1、第一章第一章Study questions1、 Distinguish between the study of anatomy and the study of physiology 描述解剖學(xué)和生理學(xué)之間的不同：Answer: Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts. And physiology is the study of the function of the body parts. Anatomy and Physiology are closely connected in that the structure o

2、f an organ suits its function. 答： 解剖學(xué)是研究人體各部分的形態(tài)和結(jié)構(gòu)。生理學(xué)是研究人體各部分功能。解剖學(xué)和生理學(xué)結(jié)合非常緊密是因?yàn)槠鞴俚慕Y(jié)構(gòu)和功能相互密切聯(lián)系。2、 Cite an example that shows the relationship between the structure and function of body parts.舉例說(shuō)明身體結(jié)構(gòu)和功能之間的關(guān)系。Answer: The stomachs pouchlike shape and ability to expand are suitable to its function of

3、 storing food.答：袋狀的胃以及其擴(kuò)張的能力有利于它儲(chǔ)存食物3. List the levels of organization within the human body in reference to a specific organ.列出身體器官的組成單位。Answer: Atoms-moleculesmacromolecules/ biomolecules-cells-tissues-organs答：原子-分子-大分子/生物大分子-細(xì)胞-組織-器官4 Distinguish between a midsagittal cut, a transverse cut, and a

4、 frontal cut.區(qū)別矢狀面、橫截面和冠狀面Answer: A sagittle/vertical plane is a lengthwise cut that divides the body into right and left portions. A transverse/horizontal lengthwise plane is a cut that divides the body horizontally to give a cross section. A frontal/coronal plane is a cut that divides the body int

5、o anterior and posterior portions.答：矢狀面是把人體從中間縱向的分成左右兩部分的面。橫截面是把人體水平的分成上下兩部分的面。冠狀面是把人體縱向的分成前后的兩個(gè)面。5、Distinguish between the axial and appendicular portions of the body.State at least two anatomical terms that pertain to the head, thorax, abdomen, and limbs.區(qū)別人體的主體和附屬部分并列出不少于兩個(gè)的關(guān)于頭部、胸、腹或四肢的解剖術(shù)語(yǔ)Answer

6、: (1)The axial portion includes the head,neck and trunk.The trunk contains the thorax,abodmon and pelvis.The appendicular portion includes the limbs（arms and legs）(2) Cephalic, palmar frontal, oral, nasal, vertebral, pelvic, lumbar答：（1）人的主體部分包括頭，頸和軀干。軀干又包括胸部、腹部和盆骨，附屬部分包括四肢即手臂和腿。（2）頭，手掌，額，口腔，鼻，脊椎，骨盆，

7、腰的6、Distinguish between the dorsal and ventral body cavities, and name two smaller cavities that occur within each.辨別前體腔和后體腔并分別寫(xiě)出其中的兩個(gè)小體腔Answer: The dorsal cavity contains the cranial cavity and spinal cavity. The ventral cavity is divided by the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity and the abdominope

8、lvic cavity. The abdominopelvic cavity has two portions: the upper abdominal cavity and the lower pelvic cavity.答： 身體前半部的體腔即前體腔，后半部的體腔即后體腔。前體腔包括：胸腔，腹腔和盆腔。后體腔包括：顱腔和脊髓腔7、Name the four quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity, use the following terms to divide the abdominopelivic cavity into nine regions

9、, epigastic, umbilical hypogastric, hypochondric , lumbar, and iliac.說(shuō)出四個(gè)象限中的腹腔名稱，再把這些腹腔分成 9 個(gè)器官：腹部，腹上部，腹下部，左右腰部，左右髂骨區(qū)。Answer: (1）Right upper quadrant, Right lower quadrant, left upper quadrant, left lower quadrant (2)Right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region, right lu

10、nbar region, umbilical region, left lunbar region, right iliac region, hypogastric region, left iliac region.答：（1）右上象限，右下象限，左上象限，左下象限。(2)右肋弓區(qū)，腹上部，左肋弓區(qū)，右腰部，臍部，左腰部，右髂骨區(qū)，腹下部，左髂骨區(qū)。8. Name the major organ systems and describe the general function of each. 說(shuō)出主要器官的系統(tǒng)，并描述它們的功能。 Answer: Circulatory system-he

11、art, blood vessel, spleen, lymphatic-transport of nutrients to body cells and transport of wastes away from cells.Respiratory system-nose, trachea, pharynx, throat, lung-gaseous exchange between external environment and bloodDigestive system- mouth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intesti

