1、McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, All Rights Reserved.Chapter 5Planning, Composing & RevisingGood WritersFour Composing ActivitiesTime ManagementBrainstorm, Plan, & OrganizeRevise, Edit, and ProofreadFeedbackWriters BlockWays Good Writers WriteRevise first draftsWrite re

2、gularlyBreak big jobs into small chunksFocus on purpose, audienceChoose from several different strategies Use rules flexiblyFinish a draft before editing textFour Basic Composing ActivitiesPlan analyze, gatherWrite transform ideas into wordsRevise evaluate, get feedback, changeEdit correct grammar,

3、typos1. PlanningAnalyze problem, define purposes, analyze audiencesThink of information; gather itResearch: files, books, magazines, Web sitesChoose organization patternMake an outline 2. WritingPut ideas into words on paper or screenMake a listJot notes Do stream-of-consciousness writingCreate form

4、al draft3. RevisingEvaluate in terms of audience, goals, and situationWill audience understand it?Is it complete?Is it convincing; also, friendly?Get feedback from someone elseAdd, delete, substitute, or rearrange single words or large sections.4. EditingFocus on surface of message: Standard English

5、Grammar & spellingCapitalization & punctuationBusiness principlesBuild goodwillUse conventional formatProofread; correct typographical errorsMore About Composing ActivitiesDont have to do in 1-2-3 orderDont have to finish one to start anotherDont have to use all activities for every messageWriting &

6、 Time Management1/3 - Write1/3 - Analyze situation, gather information, organize message1/3 Revise, edit, and proofreadBrainstorm, Plan & OrganizeWhen content isnt obviousBrainstormFreewriteClusterTalk to audiencesBrainstormQuickly jot all the ideas you canTry for a dozen ideas without stoppingWhen

7、ideas run out, judge each idea on list FreewriteWrite nonstop for 10 to 12 min.Read and identify best pointsRepeat Step 1 on clean page Keep all usable textClusterWrite topic at middle of pageWrite related ideas around itLook for patterns, repeated ideasGroup related ideas by colorUse groups to deve

8、lop contentCluster: ExampleTalk to Your AudiencesInvolve readers in planningHelps reduce the number of revisions Revise, Edit & ProofreadRevise change content to satisfy purposes and audiencesEdit change mechanical flaws, grammar errorsProofread correct typing errorsWhen You ReviseRevise draft three

9、 times or moreContent and clarityOrganization and layoutGoodwill factorsYou-attitudePositive emphasisTone and styleWhen You Revise, continuedTry redrafting on blank page and use WIRMI: What I Really Mean IsRead the document from start to finishDo light revision when time is shortRevise Content & Cla

10、rityAre all purposes met?Is needed information included, accurate, and clear?Is the message easy to read?Is each sentence clear?Is logic clear and convincing? Is logic backed up with details?Revise Organization & LayoutIs organization pattern effective?Do ideas flow smoothly?Is visual design effecti

11、ve?Is emphasis appropriate?Are first and last paragraphs effective?Visual Design = MarginsHeadingsFont sizeBulletsBold textWhite spaceRecall 10 Easy-Reading Techniques Chapter 4Revise Style & ToneDoes the message use you-attitude and positive emphasis?Is it friendly and bias-free?Does it convey good

12、will? When You EditRevise first; then editEdit hard copy, not screenCheck errors you often make:Sentence structureAgreement: subj./verb, noun/pro.Punctuation, numbersWord usage, spellingWhen You ProofreadCheck with spell checker and by eyeSwap copy with proofing buddyRead once quickly for meaningRead again slowlyCorrect any error; reread that lineWhen you know text wellRead backward (short)Read pages out of order (long)Triple-CheckNumbersHeadingsFirst Last Readers nameUse FeedbackAsk for feedback you wantApproach Benefits Tone GrammarHeed comments,