1、Skill VReference,Review: conversion,Two things are outstanding in the creation of the English system of canals. 在英國運河網(wǎng)的修建中，有兩件事是非常突出的。 在修建英國運河網(wǎng)的過程中，有兩點是非常突出的。（NV） Two things characterize all the Industrial Revolution. 這兩點是整個工業(yè)革命的特點。,What is reference 1,There are certain items in every language which

2、 have the property of reference, i.e. instead of being interpreted semantically in their own right, they make reference to something else for their interpretation. In English these items are personals, demonstratives, and comparatives. These items are directives indicating that information is to be

3、retrieved from elsewhere.,Some examples,Lily is a student. She is twelve. (anaphoric) Leaving all his money, the old man left. (cataphoric) Peter had a wife but couldnt keep her. Ill make you apple pies. How would you like that? This is the house Jack built. (Exdophoric),What is reference 2,Referenc

4、e situational textual Exdophoric (外) Endophoric (內(nèi)) to preceding text to following text anaphoric前 cataphoric后,Function of using references,Comparison I found a boy sitting in the classroom. The boy was talking to a teacher. It seemed that the boy was very angry, because the boy was shaking the boys

5、 fist. I found a boy sitting in the classroom. He was talking to a teacher. It seemed that the boy was very angry, because he was shaking his fist. I found a boy sitting in the classroom. They were talking to a teacher. It seemed that he was very angry, because he was shaking his fist. The function

6、of using references Make the writing simple, easily understood and cohesive.,Understanding references (1),1Two things are out standing in the creation of the English system of canals, and they characterize all the Industrial Revolution. One is that the men who made the revolution were practical men.

7、 Like Brindley, they often had little education, and in fact school education as it then was could only dull an inventive mind. The grammar schools legally could only teach the classical subjects for which they had been founded. The universities (there were only two, at Oxford and Cambridge) also to

8、ok little interest in modern or scientific studies; and they were closed to those who did not conform to the Church of England.,Discussion 1,Two things are out standing in the creation of the English system of canals, and they characterize all the Industrial Revolution. One is that the men who made

9、the revolution were practical men. 在修建英國運河網(wǎng)的過程中，有兩點是非常突出的。這兩點是整個工業(yè)革命的特點。首先，發(fā)動這場革命的都是些實干家。 Like Brindley, they often had little education, and in fact school education as it then was could only dull an inventive mind.,Discussion 2,同布林德雷一樣，他們一般都沒有受過什么教育。事實上，當時那種學校教育也只能窒息人的創(chuàng)造性。 The grammar schools lega

10、lly could only teach the classical subjects for which they had been founded. 按規(guī)定文法學校只能講授古典學科，這些學校的辦學宗旨本來就是如此。 The universities (there were only two, at Oxford and Cambridge) also took little interest in modern or scientific studies;,Discussion 3,大學（當時只有兩所，一所在牛津，一所在劍橋）對現(xiàn)代的或科學的學科也不怎么感興趣； and they were

11、 closed to those who did not conform to the Church of England. 這兩所大學還把不信奉英國國教的人關(guān)在門外。,Understanding references (2),2If you think of a pair of combatants as a heroic British St Micheal bringing the wrath of God upon a German Lucifer, then you may exult in the victory of St Micheal if he kills Lucifer,

12、 or burn to avenge him if his dastardly adversary mows him down with a machine-gun before he can get to grips with him.,Discussion 4,If you think of a pair of combatants as a heroic British St Micheal bringing the wrath of God upon a German Lucifer, then you may exult in the victory of St Micheal if

13、 he kills Lucifer, or burn to avenge him if his dastardly adversary mows him down with a machine-gun before he can get to grips with him. 設(shè)想一下，假如英勇的英國士兵圣邁克爾正義憤填膺地與德國鬼子盧瑟福交戰(zhàn)，如果圣邁克爾殺了盧瑟福你自然會欣喜若狂，而當你看到圣邁克爾還未來得及和德國鬼子交手就被用機槍掃倒，你又肯定會怒火中燒，誓報此仇。,How to translate,Into reference His younger brother is a docto

14、r. 他弟弟是醫(yī)生。 My sister is a college student. She is lovely. 我妹妹是個大學生，她很可愛。 Into noun or oneself (“自己”) Any gas in fact can be turned into a liquid by compressing, as long as it is not too hot. 事實上，任何氣體經(jīng)過壓縮都能變成液體，只要氣體不是太熱。,How to translate,But he didnt seem to notice his surroundings. 可是他好象并沒有注意到自己的處境。

15、 He put his hand into his pocket. 他把手插進(自己的)衣袋里。 Omit the reference We had much snow last year. 去年下了許多雪。 The boy broke his arm when he fell from the tree. 這個男孩從樹上跌下來的時候把胳膊摔斷了。,How to translate,If they could not be lovers, they could be friends again and she could warm her cold and lonely heart in the glow of his friendship. 即使他們成不了愛人，也可以重新成為朋友，她可以借他的友誼之光來溫暖自己那顆孤獨、冰冷的心。 It is about 150 million kilometers from the earth to the