12、ne, Large intestine-breakdown and absorption of food materials.Urinary system- kidney, bladder, ureter, urethra-maintenance of volume and chemical composition of tection; body movement; protection of blood cells.Skeletal system-bone, cartilage, arthrosis, ligament-internal support and Nervo

13、us system- brain, spinal cord, sense organ, nerve-regulation of all body activities; learning and memory.Endocrine system -hypophysis, thymus-secretion of hormones for chemical regulation of all tissues.Reproductive system-germen, genitals-production of sperm and egg; transfer of sperm to female sys

14、tem where development occurs.答：循環(huán)系統(tǒng)心臟、血管、脾、淋巴管經(jīng)血液運(yùn)輸物質(zhì)；調(diào)節(jié)酸堿平衡；保 免于疾病和體液流失。呼吸系統(tǒng)鼻、咽、喉、氣管、肺 提供氧并排出二氧化碳；幫助調(diào) 酸堿平衡。消化系統(tǒng)舌、牙齒、咽、食管、大腸消化食物供細(xì)胞利用并排除殘?jiān)?。泌尿系統(tǒng)腎、膀胱、輸尿管、尿道 過(guò)濾血液和調(diào)節(jié)化學(xué)成分、液體容積和血液的電解質(zhì)平衡。骨骼系統(tǒng)骨、軟骨、關(guān)節(jié)、韌帶支持、保護(hù)、運(yùn)動(dòng)；血細(xì)胞生成的地方。肌肉系統(tǒng)肌肉、肌腱引起身體運(yùn)動(dòng)、保持平衡姿勢(shì)；產(chǎn)生人體所需熱量。神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)腦、脊髓、神經(jīng)、感覺(jué)器對(duì)環(huán)境的變化做出反應(yīng)、推理、論證協(xié)調(diào)身體平衡。內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)內(nèi)分泌腺化學(xué)調(diào)控和整和人

15、體活動(dòng)。生殖系統(tǒng)生殖腺、生殖器 產(chǎn)生配子和性激素。 9. List the major organs found within each organ system 列出身體內(nèi)器官的主要系統(tǒng)。 Answer: Integumentary system: skin hair nails sweat glands and sebaceous gland. Skeletal system: skull hyoid bone vertebral column thoracic cage girdles and limbs. Muscular system: skeletal muscle cardiac

16、 muscle and smooth muscle Nervous system: brain spinal cord sense organ Endocrine system: hypophysis thymus Circulatory system: heart blood vessels Respiratory system: lungs trachea Digestive system: mouth esophagus stomach: small intestine large intestine. Lymphatic system: lymphatic vessels spleen

17、 lymph wades thymus red bone marrow Urinary system: kidney答：皮膚系統(tǒng)：皮膚，毛發(fā)，汗腺，指甲，皮脂腺。骨骼系統(tǒng): 骨、軟骨、關(guān)節(jié)、韌帶肌肉系統(tǒng): 肌肉、肌腱神經(jīng)系統(tǒng): 腦、脊髓、神經(jīng)、感覺(jué)器內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng): 內(nèi)分泌腺循環(huán)系統(tǒng): 心臟、血管、脾、淋巴管呼吸系統(tǒng): 鼻、咽、喉、氣管、肺消化系統(tǒng): 舌、牙齒、咽、食管、大腸淋巴系統(tǒng)：淋巴結(jié)，淋巴管，脾，胸腺，骨髓。泌尿系統(tǒng)：腎、膀胱、輸尿管、尿道生殖系統(tǒng)：生殖腺、生殖器10、Define homeostasis, and explain its importance什么叫體內(nèi)自我平衡，并解釋它的

18、重要性。Answer: Homeostasis means that the human bodys internal environment remains relatively constant regardless of the conditions in the external environment. Explain: 1. Blood glucose concentration remains at about 0.1% 2. The PH of the blood is always near 7.4 3. Blood pressure in the brachial arte

19、ry average near 120/80. 4. Blood temperature averages around 37.degree. 答：自我平衡是指將人體內(nèi)環(huán)境能維持在一個(gè)相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的狀態(tài)。重要性：血糖含量大約為 0.1%，血液的 PH 值接近 7.4，血壓為 120/80，體溫維持在37 度左右。Objective questions1.match the terms in the key to the relationships given in question 1-51.the esophagus in relationship to the stomach- superio

