1、英語四級語法基礎(chǔ)英語四級語法（基礎(chǔ)）英語句子的拆分：This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the special demands that a government wants to make of its scientific departments can not be predicted in detail.英語譯群的基本形式：主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)：主語（名詞）+謂語（動詞）+賓語（名詞）例句： I speak English.主謂修飾結(jié)構(gòu)

2、：主語（名詞）+謂語（動詞）+修飾語（形容詞，副詞，狀語，被動態(tài)等）例句： He looks cool. Tom runs fast. He stayed at home. I was beaten.英語句子的組成英語的復(fù)合句都是由數(shù)個短意群組成的：You are the girl who Im looking for.謂語以及非謂語Finishing the homework, Tom wanted to watch TV.動詞的時態(tài)過去現(xiàn)在將來一般一般過去時一般現(xiàn)在時一般將來時進行過去進行時現(xiàn)在進行時將來進行時完成過去完成時現(xiàn)在完成時將來完成時一般過去時動詞的變化1：+edEx. They

3、 watched that movie yesterday.動詞的變化2：+iedEx. try tried動詞的變化3：不規(guī)則變化Ex. is was一般現(xiàn)在時第三人稱單數(shù)： +s 結(jié)尾是s,x,sh,ch的話，+es表示規(guī)律發(fā)生的動作： Tom reads newspaper every night. 表示客觀規(guī)律： The sun rises from the east.進行時：動詞變化：be + 動詞現(xiàn)在分詞（+ing）現(xiàn)在進行時: They are having a picnic.過去進行時： They were having a picnic.完成時：動詞變化：have (had)

4、 + 動詞過去分詞現(xiàn)在完成時： I have finished my homework so that I can play football now.過去完成時： I had finished my homework until my mother came back.意群的類型：主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)： I speak English.主謂(修)結(jié)構(gòu)： Tom runs fast.冠詞：a, an, the:At same time, educational researchers have come up with innovative teaching strategies for kids.修飾

5、語： （形容詞與副詞）形容詞： There is still a new subject. There is something new.副詞： The WHO has given multi-drug therapy to patients freely for the last five years.修飾語：副詞副詞修飾動詞： He can take photos very well.副詞修飾形容詞： Your English is extremely good.副詞修飾副詞： I push the door very hard.短譯群中的修飾語（介賓結(jié)構(gòu)）One difficulty i

6、s that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to judge behavior by states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature and so on.短譯群中的修飾語（介賓結(jié)構(gòu)）The role of natural selection in evolution was studied only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the

7、environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized.短譯群中的修飾語（插入語）Their improved intelligence, so vital to their old hunting life, were put to a new use.短譯群中的修飾語（插入語）It is generally recognized, however, that the introduction of the computer in the

8、early 20th century, followed by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, although its impact on the media was not immediately apparent.短譯群中的修飾語（插入語）It is generally recognized, however, that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, fo

9、llowed by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, although its impact on the media was not immediately apparent.短譯群中的修飾語（插入語）Fortunately, he survived the accident.短譯群中的修飾語（插入語）But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine combination.

10、短譯群中的修飾語（插入語）In the early industrialized countries of Europe, the process of industrialization, with all the important changes in social patterns, has maintained for nearly a century.短譯群中的修飾語（插入語）The existence of giant clouds was virtually important for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s,

11、to maintain its dominant position.謂語及非謂語的區(qū)別This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the special demands that a government wants to make of its scientific departments can not be predicted in detail.各種短譯群This trend began during the Second World

12、 War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the special demands that a government wants to make of its scientific departments can not be predicted in detail.從句的結(jié)構(gòu)主句 + 引導(dǎo)詞（連詞） + 從句You are the girl who Im looking for.各種從句的引導(dǎo)詞：名詞性從句：關(guān)系代詞：what, which, who, whatever, whichever, whoever連接副詞

13、：where, when, why, how, whether, if, that 名詞性從句特點：引導(dǎo)詞需要在主句當(dāng)中充當(dāng)成分，去掉引導(dǎo)詞之后主句部分不完整。Its quite hard to say whether he will win the game.名詞性從句主語從句：When he will come here is still unknown.賓語從句：We still dont know when he will come here.名詞性從句關(guān)系代詞：What the parents really care about is the quality of education

14、.從屬連詞：When he will come here is still unknown.名詞性從句從屬連詞：where, when, why, how, whether, if從屬連詞that:The captain ordered that everyone should abandon the ship immediately.修飾語的翻譯（定語從句）You are the girl who Im looking for.特點：1.從句成分不完整 2.先行詞必須在從句當(dāng)中充當(dāng)一個成分 3.引導(dǎo)詞不充當(dāng)任何成分且沒有意義 修飾語的翻譯（定語從句）Furthermore, human ha

