1、.Chapter 1Human Body as a WholeMedical TerminologyLearn the following combining forms, prefixes and suffixesand write the meaning of the medical term in the space provided.1. a hormone secreted from the adrenal gland2. inflammation of the adrenal gland3. pertaining to medicine4. pertaining to biolog

2、y5. pertaining to chemistry6. pertaining to the blood vessel7. pertaining to cells8. pertaining to molecules9. pertaining to the medicine of the living thing10. the study of the living thing11. pertaining to the physics of the living thing12. the study of the heart13. the disease of the heart14. the

3、 record of the heart waves15. the study of the human inner secretion from glands16. pertaining to the production of hormone17. the study of inner gland secretion18. the red blood cell19. the white blood cell20. the lymph cell21. the study of cell22. the study of chemistry of cell23. the study of bio

4、logy of cell.24. the study of embryo25. the tumor of the embryo26. the study of the disease of the embryo27. the study of the human inner secretion from glands28. pertaining to the inside of the heart29. pertaining to the inside of the cell30. above the skin31. above the skin32. inflammation of the

5、skin33. red blood cells34. instrument of measuring red blood cells35. to breathe out the waste gas36. to drive somebody or something out37. to spread outside38. sth that produces diseases39. the study of blood40. blood cells41. the study of tissues42. the study of tissue pathology43. therapy treatme

6、nt, hence tissue treatment44. pertaining to the base45. pertaining to the toxin46. pertaining to symptoms47. the study of bodys auto protection from diseases48. protected from49. deficiency in the immune system of the body50. substance from the adrenal gland51. water from it52. the study of societie

7、s53. the study of urinary system.54. the study of cell55. lymph cells56. tumor of the lymphatic system57. the study of the lymphatic system58. the study of physical growth59. a doctor of internal medicine60. treatment by physiological methods61. the new growth ,tumor62. the study of mind63. abnormal

8、 condition of the mind64. the study of the relationship between psychology and biology65. a condition of over activity of the thyroid gland66. the condition of under activity of the thyroid gland67. the inflammation of the thyroid gland68.cutting apart the human body as a branch of medical sciences6

9、9. cut open the bone 70.to cut the heart open71. pertaining to the blood vessel72. inflammation of the blood vessel73. pertaining to the lymphatic system and the blood vesselKey to the Exercises B.1. （embryo）embryology2. (process/condition) mechanism3. (heart) cardiovascular4. (color) chromatin5. (s

10、ecretion) endocrinology6. (cell) cytology7. (sth. that produces or is produced) pathogen8. (lymph) lymphatic.9.(the study of)psychology10.(pertaining to)regularLanguage Points:puttogether 成knownas 叫做joints between bones關(guān) to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body 骨骼肌引起各種運(yùn) hip

11、 joint 關(guān) flexible 有 性的cushioning 沖replaced bybone 骨化one bone moves in relation to the other兩骨彼此靠近 生運(yùn) contents 物 nourishment 養(yǎng)物 function 功能waste products 物accumulate 聚poison the body危害生命distributes 運(yùn)送needed materials有用的物 unneeded ones 物is made up of包括protect against foreign invaders防止外來(lái)侵 （ See! Power

12、 Point）identical 等的receives吸收traveled through流 forced out 送reenter流入directly直接地channels 管道filters 過(guò)濾larynx 喉管trachea氣管two lungs 左右肺very large number of 大量的air spaces肺泡release 放出extending 延伸到broken down 分解absorbed into吸收 chewing 咀嚼esophagus食管Key to the Section B Passage 1 Exercises B.1. (The skeletal

13、 system consists of bones, joints and soft bones.)2. (Heart is generated when muscles are contracted, which helps keep the bodytemperatureconstant.)3. (The circulation of blood carries useful materials to all body cells while removing waste ones.).4. (Oxygen is inhaled and carbon dioxide is exhaled

14、in the process of respiration.)5. (The digestion of food involves both mechanical and chemical procedures.)6. (The urinary system keeps normal levels of water and of certain chemicals in the body.)7. (The pituitary is a major gland located under the brain in the middle of the head.)8. (The brain col

15、lects and processes information and then sends instructions to all parts ofthebody to be carried out.)9. (The main function of the male reproductive system is to generate, transport and keep active male sex cells.)10. (The largest of the bodys organs, the skin protects the inner structure of the bod

16、y with a complete layer.)Key to the Section APassage 1Exercises E.1.cardiovascular diseases2. function of the pituitary3.the urinary tract4. molecules5.artery6. endocrinology7.dyspnea / difficulty in respiration8. saliva9.histology10. blood circulation11. hematology12. physiology13. anatomy14. the f

