1、英語背誦美文80篇精選含翻譯英語背誦美文80篇精選含翻譯100/100100/100英語背誦美文80篇精選含翻譯01TheLanguageofMusicApainterhangshisorherfinishedpictureonawall,andeveryonecanseeit.Acomposerwritesawork,butnoonecanhearituntilitisperformed.Professionalsingersandplayershavegreatresponsibilities,forthecomposerisutterlydependentonthem.Astudento

2、fmusicneedsaslongandasarduousatrainingtobecomeaperformerasamedicalstudentneedstobecomeadoctor.Mosttrainingisconcernedwithtechnique,formusicianshavetohavethemuscularproficiencyofanathleteoraballetdancer.Singerspracticebreathingeveryday,astheirvocalchordswouldbeinadequatewithoutcontrolledmuscularsuppo

3、rt.Stringplayerspracticemovingthefingersofthelefthandupanddown,whiledrawingthebowtoandfrowiththerightarm-twoentirelydifferentmovements.Singersandinstrumentalistshavetobeabletogeteverynoteperfectlyintune.Pianistsaresparedthisparticularanxiety,forthenotesarealreadythere,waitingforthem,anditisthepianot

4、unersresponsibilitytotunetheinstrumentforthem.Buttheyhavetheirowndifficulties:thehammersthathitthestringshavetobecoaxednottosoundlikepercussion,andeachoverlappingtonehastosoundclear.Thisproblemofgettingcleartextureisonethatconfrontsstudentconductors:theyhavetolearntoknoweverynoteofthemusicandhowitsh

5、ouldsound,andtheyhavetoaimatcontrollingthesesoundswithfanaticalbutselflessauthority.Techniqueisofnouseunlessitiscombinedwithmusicalknowledgeandunderstanding.Greatartistsarethosewhoaresothoroughlyathomeinthelanguageofmusicthattheycanenjoyperformingworkswritteninanycentury.音樂的語言畫家將已完成的作品掛在墻上，每個人都可以賞析到

6、。作曲家寫完了一部作品，得由演奏者將其演奏出來，其他人材能得以賞識。因為作曲家是這樣圓滿地依賴于職業(yè)歌手和職業(yè)演奏者，所以職業(yè)歌手和職業(yè)演奏者肩上的擔(dān)子可謂不輕。一名學(xué)音樂的學(xué)生要想成為一名演奏者，需要經(jīng)受長遠(yuǎn)的、嚴(yán)格的訓(xùn)練，就象一名醫(yī)科的學(xué)生要成為一名醫(yī)生相同。絕大多數(shù)的訓(xùn)練是技巧性的。音樂家們控制肌肉的熟練程度，必定達(dá)到與運動員或巴蕾舞演員相當(dāng)?shù)乃健８枋謧兠刻於季毩?xí)吊嗓子，因為若是不可以有效地控制肌肉的話，他們的聲帶將不可以滿足演唱的要求。弦樂器的演奏者練習(xí)的則是在左手的手指上下滑動的同時，用右手前后拉動琴弓-兩個截然相反的動作。歌手和樂器演奏者必定使全部的音符圓滿相同協(xié)調(diào)。鋼琴家們則不

7、用操這份心，因1為每個音符都已在那處等候著他們了。給鋼琴調(diào)音是調(diào)音師的職責(zé)。但調(diào)音師們也有他們的難處：他們必定耐心地調(diào)理敲擊琴弦的音錘，不可以讓音錘發(fā)出的聲音象是打擊樂器，并且每個交疊的音都必定要清楚。如何獲取樂章清楚的紋理是學(xué)生指揮們所面對的難題：他們必定學(xué)會認(rèn)識音樂中的每一個音及其發(fā)音之道。他們還必定致力于以熱忱而又客觀的聲威去控制這些音符。除非是和音樂方面的知識和悟性結(jié)合起來，單純的技巧沒有任何用途。藝術(shù)家之所以偉大在于他們對音樂語言駕輕就熟，以致于可以滿懷歡喜地演出寫于任何時代的作品。02SchoolingandEducationItiscommonlybelievedintheUni