15、ve the ability to modify the environment which they live in.修飾語的翻譯（定語從句）In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.修飾語的翻譯（定語從句）Pearson h

16、as collected the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.修飾語的翻譯（定語從句）It assumes that there is an agreed opinion of human rights, which is someth

17、ing the world does not have.修飾語的翻譯（定語從句）Behavior science is that branch of social science which seeks to study human and their behavior in the same reasoned, orderly, and systematic way that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.修飾語的翻譯（同位語從句）This trend began during the Second Wor

18、ld War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishments can not be foreseen in detail. 修飾語的書寫The medical researchers were painfully aware that there are many problems _. (他們至今仍沒找到答案。)修飾語的翻譯（定語從句）We have got th

19、e information thatyoure looking for.Liu Xiang was hurt. 修飾語的書寫We can tell a lot of stories about those _. (畢生致力于詩歌的人)狀語從句的書寫Our years of hardwork are all in vain, _. (更不要提我們所花費的大量金錢了)修飾語的書寫The treatment and prevention of AIDS is the area _. (我們能夠合作的領(lǐng)域)修飾語的書寫He designed the bridge, which _. (完美的結(jié)合了美觀

20、以及實用)復(fù)合從句的引導(dǎo)詞 They may find many _ differ in race, religion and ethnic background. A. that B. people C. friend D. who復(fù)合從句引導(dǎo)詞They can always go back or go on tosomething new _ is better and higher than the past.A. which B. that C. what D. when復(fù)合從句引導(dǎo)詞But a bird has a single alarm cry, _means “danger”.

21、A. what B. which C. that D. this復(fù)合從句的引導(dǎo)詞The belief _ the more schooling people have, the more money they will make when they leave school is widespread in the United States.A. which B. where C. that D. when復(fù)合從句的引導(dǎo)詞We had rented a cottage on a river in the heart of the country _ the whole family was

22、going to spend the three week holiday.A. where B. that C. which D. when復(fù)合從句的引導(dǎo)詞They generally go to places _ the scenery is beautiful and the air is clean.A. where B. that C. when D. when復(fù)合從句引導(dǎo)詞It was in Paris _ I first met her.A. where B. that C. what D. when復(fù)合從句引導(dǎo)詞It was him _ your complaint shoul

23、dbe made.A. who B. that C. what D. whenThough C.He came to believe in a kind of linguistic determinism which states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce important consequences for the culture of a society.（我們的成果能用來開發(fā)新的技術(shù)）There is still a new s

24、ubject.What the parents really care about is the quality of education.I dont think you are right.When he will come here is still unknown.in case of, in order to, forFinishing the homework, Tom wanted to watch TV.He stayed at home.Tom runs fast.In the early industrialized countries of Europe, the pro

25、cess of industrialization, with all the important changes in social patterns, has maintained for nearly a century.because B.(我們能夠合作的領(lǐng)域)try triedTom runs fast.whole family was going to spend theThey can always go back or go on to先行詞必須在從句當(dāng)中充當(dāng)一個成分means “danger”.at精確到某個時間點in the front of, near, alongThe

26、 anti-virus agent was not known _.（我們的成果能用來開發(fā)新的技術(shù)）But for the mobile phone, ourThe witness was told that under no circumstance _.Creating a European identity that respects the different cultures and traditions which make up the connecting web of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strate

27、gic choice.短譯群中的修飾語（介賓結(jié)構(gòu)）We are thankful to them because some of these languages have since disappeared, as the people who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.狀語從句的閱讀We are thankful to them because some of these languages have since disappeared, as the people wh

28、o spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.狀語與狀語從句地點狀語：介詞： in, on, at, behind, beside, above, over, in front of, except, besides, among, between, within, below, under, to, in the front of, near, along狀語與狀語從句on 與 over: He put his watch on the table. There is a bridge

29、over the river.狀語與狀語從句except 與 besides In United States, professors have many other duties _ teaching, such as administrative and research work. 狀語與狀語從句in 與 to Shanghai is in the east of China. Japan lies to the east of China.狀語與狀語從句 among 與 between狀語與狀語從句in front of 與 in the front of There are some

30、 flowers in front of the house. There are some flowers in the front of the house.狀語與狀語從句地點狀語：連詞： where, wherever 狀語與狀語從句時間狀語：介詞： in, on, at, before, after, since, for, from, during狀語與狀語從句時間狀語： in, on 與 at in表在一段時間中 on精確到某一天 at精確到某個時間點tips：at Christmas, at night, in the morning/evening 狀語與狀語從句時間狀語連詞：

