正確的。 A：if I make a promise, I keep it.=whenever I make a promise, I keep it. B：If you heat ice, it melts. = whenever you heat ice, it melts

11、. B：這種時(shí)態(tài)搭配的條件句用于陳述普遍真理和一般常識，或解釋科學(xué)技術(shù)現(xiàn)象，也可以是習(xí)慣動作。此時(shí)句中的if意為whenever.有時(shí)也可以用過去時(shí)，表示過去的習(xí)慣動作。,2. A：if you will reserve seats, we shall be sure of a comfortable journey.= if you are willing to reserve seats, B: Ill cook the meal if youll do the washing up. =Ill cook the meal if you are willing to do the wash

12、ing up. A,B 這種時(shí)態(tài)搭配的條件句中的will不是助動詞，而是情態(tài)動詞，意為“be willing to, agree to do what is suggested”. 3. A: if we should miss the 10clock train, we shant get there till after lunch. = if by any chance we miss the train, B: If you should die before retiring age, you widow will receive your pension for a period

13、of 7 years after your death. = if by any chance you die, A,B 句中的條件句表示一種不太可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的條件。 4. A：If we caught the train, we would (could, might, etc.) get there by lunch time. B: if I came into a fortune, I would give up working. A,B句中的條件句也表示很不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的條件。,Excises: 用上述句型完成下列句子。 1.well just manage to catch the trai

14、n if _.（我們快點(diǎn)） 2.if I see him again, I _.（我會直接與他說） 3. if my manager will lend me money, I _.（給自己買一棟房子） 4. If there is a power failure, all electrical appliances_.（停止工作） 5. if you should say such to me, I _.（很生氣） 6. if I made a lot of money, I _.（去西方各國旅游） 7. if we got there on time, they_.（會很高興） 8. pe

15、rhaps he _ if you spoke to him yourself.（同意） 9. if flowers dont get any water, they_.（馬上死去） 10. if you offended a dog, it_.（咬傷你）,條件句有時(shí)不一定有一個(gè)引導(dǎo)條件句的連詞，有幾種特殊的句型本身就是一種隱含的條件句。其中有：祈使句+and(or)+陳述句 Example: Set your alarm clock, or (else) youll oversleep. A bit more sweet food, and youll become fat.,. 讓步狀語從

16、句 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句的連詞有：although, though, even if, even though, if, granted that, granting that, when, while, whetheror, whatever, whoever, etc., no matter what, no matter who, etc,. as, that等。 1.在正式文體中，though除了可以放在句首外，也可引導(dǎo)這樣的讓步狀語從句，即把主語補(bǔ)語或狀語等放在從句之首，從句通常位于主句之前。能像though一樣引導(dǎo)這樣的讓步狀語從句還有as和that。在這種讓步狀語從句中，位于句首的可

17、以是名詞、形容詞、副詞、動詞或“動詞+賓語”。 Examples: Rich as/that he is, he is thrifty. Changed your mind as you may, I am determined to carry it through to the end. Hard though they worked, they could scarcely earn enough to make both ends meet. 2.詞尾為-ever的wh-詞（如whatever, whenever）可以與“no matter+wh-詞”換用，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句?！眓o m

18、atter+wh-詞”比較常用于口語中。 Example: Whichever alternative you choose, there wont be any real solution to the question.,3.whetheror 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句時(shí)作“不論是否”或“不論還是”解釋，謂語動詞有時(shí)可用虛擬語氣 examples: I will do it whether you like it or not. whether be rich or poor, men should be equal before the law. 4. while 引導(dǎo)的從句置于主句首，有時(shí)也可

19、看作是一個(gè)讓步狀語從句。 Examples: While I admit that the problems are difficult, I dont agree that they can not be solved. 5. 某些含有what或as的固定結(jié)構(gòu)也可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，其意義相同于詞尾為-ever的wh-詞。 Examples: Come what may, we must remain cheerful. Say what you will, I shall still have faith in my own opinion. 6. 讓步狀語從句的主語與be可以省略，如果主語