20、r (上側(cè))2.the ears in relation to the nose- lateral (外側(cè))3.the shoulder in relation to the hard -proximal (近側(cè))4.the intestines in relation to the vertebrae-anterior(前側(cè))5.the rectum in relation to the mouth -inferior(下側(cè))6.buttocks-gluteal 臀的7.palm-palmar 手掌的8.back of head-occipital 后頭部的9.mouth -oral 口的1

21、0. skin-cutaneous 皮膚的11. armpit-axillary 腋的12. neck -cervical 頸的13. stomach-abdominal cavity 腹腔14. heart-thoracic cavity 胸腔15. urinary bladder 膀胱-spinal cavity 脊髓腔16. brain-cranial cavity 頭顱腔17. liver 肝臟-thoracic cavity 胸腔18. small intestine 小腸-pelvic cavity 盆腔19. thyroid gland- endocrine system 20.

22、 lungs- respiratory system 21. heart- circulatory system22. ovaries- reproductive system 23. brain- nervous system 24. stomach- digestive system 25. kidneys- urinary system26. A(n) organ (器官) is composed of several types of tissues and performs a particular function.27. The imaginary plane that pass

23、es through the midline of the body is called the midsagittal (矢狀平面)plane.28. all the organ systems of the body together function to maintain organism(生物體)，a relative constancy of the internal environment.Chapter 2Study Question1.Describe the composition of an atom, and explain the weight and charge

24、of an atoms components (p.17)描述一個(gè)原子的構(gòu)成并說(shuō)明原子的重量和電荷。Answer: Atoms contain even smaller subatomic particles called protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons each have a weight of one atomic mass unit. One twelfth weight of a carbon atom is one atomic mass unit. Atomic weight: number of pro

25、tons and neutrons. Protons have a positive(+)electrical charge and that electrons have a negative()charge. When an atom is electrically neutral, the number of protons equals the number of electrons.答：原子由質(zhì)子、中子、電子組成?；瘜W(xué)中以碳 12 原子質(zhì)量的十二分之一為一個(gè)原子質(zhì)量單位。其約等于一個(gè)質(zhì)子或一個(gè)中子的質(zhì)量，一個(gè)原子的重量為質(zhì)子和中子個(gè)數(shù)和的質(zhì)子單位質(zhì)量。一個(gè)質(zhì)子帶一個(gè)單位的正電荷，一個(gè)

26、電子帶一個(gè)單位負(fù)電荷，當(dāng)原子中質(zhì)子和電子數(shù)相等時(shí)，原子呈電中性。2.Give an example of an ionic reaction, and define the term ion.(p.18)給出一個(gè)離子反應(yīng)的例子，并對(duì)離子下定義。 Answer: H+ + OH- = H2O, Ions are particals that carry either a positive(+)electrical charge or a negative()charge.答：H+ + OH- = H2O離子是一種帶有正電荷或負(fù)電荷的粒子。 3.State the function of some

27、 important ions in the body.(p.18,20)指出一些重要離子在體內(nèi)所起的作用。指出一些重要離子在體內(nèi)所起的作用。Answer: Potassium(K +)and Sodium(Na+) are required for muscle contraction and nerve conduction, including the beating of the heart.Calcium(Ca2+)is needed for stronging bones, important in muscle contraction.Lack of sufficient iro

28、n(Fe2+)in the blood is called iron deficiency anemia. Iron is a part of the hemoglobin molecule that transport oxygen. H+ 、NH、HCOOH- are important in acid-base balance.43答：K +Na+：在肌肉收縮和神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo)中起重要作用。Cl-： 主要形成胃酸（HCl）Ca2+： 骨骼和牙齒的重要成分；對(duì)肌肉收縮十分重要。PO4+：組成骨骼，牙齒，ATP 和核酸等的重要成分。Fe2+：主要存在于血紅素中，與氧氣結(jié)合。H+ 、NH、HCOOH-

29、： 維持人體的酸堿平衡。434Give an example of a covalent reation, and define the term covalent bond.(p.18,20)給出一個(gè)共價(jià)反應(yīng)的例子，并確定共價(jià)鍵類型。Answer: when oxygen reacts with two hydrogen atoms, water is formed. Polar covalent bond.答：當(dāng)氧氣和兩個(gè)氫原子反應(yīng)時(shí)，生成一個(gè)水分子，共價(jià)鍵類型為極性共價(jià)鍵。5 What are electrolytes, and how are they important?(p.21)

30、電解質(zhì)是什么？它是如何顯的重要？ Answer: Substances that break apart and release ions when out into water are called electrolytes.The electrolytes balance in the blood and body tissues is important for good health.答：物質(zhì)溶于水分開(kāi)生成離子，就稱為電解質(zhì)。電解質(zhì)能夠平衡血液和肌體組織，并能影響重要器官的功能，例如：6 On the PH scale, which numbers indicate a basic s