8、tedStatesthatschooliswherepeoplegotogetaneducation.Nevertheless,ithasbeensaidthattodaychildreninterrupttheireducationtogotoschool.Thedistinctionbetweenschoolingandeducationimpliedbythisremarkisimportant.Educationismuchmoreopen-endedandall-inclusivethanschooling.Educationknowsnobounds.Itcantakeplacea

9、nywhere,whetherintheshowerorinthejob,whetherinakitchenoronatractor.Itincludesboththeformallearningthattakesplaceinschoolsandthewholeuniverseofinformallearning.Theagentsofeducationcanrangefromareveredgrandparenttothepeopledebatingpoliticsontheradio,fromachildtoadistinguishedscientist.Whereasschooling

10、hasacertainpredictability,educationquiteoftenproducessurprises.Achanceconversationwithastrangermayleadapersontodiscoverhowlittleisknownofotherreligions.Peopleareengagedineducationfrominfancyon.Education,then,isaverybroad,inclusiveterm.Itisalifelongprocess,aprocessthatstartslongbeforethestartofschool

11、,andonethatshouldbeanintegralpartofonesentirelife.Schooling,ontheotherhand,isaspecific,formalizedprocess,whosegeneralpatternvarieslittlefromonesettingtothenext.Throughoutacountry,childrenarriveatschoolatapproximatelythesametime,takeassignedseats,aretaughtbyanadult,usesimilartextbooks,dohomework,take

12、exams,andsoon.Theslicesofrealitythataretobelearned,whethertheyarethealphabetoranunderstandingoftheworkingsofgovernment,haveusuallybeenlimitedbytheboundariesofthesubjectbeingtaught.Forexample,highschoolstudentsknowthattheyarenotlikelytofindoutintheirclassesthetruthaboutpoliticalproblemsintheircommuni

13、tiesorwhatthenewestfilmmakersareexperimentingwith.Therearedefiniteconditionssurroundingtheformalizedprocessof2schooling.上學(xué)與受教育在美國，人們平常以為上學(xué)是為了受教育。而此刻卻有人以為孩子們上學(xué)打斷了他們受教育的過程。這種見解中的上學(xué)與受教育之間的差異特別重要。與上學(xué)比較，教育更具開放性，內(nèi)容更寬泛。教育不受任何限制。它可以在任何場合下進行，在淋浴時，在工作時，在廚房里或拖沓機上。它既包含在學(xué)校所受的正規(guī)教育，也包含全部非正規(guī)教育。教授知識的人可以是德高望尊的老者，可以是收

14、音機里進行政治爭辯的人們，可以是少兒子，也可以是出名的科學(xué)家。上學(xué)讀書多罕有點可預(yù)示性，而教育常常能帶來不測的發(fā)現(xiàn)。與陌生人的一次隨意發(fā)言可能會令人認(rèn)識到自己對其余宗教其實所知甚少。人們從幼時起就開始受教育。所以，教育是一個內(nèi)涵很豐富的詞，它重新至尾陪伴人的一世，早在人們上學(xué)從前就開始了。教育應(yīng)成為人生命中不可以缺乏的一部分。可是，上學(xué)倒是一個特定的形式化了的過程。在不一樣樣場合下，它的基本形式截然相反樣。在全國各地，孩子們幾乎在同一時辰到達(dá)學(xué)校，坐在指定的座位上，由一位成年人教授知識，使用大體相同的教材，做作業(yè)，考試等等。他們所學(xué)的現(xiàn)實生活中的一些片斷，如字母表或政府的運作，常常碰到科目范圍