17、emale reproductive15. nervous cells16. immunology17. indigestion / poor in digestion18. voluntary muscle19. embryology20. psychologySection B, Passage 2 Cells and TissuesLanguage PointsOrganized 組（構(gòu)）成arranged in to 構(gòu)成in turn are grouped into 又進(jìn)一步組成serves itsspecific 有特定的bear in mind 記住result from 源于

18、billions億萬(wàn)determind 確立fit on 合在一起by contrast 相比之下machinary 機(jī)構(gòu)while normally 在正常情況下functionwithgreat efficiency高效地發(fā)揮作用.are subject to易于 生result in 致millionth 百萬(wàn)分之一equal 等于average 一般a speck barely visible基本上看不 的一個(gè)小點(diǎn)Thescience thatdeals with cells onthe smalleststructural and functional level is called

19、molecular biology.從最小的 構(gòu)及功能水平研究 胞的科學(xué)叫分子生物學(xué)。livingjelly生 命膠 囊encloses 覆蓋isdone 完 成external 以外 的semipermeable半透性的phospholipid 磷脂（膜）intact 完整distribute分布diffusion擴(kuò)散dissolved分解pinocytosis 胞 飲 作用breaks loose分裂出來(lái)driftsinto 入variesfrom-to 在 - 范 內(nèi) 化depending on 取決于vanish 消失stiffening 增 glucose 葡萄糖run throug

20、h 交 twists through 交 穿 stacks堆a(bǔ)ppear to看來(lái)play a part in 對(duì) -起作用hereditary traits 胞特性strands 條串toothinlystrung 于稀疏sphericalstructure 球體狀cavities 孔穴coordinates 協(xié)調(diào)Key to the Exercises B1. cytology2. protoplasm3.cell membrane4. cell nucleus5. cytoplasm6. deoxyribonucleic acid7. semipermeable 8. molecular

21、 biology9. carbodydrate10. differentially11. to keep . intact12. on the evidence of13.hereditary trait14. diffusion15. transaction16. blueprint17. chromosome18. pigment19. to excrete waste liquid20. to disperse21. impulse22. ribonucleic acidKey to the Exercises C1. 胞 的各 以及沿著胞 網(wǎng)有數(shù)量很多的核糖體。2. 位于 胞上的叫做“

22、小穴”的小室收集化學(xué)信號(hào)，并把它 送到 胞。3. 研究 胞的科學(xué)家已 確立：一個(gè) 胞可能有一個(gè)網(wǎng)球那么大，也可能成千上萬(wàn)個(gè) 胞合在一起才有 尖那么大。4. 于那些 胞的有機(jī)體而言， 種液體是 胞以外的水，即海洋、湖泊或小溪；但 于多 胞的生物而言， 種媒介就是生物體的一部分 于植物來(lái) .是它的汁液， 于 物來(lái) 是它的血液。Chapter 2Diseases and DisordersMedical TerminologyLearn the following combining forms, prefixes and suffixes and write the meaning of the

23、medical term in the space provided.1. without symptoms2. lack of blood3. pertaining to the condition of lacking shape4. cutting apart the body as a branch of medical sciences5. examination through separation, taking things apart6. a specialist whose work is to carry out analysis7. the x-ray photo of

24、 the blood vessel8. surgical repaie of the vessel9. inflammation of the blood vessel10. destroys or weakens bacteria or neutralizes the poison they produce11. stimulates the production of antibodies12. destroys or inhibits the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria13. sth to do with the lungs14.

25、pertaining to the urinary tract15. pertaining to heredity16.not enough; lack17. no longer generate, produce, go down18. ribonucleic acid without oxygen19. the complete knowledge about a patient20. complete separation of waste matter from21. a cross measurement of a round surface22. the machine which

26、 records the heart electric waves23. the record of the muscle electric wave.24. the record of electric wave of the brain25. within a particular group of people26. to close in27. to swallow in28. complete knowledge of a patient29. the state of knowing sth before it actually occurs30. record of electr

27、ic wave of the heart31. an x-ray photo of the blood vessel32. an x-ray photo of the muscle（spinal cord）33.the machine which records the heart electric waves34. the instrument which measures the time35. the instrument which measures the breath36. the process of taking X-ray photograph37. the process

28、of using ultra sound to detect the abnormality of the body38. inflammation of the liver39. the cell of the liver40. pertaining to the liver and stomach41. inflammation of the colon42. inflammation of the stomach43. inflammation of the intestine44. the process of taking x-ray photos of the breasts45.