31、olutions? An acidic solution?(p.22)在 PH 值中，哪一個(gè)標(biāo)值顯示堿性，哪一個(gè)顯示酸性。Answer: any PH value below 7 is acidic, any PH value above 7 is basis.答：PH 值在 7 以上稱為堿性，在 7 以下得顯酸性。7 What are buffers, and why are they important to life?(p.22)什么是緩沖溶液？他對(duì)生命體起什么作用？什么是緩沖溶液？他對(duì)生命體起什么作用？Answer: A buffers is a chemical or a combi

32、nation of chemicals that can take up excess H* or excess OH*. When an acid is add to a buffered solution, the buffer takes up excess H* and when a base is added to a buffered solution, the buffer takes up excess OH* 。It maintain the H* at a contain level.答：緩沖器是一種化學(xué)物質(zhì)或化學(xué)物質(zhì)的混合物，它能吸收多余的 H*和 OH*。當(dāng)酸假如緩沖溶

33、液，緩沖器吸收多余的 ，當(dāng)堿加入緩沖溶液，緩沖器吸收多余的 OH*，它就維持了人體的 H 濃度在一個(gè)穩(wěn)定水平。8 Name a monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide, and state appropriate functions. What is the most common unit molecule for these?(p.23)命名單糖，二糖，多糖，并指出它們的功能，同時(shí)指出哪個(gè)是這些中最常見(jiàn)的糖？命名單糖，二糖，多糖，并指出它們的功能，同時(shí)指出哪個(gè)是這些中最常見(jiàn)的糖？Answer: monosaccharide cont

34、ains glucose, fructose, and galactose Bisaccharide contains maltose and sucrose Polysaccharide contains glycogen, strarch and cellulose Glucose is the cell s primary energy source Glycogen is the storage form glucose in humans. Strarch is the storage form of glucose plants Strarch is an important so

35、urce of glucose energy in the diet because it can be hydrolyzed to glucose by digestive enzymes. Cellulose is unable to digested and may help to prevent colon cancer. The glucose is the most common unite molecule for these.答：?jiǎn)翁前ㄆ咸烟?，果糖和半乳糖。二糖包括麥芽糖和蔗糖。多糖包括糖元，淀粉和纖維素。葡萄糖是細(xì)胞能量的來(lái)源。糖元是葡萄糖在人體的主要存儲(chǔ)形式。淀粉是葡萄糖

36、在植物種的主要存儲(chǔ)形式。淀粉能被水解成葡萄糖（在消化道內(nèi)） ，因?yàn)槭菑氖澄镏谢虻闷咸烟堑弥饕獊?lái)源。纖維素在消化道內(nèi)不能被消化，它可以有助于預(yù)防腸癌。葡萄糖是上面這些物質(zhì)得最常見(jiàn)的分子。9 What the type of unit molecules react to form a molecule of fat? Explain the difference between a saturated fatty acid and an unsaturated fatty acid. (p.24)什么和什么反應(yīng)生成脂肪？并指出飽和脂肪酸和不飽和脂肪酸的不同之處。什么和什么反應(yīng)生成脂肪？并指出飽和

37、脂肪酸和不飽和脂肪酸的不同之處。Answer: glycerol reacts with fatty acids form fat. Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between the carbon atoms, the carbon chain is saturated. Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds in the carbon chain.答：答：甘油與脂肪酸反應(yīng)形成脂肪。飽和脂肪酸沒(méi)有雙鍵，碳鏈?zhǔn)秋柡偷?。不飽和脂肪酸的碳鏈中有雙鍵。10. Name several types

38、of lipids, and state their functions.(pp.24-25)列出幾種脂類，分析他們的功能Answer: fats, steroids, phospholipids and so on.Steroid: hormone helps to regulate the sodium level of blood，and the sex hormone such as estrogen and testosterone which help to maintain male and female characteristics.Phospholipids: contai

39、ns the plasma membrane 答：脂肪：保溫，儲(chǔ)能磷脂：組成細(xì)胞膜類固醇：膽固醇改變血液中鈉的量，性激素保持性征。10. Describe the primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of proteins. What functions do proteins serve in the body?(p.27-28)貓鼠蛋白質(zhì)的一級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)，二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)，及三級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)，并指出它們?cè)隗w內(nèi)的功能。貓鼠蛋白質(zhì)的一級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)，二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)，及三級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)，并指出它們?cè)隗w內(nèi)的功能。 Answer: Primary structure: the sequenc