15、的限制。比方，高中生們知道，在課堂上他們無法弄清楚他們社區(qū)里政治問題的真情，也不會認(rèn)識到最新潮的電影制片人在做哪些試一試。學(xué)校教育這一形式化的過程是有特定的限制的。03TheDefinitionofPricePricesdeterminehowresourcesaretobeused.Theyarealsothemeansbywhichproductsandservicesthatareinlimitedsupplyarerationedamongbuyers.ThepricesystemoftheUnitedStatesisacomplexnetworkcomposedoftheprices

16、ofalltheproductsboughtandsoldintheeconomyaswellasthoseofamyriadofservices,includinglabor,professional,transportation,andpublic-utilityservices.Theinterrelationshipsofallthesepricesmakeupthesystemofprices.Thepriceofanyparticularproductorserviceislinkedtoabroad,complicatedsystemofpricesinwhicheverythi

17、ngseemstodependmoreorlessuponeverythingelse.Ifoneweretoaskagroupofrandomlyselectedindividualstodefineprice,manywouldreplythatpriceisanamountofmoneypaidbythebuyertothesellerofaproductorserviceor,inotherwords,thatpriceisthemoneyvalueofaproductorserviceasagreeduponinamarkettransaction.Thisdefinitionis,

18、ofcourse,validasfarasitgoes.Foracompleteunderstandingofapriceinanyparticulartransaction,muchmorethantheamountofmoneyinvolvedmustbeknown.Boththebuyerandthesellershouldbefamiliarwithnotonlythemoneyamount,butwiththeamountandqualityoftheproductorservicetobeexchanged,thetimeandplaceatwhichtheexchangewill

19、takeplaceandpaymentwillbemade,theformof3moneytobeused,thecredittermsand也就是說，為了能預(yù)計索價，買賣雙方必定discountsthatapplytothe精曉構(gòu)成交易物價格的全盤細(xì)節(jié)。transaction,guaranteesontheproduct04Electricityorservice,deliveryterms,returnThemodernageisanageofelectricity.privileges,andotherfactors.InPeoplearesousedtoelectricotherwor

20、ds,bothbuyerandsellerlights,radio,televisions,andshouldtelephonesthatitishardtoimaginebefullyawareofallthefactorswhatthatcomprisethetotalpackagelifewouldbelikewithoutthem.Whenbeingthereisapowerfailure,peopleexchangedfortheasked-foramountofgropeaboutinflickeringcandlelight,moneyinorderthattheymaycars

21、hesitateinthestreetsbecauseevaluateagivenprice.therearenotrafficlightstoguide價格的定義價格決定資源的使用方式。them,andfoodspoilsinsilent價格也是有限的產(chǎn)品與服務(wù)在買方中的配refrigerators.給手段。美國的價格系統(tǒng)是復(fù)雜的網(wǎng)狀系統(tǒng)，包含經(jīng)Yet,peoplebegantounderstandhow濟生活中全部產(chǎn)品買賣的價格，也包含名electricityworksonlyalittlemore目眾多的各樣服務(wù)，諸如勞動力、專職人員、thantwocenturies交通運輸、公共事業(yè)等

22、服務(wù)的價格。ago.Naturehasapparentlybeen全部這些價格的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系構(gòu)成了價格系experimentinginthisfieldfor統(tǒng)。任何一種個別產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)的價格都與millionsof這個弘大而復(fù)years.Scientistsarediscoveringmore雜的系統(tǒng)親密相關(guān)，并且或多或少地碰到系andmorethatthelivingworldmay統(tǒng)中其余成份的限制。若是隨機精選一群holdmanyinterestingsecretsof人，問electricitythatcouldbenefit問他們?nèi)绾味x價格，很多人會回答價格humanity.就是依照賣

23、方供應(yīng)的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)，買方向其Alllivingcellssendouttinypulsesof付出的錢數(shù)。electricity.Astheheartbeats,換句話說，價格就是市場交易中大家認(rèn)可的itsendsoutpulsesofrecord;they產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)的錢幣量。該定義就其本身來formanelectrocardiogram,whicha說自有其道理。doctorcanstudytodeterminehow但要獲取對價格在任何一樁交易中的圓滿welltheheartisworking.Thebrain,認(rèn)識，就必定考慮到大量非錢幣要素的too,sendsoutbrainwaves