31、 when, while, as, till, until狀語與狀語從句till 與 until I was doing my homework till my mother came back. I didnt do my homework until my mother came back.狀語從句的書寫The anti-virus agent was not known _. (直到一名醫(yī)生偶爾發(fā)現(xiàn)了它)狀語與狀語從句when 與 as _ it turned out, it was an Italian movie.狀語與狀語從句原因狀語：介詞： because of, thanks

32、to狀語與狀語從句原因狀語：連詞： because, for, as, since, seeing that, now that, in that so, therefore, thus(完美的結(jié)合了美觀以及實用)Should it rain, _.widespread in the United States.(我們能夠合作的領(lǐng)域)when, while, as, till, untilcertainlyI dont think you are right.短譯群中的修飾語（插入語）in the front of, near, alongHad I known that informatio

33、n, I wouldShanghai is in the east of China.(你當(dāng)時聽從了我的建議的話，那么你現(xiàn)在就不會陷入麻煩了)先行詞必須在從句當(dāng)中充當(dāng)一個成分when, while, as, till, untilWhen he will come here is still unknown.Young _, she has experienced a lot.in, by, with, through, via, as(更不要提我們所花費的大量金錢了)I had finished my homework until my mother came back.There is s

34、omething new.in, by, with, through, via, asTom runs fast.Your English is extremely munication _.The sun rises from the east.I was doing my homework till my mother came back.because of, thanks toAnd D._ it turned out, it was an Italian movie.例句： He looks cool.狀語與狀語從句目的狀語：介詞： in case of, in order to,

35、for狀語與狀語從句目的狀語：連詞： in case, in order that, lest, so that, for fear that狀語與狀語從句結(jié)果狀語：連詞： so that , such that He is so good that everybody likes him. He is such a good student that everybody likes him.狀語與狀語從句讓步狀語介詞： in spite of狀語與狀語從句讓步狀語：連詞： though, although, even if, even though, in spite of the fact

36、 that, despite that例題：Ive never understood why they give you so much popcorn! It tasted pretty good, 54 . 54. A. tooB. though C. stillD. certainly 例題：Its not that I have any expertise in immigration policy, 48 I have one ,the American version. 48. A. because B. since C. but D. as 例題：52 it helped Eng

37、land become the centre of industrialization, its not enough. 52. A. Although B. Besides C. And D. Even 例題：The most important conclusion that emerges from the data, 50, is not something that we found. 50. A. yet B. still C. moreover D. however 例題：51 they get the answers, they are just guessing. 51. A

38、. Even B. Though C. Therefore D. So例題：Human are extremely sensitive to smells, 47 we do not realize it.47. A. though B. but C. thus D. when狀語與狀語從句條件狀語：連詞： if, unless, when, as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that A trademark can be renewed for another decade as _ as the user continues. A. so

39、on B. far C. long D. fast狀語與狀語從句方式狀語：介詞： in, by, with, through, via, as從句的翻譯Please _.（按以下地址與我們?nèi)〉寐?lián)系）從句的翻譯Our efforts will pay off if _.（我們的成果能用來開發(fā)新的技術(shù)）狀語與狀語從句伴隨狀語從句 Finishing the homework, I went to play football. 伴隨狀語從句Followed by a dog, I was walking on the grass.狀語與狀語從句：_ with the place where I wa

40、s born, this town is more exciting. 狀語從句的閱讀Creating a European identity that respects the different cultures and traditions which make up the connecting web of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice.動詞分詞作后置定語 Additional social stress may also occur because of the problems a

41、rising from mass migration movements, themselves made relatively easy by means of modern transportation.修飾語的書寫Older adults who have a higher level of daily activities have more energy and _. (與那些不運動的人相比較低的死亡率)虛擬語氣的書寫The victim _ if he had been sent to the hospital in time. (本有機會活下來的)虛擬語氣的書寫If _. (你當(dāng)

42、時聽從了我的建議的話，那么你現(xiàn)在就不會陷入麻煩了)虛擬語氣If all the places _ the same, therewould not be need of the geographers.A. are B. were C. was D. would be 虛擬語氣The professor demanded that _.（我們要在下周三之前遞交報告）虛擬語氣The general issued the order that _.（軍隊必須立即撤離）虛擬語氣But for the mobile phone, ourcommunication _.（我們的通訊就不會如此方便快捷）虛

43、擬語氣If only _.（要是我會說幾種不同的語言就好了）虛擬語氣Had I known that information, I would not have bought that stock.虛擬語氣Should it rain, _.（農(nóng)作物就有救了）倒裝句的書寫_ his application form. (直到截止日他才寄出)倒裝句的書寫_ since that accident. (他們之間從來沒有再說過話)倒裝句的書寫Only in this place _. (他才感到安全和寧靜)倒裝句的書寫The witness was told that under no circumstance