40、e of amino acids。Secondary structure: helix, held in place by H-HTertiary structure: the final three-dimensional shape of the polypeptide.Protein makes up hair an nails, and collagen is a protein found in connective tissue including cartilage, bone and the fibrous connective tissue of ligaments an t

41、endons. Muscles contain proteins that account for muscles ability to contract.答：一級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)：指蛋白質(zhì)共價(jià)主鏈和氨基酸的排列順序。二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)：肽鍵主干在空間的走向。三級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)：多肽主鏈在二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)一步卷曲折疊，盤(pán)繞而成的特定的格式11. What are the two types of nucleic acids in cells, and what are their functions? What in the unit molecule of a nucleic acid? Name four differe

42、nces between DNA and RNA.(p.29)細(xì)胞中存在哪兩種核酸，它們的功能是什么？并指出 DNA, RNA 之間的區(qū)別。 Answer: 1, DNA, RNA. 2, DNA is a molecule the stores coded information.RNA works in conjunction with DNA to bring about protein synthesis in cells. 3, nucleotide. 4, DNA is double-stranded. RNA is single- stranded; DNA is deoxyri

43、bose, RNA is ribose; DNAs bases have adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine. RNAs bases have adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine; DNA is a form of a double helix, but RNA has no helix.答：1, DNA,RNA 2, 核苷酸。3, DNA 是主要的遺傳物質(zhì),RNA 攜帶 DNA 的遺傳信息并起蛋白質(zhì)合成的模板作用 4，DNA 是脫氧核糖核酸，而 RNA 是核糖核酸；DNA 通常是雙鏈分子，雙螺旋結(jié)構(gòu)；而 RNA 通常是線性

44、單鏈分子；DNA 中的堿基主要是腺嘌呤，鳥(niǎo)嘌呤，胞嘧啶，胸腺嘧啶。而 RNA 的堿基主要也是四種，只是尿嘧啶取代了胸腺嘧啶。 Objective QuestionsFill in the blanks.1. Atom are the smallest units of matter （不可再分的）by chemical means.2. lsotopes differ by the number of 中子 in the nucleus.3.T he two primary types of reactions and bonds are 共價(jià)反應(yīng) and 離子反應(yīng) .4. A type of

45、 weak bond, called hydrogen bond, exists between water molecules.5. Acidic solutions contain more H ions than basic solutions, but they have a 更小 PH.6. Glycogen is a polymer of 葡萄糖 , molecules that serve to give the body immediate 能量。7. A fat hydrolyzes to give one 甘油 molecule and three 脂肪酸 molecule

46、s.8. The primary structure of a protein in the sequence of 氨基酸；the secondary structure in very often a 螺旋；the tertiary structure in the final 空間結(jié)構(gòu) of the protein.9.酶 speed chemical reactions in cells.10. Genes are composed of DNA , a nucleic acid made up 核苷酸 joined together.Fill in the blanks.1. Ato

47、m are the smallest units of matter nondivisible by chemical means.2. lsotopes differ by the number of neutrons in the nucleus.3. The two primary types of reactions and bonds are polar reaction and ion reaction .4. A type of weak bond, called hydrogen bond, exists between water molecules.5. Acidic so

48、lutions contain more H ions than basic solutions, but they have a less PH.6. Glycogen is a polymer of glucose , molecules that serve to give the body immediate energy。7. A fat hydrolyzes to give one glycerin molecule and three Fat acid molecules.8. The primary structure of a protein in the sequence

49、of Amino acid；the secondary structure in very often a helix；the tertiary structure in the final space structure of the protein.9. Enzyme speed chemical reactions in cells.10. Genes are composed of DNA , a nucleic acid made up (nucleotide acid) joined together.Chapter 3Study Questions:P461.Describe t

50、he fluid-mosaic model of membrane structure.描述細(xì)胞膜的流體鑲嵌模型。描述細(xì)胞膜的流體鑲嵌模型。 Answer: The plasma membrane is a phospholipids bilayer with attached or embedded proteins. The phosopholipid molecule has a polar head and nonpolar tails.答：原生質(zhì)膜為磷酯 雙分子層，其中鑲嵌蛋白質(zhì)分子，磷酯分子，極性頭部向外，為親水基，無(wú)極性尾部向內(nèi)。2Describe the nucleus and

