1、高二語法講與練 虛擬語氣概述虛擬語氣是各種英語考試中考察最多的一種。虛擬語氣在英語里主要用來表達(dá)：1.非真實的情景，不可能發(fā)生的事，即某種與事實相反或難以實現(xiàn)的情況，或說話人的主觀愿望。2.強(qiáng)制性虛擬語氣，表示建議、命令、勸告等意思，表示強(qiáng)烈地要求做到、必須做到這樣的含義。虛擬語氣的表達(dá)形式是通過動詞的變化形式表達(dá)的，其特點是主從句時態(tài)的不一致，而起一般有明顯的標(biāo)志。一、If型If條件狀語從句表示的虛擬語氣，其句型結(jié)構(gòu)如下： 特別值得注意的是，這種虛擬語氣的形式存在交叉虛擬，即如果從句發(fā)生的動作和主句發(fā)生的動作不一致(例如：從句動作發(fā)生在過去，主句動作發(fā)生在現(xiàn)在)，謂語動詞要根據(jù)表示的時間進(jìn)行

2、調(diào)整。例如：If Peter had applied for the post, he would probably get it now. 要是彼得申請了那職位，他很可能現(xiàn)在就得到了。If he had left for Shanghai yesterday, he would get there now. 如果他昨天動身去上海的話，他現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)到那里了。二、Wish型1.wish后的賓語從句用虛擬語氣，其句型結(jié)構(gòu)如下：與過去事實相反從句的謂語動詞用 had done與現(xiàn)在事實相反從句的謂語動詞用 did與將來事實相反從句的謂語動詞用 would/could doI wish they wou

3、ld change the menu. 他們要是改變一下菜單就好了。I wish I hadnt spent so much money. 我要是沒花那么多的錢就好了。同樣地，在as if/as though引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中和以if only引導(dǎo)的帶有感嘆色彩的虛擬語氣句子中，謂語動詞與wish引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中的虛擬形式相同。2.由if only 引導(dǎo)的虛擬語氣與過去事實相反 if only 謂語動詞用had done與現(xiàn)在事實相反 if only 謂語動詞用didIf only she had asked someones advice! 她要是征求了別人的意見就好了！3.由as if/as

4、 though even if / even though 引導(dǎo)的虛擬語氣與過去事實相反 謂語動詞用had done與現(xiàn)在事實相反 謂語動詞用didHe talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.談?wù)撈鹆_馬來就像他去過似的。He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我發(fā)號施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。三、強(qiáng)制性虛擬語氣1.表示建議、命令、勸告、決心等主觀色彩的動詞 + that + (should) + 動詞原形，其中should經(jīng)常被省略。這類動詞包括：advise，ask，command，deci

5、de，decree，demand，desire，determine， direct，insist，maintain，move(動議，規(guī)定)，order，prefer，propose，recommend，require，stipulate，suggest等等。例如：It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios (should) not be played after 11 oclock at night.酒店管理人員懇請房客在晚上11點之后不要打開收音機(jī)。2.以上動詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞，如suggestion，proposal，

6、demand，order，command，advice，desire，requirement，request，agreement，determination，preference，resolution，indication，后接同位語從句或表語從句時，從句要求用虛擬語氣，其謂語部分用should + 動詞原形，should可以省略。例如：We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.我們都支持你推遲討論的建議。3.值得注意的是，只有suggest意為“建議”、insist意為“堅持認(rèn)為”時，從句用虛擬語氣，當(dāng)sug

7、gest意為“暗示”、insist意為“堅持說”時，從句不用虛擬語氣。例如：When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday, the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.當(dāng)兒子提議星期天去公園時，父親用表情表示了默許。The boy insisted that he didnt cheat in the exam.這個孩子堅持說他沒有在考試中作弊。(考試已經(jīng)結(jié)束)The boy insisted that he shouldnt cheat

8、 in the exam.這個孩子堅持認(rèn)為不應(yīng)該在考試中作弊。(考試還未進(jìn)行)4.It is/was + 形容詞/過去分詞 + that + (should) + 動詞原形，這些形容詞主要表示必要性、重要性、強(qiáng)制性、合適性、義務(wù)性，即某人對某事的反應(yīng)。這類詞包括：important，natural，desirable，possible，astonishing，advisable，anxious，appropriate，compulsory，crucial，eager，essential，fitting，imperative，improper，necessary，obligatory，prefe