29、 x-ray photos of the breasts46. surgical reconstruction of the breasts47. the instrument for measuring amount of air breathed into the lungs48. the instrument for measuring temperatures49. the instrument for measuring pressure50. the abnormal condition of hardening51. abnormal mind condition52. pert

30、aining to infection53. pertaining to the nerve.54. pertaining to the mucus55. the study of diseases56. the instrument to record diseases57. germs that produce diseases58. a tape of cell of the body defense system destroys invaders59. the study of how the cell of the body defense system destroys inva

31、ders60. surgical repair of the blood vessel61. surgical repair of the bone62. surgical repair of the muscle63. status of a woman before her labor64. to make statement about the future event65. before it is mature66. pertaining to the lungs67. the study of the lungs68. inflammation of the lungs69. th

32、e science which deals with x ray or radioactive substances70. pertaining to radioactivity71. the instrument to examine the heart and lungs by listening72. the instrument that can make bacteria and virus look larger enough to be examined73. the instrument which is used to examine the bladder74. the i

33、nstrument for measuring the amount of air breathed into the lungs75. breathing76. having to do with the spirometer77. the instrument to examine the heart and lungs by listening78. the chest pain79. to measure the circumference of the chest80. treatment of diseases by medicine (chemistry)81. treatmen

34、t of diseases by x ray or radioactive agents82. treatment of diseases by physical means83. the study of urinary system84. the instrument which measures sugar in the urine.85. to do with the reproductive organ and the urinary tractKey to the Section AExercise B1. the coloncolitis2. the stomachgastrit

35、is3. the intestineenteritis4. the lungspumonitis5. the breastmammitis6. the thyroidthyroiditis7. the lymph vessellymphangitis8. the blood vesselvasculitis9. the adrenal glandadrenalitis10. the blood vesselangitisSection B ReadingsPassage OneHuman DiseasesLanguage Points:brief survey 概論glimpse 印象 fun

36、damentals 基礎(chǔ)、原理the picture is not complete 這一概論就不完整the modern approach to the study of disorder現(xiàn)代對(duì)疾病的研究方法aspect方面defined as a condition 被定義為一種狀態(tài)succumb to 受制于in turn 反過(guò)來(lái)說(shuō)detect 覺(jué)察swollen blood vessel 血管擴(kuò)張strikes 侵襲community社區(qū)runs a short course病程短often hits without warning常常發(fā)作沒(méi)有前兆gradual onset 發(fā)病慢ai

37、lment（精神）病causative agents 病愿體airborne droplets 空氣小粒sneeze 打噴嚏produce 導(dǎo)致a disease-producing organism一個(gè)致病的有機(jī)體disturbances紊亂poorly operating nervous system 神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)工作不良provoked 引發(fā)drug addiction 吸毒成性Furthermore 而且gene patterns 基因improperly operating 工作狀態(tài)不良Genetic disorders 基因失調(diào)inborn errors of metabolism 先

38、天性代謝失調(diào)mental retardation 智力發(fā)育遲緩places to breed 繁衍的世界broadly 廣義地ward off 阻止sexual contact 性接觸cholera 霍亂typhoid fever 傷寒熱t(yī)ainted 腐爛的barriers 屏障offer considerable resistance在很大程度上抵抗In minor cases在較輕的病例中l(wèi)ined with mucus-secreting cells 覆蓋滿(mǎn)了能分泌黏液的細(xì)胞trap 捕捉.dust particles 塵粒wave like a field of wheat 象麥田里

39、的小麥一樣舞動(dòng)foreign matter 異物potential 潛在的thrive 蓬勃繁殖assumes higher 達(dá)到高燒Wax 蠟flock to 群集在try to localize the infection 使感染局部化pus-filled abscesses 膿塊Unless 如果不drain排除blocked 擋住tender 松柔的brought 感染上傳traces 侵襲long-lasting 長(zhǎng)期的range 包括are a class of 一種被稱(chēng)為sites 部位link with相連hook up 粘和out of action 失去作用by inact

40、ivating 失去活性key portion of the harmful substance 關(guān)鍵有害部分butter the surface 表面涂上一些奶油make them tastier to phagocytes讓吞噬細(xì)胞更喜歡吞噬它們intermediate 中間體actually destroy 實(shí)施消滅fixes 會(huì)有一個(gè)eat through 咬穿burst 暴開(kāi)several kinds 若干the most plentiful and versatile 數(shù)量最多用途最多next most plentiful 數(shù)量次多adapted to 適合at the first