51、 its contents, and include the terms DNA and RNA in your description.描述細(xì)胞核及其內(nèi)部的結(jié)構(gòu)，并包括 DNA 和 RNA Answer: The nucleus is enclosed by a nucle envelope that is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum. Within the nucleus are masses of threads called chromatin, it condenses to rodlike structures called

52、chromosomes just prior to cell division. Chromosomes contain DNA, which makes up the genes, also contain RNA(mRNA, tRNA) 答：細(xì)胞核被內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)圍繞，細(xì)胞核中含染色體，染色體中含 DNA，DNA 為雙螺旋結(jié)構(gòu)，還包含信使 RNA（mRNA）和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn) RNA（tRNA） 。 3 What roles do DNA and the three types of RNA play in protein synthesis? DNA 和三種 RNA 在蛋白質(zhì)合成方面所起的作用。 Answe

53、r: Each strand of DNA carries a particular sequence of nitrogen bases. These serve as genetic code that is passed on to mRNA, mRNA carries a message, it has copy of the genetic code passed to it by DNA. Then tRNA transfers the amino acids to rRNA, rRNA plays a structural role in protein synthesis.答：

54、DNA 作為母體能指導(dǎo)蛋白質(zhì)合成，DNA 上的遺傳物質(zhì)，被 mRNA 復(fù)制， 然后再在核糖體中通過(guò) tRNA 合成新的 DNA。核糖體中 RNA（rRNA）幫助合成核糖體。4Describe the structure and function of endoplasmic reticulum(ER). In clued the terms roughER, and ribosomes in your description. 描述內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能。并描述核糖體及粗糙內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)。 Answer: The endoplasmic reticulum(ER) forms a membranous s

55、ystem of tubular canalsthat begins at the nuclear envelope and branches throughout the cytoplasm. Ribosomes are attached to portions of the endoplasmic reticulum. If ribosomes are present, the reticulum is called rough ER; If ribosomes are not present, it is called smooth ER.In certain cells, smooth

56、 ER contains enzymes that make lipids, such as steroid hormones.The ribosomes present on rough ER function in protein synthesis.答：粗糙內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)存在于細(xì)胞質(zhì)，是聯(lián)結(jié)核膜與細(xì)胞質(zhì)的通道。附著的核糖體附著在粗糙內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)上，附著的核糖體利用從內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)運(yùn)來(lái)的 MRNA 合成蛋白質(zhì)。5Describe the structure and function of Golqi apparatus。Mention vesicles and lysosomes in your descrip

57、tion. 描述高而基體的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能。并用自己的話描述囊泡及初級(jí)溶酶體。描述高而基體的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能。并用自己的話描述囊泡及初級(jí)溶酶體。Answer: The Golqi apparatus is especially well developed in cells that secrecte a productfor example, in the pancreatic cells that make digestives enzymes or the bronchial cells that produce mucus.A lysosome is a special type of vesic

58、le formed by the Golqi apparatus. All lysosomes carry out intracelyclar digestion and contain digestive enzymes.答：高而基體是由一些排列較為平整齊的扁平膜囊堆疊在一起，構(gòu)成了高而基體的主體結(jié)構(gòu)。膜囊周圍有有大量大小不等的囊泡結(jié)構(gòu)。高爾基體存在于細(xì)胞質(zhì)，是與分泌有關(guān)的細(xì)胞器。例如在胰腺細(xì)胞中，能分泌消化酶，在支氣管細(xì)胞中能分泌粘液。溶酶體是單層膜圍繞，內(nèi)含多種酸性水解酶類的囊泡狀細(xì)胞器。其主要功能是進(jìn)行細(xì)胞內(nèi)的消化作用。6Describe the structure and funct

59、ion of mitochondria. Mention the energy molecule ATP in your description.描述線粒體的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能,并用自己的話在線粒體中發(fā)生的能量產(chǎn)生過(guò)程。 Answer: Mitochondria is the sites of aerobic cellular respiration,a process that uses nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP, the type of chemical energy by cells.答：線粒體是動(dòng)物體中的能源站， 有外膜與內(nèi)膜。內(nèi)膜向內(nèi)凹陷形成脊，

60、上面附有基粒。內(nèi)膜內(nèi)充滿了基質(zhì)。線粒體中發(fā)生 carbohydrate+oxygencarbon dioxide +water +ATP energy(C6H12O6+10O26CO2+12H2O+34ATP)為人體提供能量。7Describe the structure and function of centrioles. 描述中心體的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能。Answer: Centrioles are short cylinders that contain fine tubules called microtubules. Usually, two centrioles lie at right