9、rable，proper，urgent，vital，shocked，requested，amazing，strange，odd，ridiculous，surprising，unthinkable，incredible等等。例如：It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大學(xué)畢業(yè)生不僅要有理論知識，更要有實踐經(jīng)驗，這一點很重要。It is surprising that they should kill the time like

10、 that.他們竟然這樣打發(fā)時間，真是太奇怪了。四、其他類型的虛擬語氣1.由would rather/sooner，would sooner，had rather，would just as soon，would prefer等結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)的虛擬語氣，其句型結(jié)構(gòu)如下：與過去事實相反 would rather/sooner謂語動詞用had done與現(xiàn)在、將來事實相反 would rather/sooner謂語動詞用did2.由it is time引導(dǎo)的虛擬語氣，謂語動詞始終用did。3.在lest that，for fear that，in case that，引導(dǎo)的表示消極意義的目的狀語從句中常

11、用虛擬語氣，結(jié)構(gòu)用should + 動詞原形。例如：I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里備了些蠟燭，以防斷電。4.含蓄虛擬條件句是指沒有出現(xiàn)用if 引導(dǎo)的條件句，而條件句的意思是用其他方式表達(dá)的。如：without，but for，otherwise，or，but that，given，provided，supposing，were it not for等等。例如：Given me more time, I would have worked out a more perfect

12、 scheme. 再給我一點時間的話，我本可以設(shè)計出更加完善的方案。Were it not for your help, I would havent finished the work on time. 要不是你的幫助，我不可能按時完成工作。5.表示祝愿或希望用虛擬語氣，例如：Long live the queen! 女王萬歲！God bless you! 上帝保佑你！考點一、虛擬語氣用于名詞性從句 1） 虛擬語氣在賓語從句中的運用。 “wish + 賓語從句”表示不能實現(xiàn)的愿望。表示現(xiàn)在不能實現(xiàn)的愿望，從句中的謂語動詞用一般過去時；表示將來不能實現(xiàn)的愿望，從句中的謂語動詞用“would /

13、 could + 動詞原形”；表示過去不能實現(xiàn)的愿望，從句中的謂語動詞用“had + 過去分詞”或“could (should) + have + 過去分詞”。例如： I wish that the rain would stop. 在表示建議、要求、命令等的動詞后的賓語從句中，謂語動詞用“should + 動詞原形”或是“動詞原形”。The teacher suggested that we (should) clean the blackboard after class. Would (had) rather, would just as soon, would sooner, woul

14、d prefer + 從句結(jié)構(gòu) 這幾個句型都表示一種“婉轉(zhuǎn)的責(zé)備”，謂語動詞用過去式表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)?，用過去完成式表示與過去事實相反。 Id rather she stayed at home in such a bad health condition. expect, believe, think, suspect, imagine等動詞的否定或疑問形式的賓語從句中，謂語動詞用should + 動詞原形。 I never expected that the problem should be so complicated. 2） 虛擬語氣在同位語從句和表語從句中的運用。 作表示建議、要求、命

15、令等名詞的表語從句和同位語從句，從句中的謂語動詞用“（should） + 動詞原形”。 It is my proposal that he be sent to study further abroad 3） 虛擬語氣在主語從句中的運用。 在主語從句中，謂語動詞的虛擬語氣用“should + 動詞原形”的結(jié)構(gòu)，表示驚奇、不相信、理應(yīng)如此等。常用的形容詞：natural， necessary， important， urgent， probable， desirable， advisable, essential，常用的過去分詞：required, demanded， suggested, re

16、commended, ordered。Its necessary that we should have a walk now. 二、虛擬語氣在其他場合的運用 1）虛擬語氣在as if / as though、even if / even though等引導(dǎo)的表語從句或狀語從句中，如果從句表示的動作發(fā)生在過去，用過去完成時；指現(xiàn)在狀況，則用一般過去時；指將來狀況則用過去將來時。例如： She loves the children in the kindergarten as if they were her own. 2） 虛擬語氣用于句型“It is (about / high) time

17、(that).”中，定語從句的謂語動詞用一般過去時 (be用were) 或should + 動詞原形。例如： It is high time (that) we began to work. 3） 虛擬語氣用在if only引導(dǎo)的感嘆句中。例如： If only he could come tomorrow. 4） 虛擬語氣用在“for fear that”引起的狀語從句中,其形式為should +動詞原形（should不能省略）。例如： She put a blanket over that baby for fear that he should catch cold.1. The tea