41、 signs of 一有。出現(xiàn)against the infection 對(duì)付傳染病involved 涉及triggered by 觸發(fā)to multiply 準(zhǔn)備繁殖are not the best qualified to fight a wide range of antigens不是對(duì)付廣普抗原的最好選擇concentrates 集中sticks well to 粘連switched off 停止example of negative feedback control 消極反饋控制的例子Key to the Exercise E1.（每一個(gè)抗體由一條化學(xué)亞單位（即氨基酸）的重鏈和一條輕

42、鏈所構(gòu)成。這條輕鏈上有特別的部位，氨基酸能使其補(bǔ)體和抗原子相連。）2.（某些情況下，通過(guò)調(diào)理素作用的過(guò)程，抗體在抗原表面涂抹上一些“奶油”，讓吞噬細(xì)胞更喜歡吞噬它們。 ）3.（在另一些情況下，抗體和一個(gè)細(xì)菌抗原合上以后，卻需要一個(gè)中間體，或補(bǔ)體來(lái)實(shí)施對(duì)該細(xì)胞的消滅。于是， 當(dāng)抗體和抗原的結(jié)合體隨血液循環(huán)時(shí)，該結(jié)合體有一個(gè)補(bǔ)體附體。）4. （在第一天左右，血液中沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)付傳染病的抗體。但是，這只是因?yàn)樯婕翱贵w制造的基本細(xì)胞已被當(dāng)前的抗原存在所觸發(fā)而準(zhǔn)備開(kāi)始繁殖。 ）.Key to the Section B Passage 1Exercise F1.to impair proper funct

43、ion2.to contaminate environment3.malfunction4. causative agent5.vulnerable groups6. localized infection7.venereal disease8. antigen and antibodySection B, Passage 2 Diagnosis and PrognosisLanguage Points： clinical encounters 就 程set the stage for making a diagnosis觸使醫(yī)生作出一個(gè) 斷diagnosis is accomplished

44、with一個(gè)完整的 斷由病人的。 。而 成standard 準(zhǔn) preferably quoting the patient最好引用患者的自述 stating the purpose of the visit 述就 的目的 the duration of the complaint 病痛持 的 the patient states a request instead of a complaint也可將患者的要求作 主 Other physicians involved in the patients care患者的其他保健醫(yī)生how much 重程度 What makes the sympto

45、m better or worse, past medical care 癥狀的好 或加重的影響因素to narrow diagnostic possibilities 小 斷范 drug habits 有無(wú) 物成 available to the patient 患者可 得Review 回 Prognosis 后encounter遇到getrecovered 痊愈to stay well 病情好 the forecast of the probable results 病情可能的 展作出 測(cè) discuss探 to expect from the clinical course of the

46、 condition 在治 程中所期盼的resolve 痊愈reassurance is often all that is needed安慰就行了a given patient 特定的病人be determined primarily 主要取決于aware of his/her willingness to discuss the prognosis意 到 后與否取決于病人的愿意best conducted at follow- up visits 最好在隨 中 行the two 雙方The best 最高明的blend .together 交融在一起through the complica

47、ted steps of shock, denial, depression, and acceptance of fatal illness度.過(guò)身患致命疾病的震驚，否認(rèn)，抑郁，和接受現(xiàn)實(shí)的復(fù)雜階段abandon the patient扔下病人不管Key to the Exercise B1.(These question will set the doctor working towards a diagnosis, i. e. determine the cause of an illness.)2. (Therefore, it is essential for the doctor

48、to tell the patient what disease he is suffering and offer to discuss with the patient about the prognosis.)3.(If the patient is to recover without any bad physical consequence, all the physician needs to do is to take him feel that he will be well soon.)4.(Although most patients want to know whatev

49、er happens to them, a doctor should know whether to tell them the truth depends not on him but on patients.)5.(A doctor s duty is to make his patient realize whether to discuss the prognosis is up to the patient to decide.)6.(What a best doctor can do is to tell the patient the truth together with s

50、elf-confidence and help him through the most difficult steps of shock, denial, depression and acceptance of the fact.)Key to the Exercise D1. electromyogram2. nuclear magnetic resonance3. multiple scletosis4. glucose-tolerance test5. electrocardiograph6. optimistic prognosis7. sequelae of disease8.

51、ultrasonography9. fiber optic technology10. medical history11. hematopoietic system12. follow up activity13. fatal illnesses14. nutritional deficiency15. body fluids16. to highlight details17. hazard-free treatment18. electroencephalogram19. non-invasive test20. blood-starved tissueChapter 3Muscular

52、 System.Section AMedical TerminologyLearn the following combining forms, prefixes and suffixes and write the meaning of the medical term in the space provided.1. pertaining to an artery2. inflammation of an artery3. study of arteries4. the muscle of two heads in the front of the upper arm5. both hands6. to two sides7. perta