20、與主句主語一致，或者其主語為it時(shí)。 Example: Though (we were) hungry and tired, we didnt stop working.,Excises: 1._as_, he continued to give comfort and first aid to the other passengers. 2. every living thing,_, is made of cells. 3. no matter what the cost, _. 4.poor_, he is honest. 5. while _, I cant agree with yo

21、u. 6. even though _, he refused to help me.,. 方式狀語從句 方式狀語從一般由as, as if, as though引導(dǎo)。在非正式文體中或口語中，也可用the way (that)來引導(dǎo)。例： In Rome, do as the Romans do. You look as though you had seen a ghost. 1.當(dāng)as引導(dǎo)的從句位于句首時(shí)，主句常由so引出。這個(gè)so 的意思是“in the same way”。 為了加強(qiáng)語氣，又可在as前加用 ”just” 一詞。 有時(shí)在主句中，可將助動詞置于主語之前。 Examples:

22、 As rust eats iron, so care eats the heart. As the lion is king of beasts, so is the eagle king of birds. As fire tries gold, so does adversity try courage.,2. 與方式狀語從句有關(guān)的習(xí)慣用法有：句首的“as it is”，句尾的”as it is “, “過去分詞+as it is”, “現(xiàn)在分詞+as it is”等四種，現(xiàn)分別舉例說明如下： Examples: If he were not ill, he would go to se

23、e the play. As it is, he has to stay at home. You had better take the world as it is. He is my best friend, my second half, as it were. Hidden as it was by the trees, the tomb was difficult to find. Living as we do in a remote village, we rarely have visitors. 3. 如果方式狀語從句中的主語與主句的主語相似，或者主語是不定代詞it，從句中

24、的主語與動詞be也能省略。 Examples: He stamped the ground as if (he was) angry. He glanced about as though (he was) in search of something.,. 目的狀語從句與結(jié)果狀語從句 1. 目的狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞有：in order that, so that, so, in case, for fear(that), lest等。目的狀語從句中的謂語通常帶有情態(tài)動詞may, might, can, could, should, would等。 Examples: I am saving mo

25、ney in order that I can go abroad for study. So arrange your holiday time that you will enjoy yourself. 2. 引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句的連詞有：so that, sothat, suchthat, such that, that等。 結(jié)果狀語從句可有情態(tài)動詞，也可不帶情態(tài)動詞。 They owned another flat, so that they could invite more friends. The girl showed such great interest in music th

26、at she could play the piano at the age of four. 3. 目的狀語從句與結(jié)果狀語從句非常相似，有時(shí)很難區(qū)別，特別是當(dāng)兩種從句都由so that引導(dǎo)時(shí)。要區(qū)別他們除了根據(jù)上下文來判定外，還可以從以下幾個(gè)方面來分辨： 1) 目的狀語從句通常有情態(tài)動詞，而結(jié)果狀語從句通常沒有情態(tài)動詞。 We set to at once, so that the room will be cleaned out by the end of the day. Lets set to at once so that the room can (may) be cleaned

27、out by the end of the day.,2) 由so that引導(dǎo)的目睥狀語從句既可以位于主句后又可位于主句之前，而so that引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句只能放在主句之后。 So that the room may be cleaned out by the end of the day, lets set to right now. Lets set to at once so that the room will be cleaned by the end of the day. 3) 目的狀語從句能成為一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句所強(qiáng)調(diào)的成分，而結(jié)果狀語從句則不行。 It is so that t

28、he room may be cleaned out by the end of the day that we should set to right now. It is so that the room will be cleaned out by the end of the day that we set to at once. 4) 有些結(jié)果狀語從句也帶有情態(tài)動詞，如can，這時(shí)如何區(qū)別到底是結(jié)果狀語從句，還是目的狀語從句呢？唯一的區(qū)別是看有無標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號。當(dāng)從句位于主句之后時(shí)，目的狀語從句通常不用逗號，而結(jié)果狀語從句前通?？捎卸禾枴?Lets set to right now so that the room can be cleaned out by the end of the day. We set to at once, so that the room can