18、cher required that no one _ late for class. A. be B. must be C. should have been D. was 1. A。此題考查虛擬語氣的用法。動詞demand，require，suggest， insist，advise，order等后接賓語從句時，從句中謂語動詞應(yīng)使用虛擬語氣，即“should+動詞原形(do / be done)”，should可省略。2. Galileo insisted that the earth round the sun. A. should move B. move C. moves D. is

19、 moving C。insist如果表示“堅決認(rèn)為、主張”的意思，后接賓語從句時，應(yīng)使用真實語氣。3. I missed the film last night. Oh, what a pity! I wish you _ another chance. A. had had B. would have C. will have D. would have had B。3 wish，其后接賓語從句時，從句中的謂語動詞應(yīng)使用虛擬語氣。題3中賓語從句表示對將來動作的虛擬，謂語動詞應(yīng)使用過去將來時。題4中賓語從句表示對過去動作的虛擬，謂語動詞應(yīng)使用過去完成時。5. She insisted that

20、 she _ go shopping together with me. A. would B. should C. could D. might 5. B。insist如果是“堅決要求(做)”的意思，后接賓語從句時，應(yīng)使用虛擬語氣，即：should+動詞原形，should可以省略。6. Professor Smith suggested that we _ waste time discussing the problem of little importance. A. wouldnt B. should C. couldnt D. not D。suggest表示“建議”時，其后接的賓語從

21、句應(yīng)使用虛擬語氣，這里省略了should7. Shall I tell them the news? No, I would rather they _ know. A. dont B. didnt C. wont D. wouldnt 7. B。would rather后接賓語從句時，從句中謂語動詞應(yīng)使用虛擬語氣。表示對現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼奶摂M，應(yīng)使用過去時(7、9題)；10. Im a student now, but I wish I _ a superstar like Jordan. A. be B. am C. become D. were D。wish后接賓語從句時，如果謂語動詞是系動詞

22、be且從句表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的愿望，不論是第幾人稱，虛擬語氣中常常使用were。同步練一、判斷正誤1.【誤】If Della hadnt sold her hair, she couldnt buy the gold watch for Jim.【正】If Della hadnt sold her hair, she couldnt have bought the gold watch for Jim.【析】對過去情況虛擬的條件句中,從句應(yīng)用過去完成時,主句應(yīng)用情態(tài)動詞的過去式形式+ have done。2.【誤】I wish I wasnt busy yesterday and could

23、finish with the recorder.【正】I wish I hadnt been busy yesterday and could have finished with the recorder.【析】在I wish that從句中,動詞應(yīng)用虛擬語氣形式。與過去事實相反時,從句謂語動詞為had +動詞的過去分詞; 3.【誤】He insisted that he should be really very tired and that he must be allowed to have a rest.【正】He insisted that he was really very

24、tired and that he should be allowed to have a rest.【析】在desire, insist, request, require, recommend, suggest, command, demand以及order等這些表示命令、建議、要求等詞后面的賓語從句中,謂語動詞用should +動詞原形,should可以省略。4.【誤】Its time that you have gone over the whole book.【正】Its time that you went over the whole book. or Its time that

25、 you should go over the whole book.【析】在Its (high) time (that)后面的賓語從句中,其謂語通常用動詞的過去式或should +動詞原形。5.【誤】It is important that we shall close the window before we leave.【正】It is important that we (should) close the window before we leave.【析】在It is important (necessary,strange,natural,desirable等)后面的that主語

26、從句中,謂語動詞應(yīng)用should +動詞原形,should可以省略。6.【誤】If only my grandpa see this film with us now.【正】If only my grandpa could see this film with us now.【析】if only表示要是就好了、但愿虛擬語氣的感嘆句。本句說的是現(xiàn)在的情況,應(yīng)用情態(tài)動詞的過去式加動詞原形;如果是過去的情況,應(yīng)用過去完成時態(tài)。7.【誤】His suggestion that you must try once more sounds reasonable.【正】His suggestion that

27、 you (should) try once more sounds reasonable.【析】作suggestion, advice, idea, demand, plan, proposal, request等名詞的表語從句或同位語從句時,從句中的謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)(should)+動詞原形。8.【誤】It is demanded that the wounded must be sent to hospital right away.【正】It is demanded that the wounded (should) be sent to hospital right awa

28、y.【析】在It is demanded(ordered,requested,suggested,desired等)that.這一結(jié)構(gòu)中,主語從句中的謂語動詞要用(should)+動詞原形。9.【誤】When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it breaks.【正】When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it were broken.【析】在as if(though)引導(dǎo)的表語從句或狀語從句中,如果從句表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反,謂語動詞用一般

29、過去式;表示與過去事實相反,謂語動詞用had +過去分詞;表示與將來事實相反,謂語動詞用would(might,could)+動詞原形。10.【誤】I would rather he should come tomorrow than today.【正】I would rather he came tomorrow than today.【析】在would (had) rather引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中當(dāng)從句表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼臅r間時,謂語動詞要用一般過去時;表示過去時間時,謂語動詞要用過去完成時。11.【誤】Without your help, we will not make such rapid

30、progress.【正】Without your help, we would not have made such rapid progress.【析】我們有時用一些介詞短語(如:but for, without, otherwise, in that case等),或通過上下文來表示含蓄的條件,這時主句要用虛擬語氣。本句是對過去事實進(jìn)行假設(shè)的虛擬語氣的句子,without your help相當(dāng)于if we hadnt had your help,因而主句應(yīng)當(dāng)用情態(tài)動詞的過去式加上動詞的完成體形式。12.【誤】If it werent for my job, I will come wit

31、h you.【正】If it werent for my job, I would come with you.用If it were not for.表與現(xiàn)在相反,謂要用would (should)加原形;用If it had not been for.這一結(jié)構(gòu)來表達(dá)與過去事實相反的情況,謂語動詞要用would(should)加動詞的完成體。二、難點1. I _ that the old man had lived with his daughter ten years ago， but he is still living alone. A. think B. was thinking C

32、. had thought D. have thought C。一些表心理活動的動詞(如think， suppose，guess， hope等)可用“過去完成時或一般過去時后接賓語從句”表示一個“與事實不符的過去的想法、猜想或希望”。2. I _ to go to your birthday party， but I had to look after my mother in hospital. A. loved B. have loved C. should love D. should have loved D?？捎谩皊hould / would + have liked / loved

33、 + to do sth.”表示“過去本來想要做某事而未曾做到”。 3. They _ a lecture at 8：30， but they had to put it off because the speaker didnt arrive on time. A. were to have held B. were to hold C. held D. had held A?？捎谩皐as / were + to have done sth.”表示“過去本來計劃、安排做某事，但并未做到”。 4. I would rather not _ with her about it， but I di

34、dnt control my feelings at that time. A. quarrel B. to quarrel C. have quarreled D. had quarreled C。可用“would rather + have done sth.”表示“主觀上本來寧愿做某事，而實際上卻沒有做”，用否定式則表示“主觀上本來寧愿不做某事，而實際上卻做了”。 5. I cant recite the poem. Well， you are supposed _ it many times yesterday evening. A. to read B. to have read C

35、. reading D. having read B。be supposed有“應(yīng)該”之意，后面只接不定式，若不定式用完成式，表示“過去本來應(yīng)該做某事，而實際上沒有去做”，用否定式意思相反，此用法也含有批評、責(zé)備、抱怨之意。 6. If I _ in health， I _ swimming in the lake with them yesterday. A. was； went B. was； was going C. were; would go D. had been； would have gone D。當(dāng)if條件狀語從句表示對過去情況的假設(shè)時，從句謂語用had done，主句用wo

36、uld have done。7. I went to see my uncle last night. Otherwise， I _ Mr. Smith at my house. A. met B. would meet C. had met D. would have met D。有時虛擬if條件從句不出現(xiàn)，而是通過某些詞語(如otherwise， or， without， but for， but等)暗示虛擬語境，這時句子要用虛擬語氣，注意要準(zhǔn)確判斷時間，決定句子謂語動詞形式。此題顯然與過去相關(guān)。1. 高考真題條件狀語從句 1：If there were no subjunctive mo

37、od，English _ much easier（MET1984） Awill be Bwould have been Ccould have been Dwould be 分析：虛擬語氣用在與現(xiàn)在事實相反的條件句中時，從句中的謂語用動詞的過去式（be的過去式用were），主句的謂語動詞用should would 動詞原形。故本題正確答案為D。 2：You didnt let me driveIf we _ in turn，you _ so tired（NMET1996） Adrove；didnt get Bdrove；wouldnt get Cwere driving；wouldnt get

38、 Dhad driven；wouldnt have got 分析：虛擬語氣用在與過去事實相反的條件句中時，從句中的謂語用had 過去分詞，主句的謂語動詞用should would have 過去分詞。故本題正確答案為D。 3：If he _，he _ that food Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately（NMET1993） Awas warned；would not take Bhad been warned；would not have taken Cwould be warned；had not taken Dwould hav

39、e been warned；had not taken 分析：本題考查與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣。故本題正確答案為B。 4：If it _ for the snow，we _ the mountain yesterday （NMET1991） Awere not；could have climbed Bwere not；could climb Chad not been；could have climbed Dhad not been；couldclimb 分析：本題考查與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣。If it had not been for常以固定句型的形式出現(xiàn)，意思是“如果不是；如果沒有”。故

40、本題正確答案為C。 注：與將來事實可能相反的非真實條件句到目前為止尚未考過，但應(yīng)引起考生的重視。其結(jié)構(gòu)為：條件從句中的謂語用動詞的過去式（be的過去式用were）were to 動詞原形should 動詞原形，主句的謂語動詞用should would 動詞原形。如： If you dropped were to drop should drop the glass，it would break假如你把玻璃杯掉在地上，它會打碎的。 5：It is hard for me to imaginewhat I would be doing today if I _ in love，at the age

41、 of seven，with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown（2002上海高考） Awouldnt have fallen Bhad not fallen Cshould fall Dwere to fall 這是一個錯綜時間條件句，主句表達(dá)的是與現(xiàn)在事實相反的情況，而從句表達(dá)的是與過去事實相反的情況B 6：What would have happened _，as far as the river bank？（2001上海高考） ABob had walked farther Bif Bob should walk farther Chad Bo

42、b walked farther Dif Bob walked farther 這是一個倒裝句。如果從句中有were，had或should時，可省略if，并把以上的詞提到句首，構(gòu)成倒裝。C。 含蓄條件句 7：He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball，otherwise he _ a goal（2001上海春招） Ahad scored Bscored Cwould score Dwould have scored 分析：在本題中，假設(shè)的情況不是用條件從句表示出來，而是暗含在上文中。故本題正確答案為D。 8：Without electri

43、city human life _ quite different today （MET1991） Ais Bwill be Cwould have been Dwould be 分析：在本題中，假設(shè)的情況暗含在介詞短語中。故本題正確答案為D。 9：Look at the trouble I am in！If only I _ your advice（2003上海春招） Afollowed Bwould follow Chad followed Dshould follow 分析：這是省去結(jié)果主句的非真實條件句。故本題正確答案為C。 wish后的賓語從句 10：How I wish every

44、 family _ a large house with a beautiful garden?。?002上海春招） Ahas Bhad Cwill have Dhad had 動詞wish表示愿望。表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的愿望時，從句中動詞用過去式；表示與過去事實相反的愿望時，從句中動詞用過去完成式；表示對將來的希求，從動詞用would 動詞原形。本題是與現(xiàn)在事實相反的愿望 B 其他從句 11： _ be sent to work there？（2002上海高考） AWho do you suggest BWho do you suggest that should CDo you sugges

45、t who should DDo you suggest whom should 當(dāng)主句動詞是suggest（建議），demand，propose，order，insist（堅持），require，request等時，從句中謂語用should 動詞原形，should可以省略。故本題正確答案為A。 12：I insist that a doctor _ immediately（MET1988） Ahas been sent for Bsends for Cwill be sent for Dbe sent for 這是一個賓語從句，doctor與send之間是被動關(guān)系，故從句中用被動語態(tài)。故本題正確答案為D。 13：When a pencil is partly in a glass of water，it looks as if it _ （NMET1995） Abreaks Bhas broken Cwere broken Dhad been broken 在as if引導(dǎo)的表語從句中，從句動詞用虛擬語氣或真實語氣均可；在as if引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中，從句動詞應(yīng)該用虛擬語氣。對現(xiàn)在的虛擬用過去式，對過去的虛擬