24、of影響。買賣雙方不但要清楚交易中的錢數(shù)，electricity,whichcanberecordedinan并且要特別熟習(xí)交易物的質(zhì)量和electroencephalogram.Theelectric數(shù)目，交易的時間、地址，采納哪一種形式付currentsgeneratedbymostliving款，憂如何的緩付和優(yōu)惠，對交易物的質(zhì)量cellsareextremelysmall-oftenso保證、交貨條款、退賠權(quán)益等等。smallthatsensitiveinstrumentsare4neededtorecordthem.Butinsomeanimals,certainmusclecell

25、shavebecomesospecializedaselectricalgeneratorsthattheydonotworkasmusclecellsatall.Whenlargenumbersofthesecellsarelinkedtogether,theeffectscanbeastonishing.Theelectriceelisanamazingstoragebattery.Itcansendajoltofasmuchaseighthundredvoltsofelectricitythroughthewaterinwhichitlives.(Anelectrichousecurre

26、ntisonlyonehundredtwentyvolts.)Asmanyasfour-fifthsofallthecellsintheelectriceelsbodyarespecializedforgeneratingelectricity,andthestrengthoftheshockitcandelivercorrespondsroughlytothelengthofitsbody.電此刻時代是電氣時代。人們對電燈、收音機、電視和電話早已層見迭出以致很難想象沒有它們生活會變?yōu)楹螛?。?dāng)停電時，人們在搖晃不定的燭光下暗中研究；因沒有紅綠燈的指示，汽車在道路上懷疑不前；冰箱也停止工作，以致

27、食品變質(zhì)。人們可是在兩個世紀(jì)前一點才開始認(rèn)識電的使用原理，自然界卻明顯在這方面經(jīng)歷過了數(shù)百萬年。科學(xué)家不斷發(fā)現(xiàn)很多生物世界里可能有利于人類的關(guān)于電的幽默神秘。全部生物細(xì)胞都會發(fā)出細(xì)小的電脈沖。當(dāng)心臟跳動時，把它發(fā)出的脈沖記錄下來就成了心電圖，這可讓醫(yī)生認(rèn)識心臟的工作情況。大腦也發(fā)出腦電波，這可在腦電圖上記錄下來。很多生物細(xì)胞發(fā)出的電流都是極細(xì)小的，小到要用矯捷儀器才能記錄和丈量。但一些動物的某些肌肉細(xì)胞能轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐粋€個發(fā)電機，以致圓滿失掉肌肉細(xì)胞的功能。這種細(xì)胞大量地連接在一起時產(chǎn)生的見效將是特別令人驚訝的。電鰻就是一種令人驚異的蓄電池。它可以在水中發(fā)出相當(dāng)于伏特電壓電流(家庭用戶的電壓只有12

28、0伏特)。在電鰻的身體里，多至五分之四的細(xì)胞都特地用來發(fā)電，并且發(fā)出的電流的強度大體和它身體的長度成正比。05TheBeginningofDramaTherearemanytheoriesaboutthebeginningofdramainancientGreece.Theonemostwidelyacceptedtodayisbasedontheassumptionthatdramaevolvedfromritual.Theargumentforthisviewgoesasfollows.Inthebeginning,humanbeingsviewedthenaturalforcesofth

29、eworld-eventheseasonalchanges-asunpredictable,andtheysoughtthroughvariousmeanstocontroltheseunknownandfearedpowers.Thosemeasureswhichappearedtobringthedesiredresultswerethenretainedandrepeateduntiltheyhardenedintofixedrituals.Eventuallystoriesarosewhichexplainedorveiledthemysteriesoftherites.Astimep

30、assedsomeritualswereabandoned,butthestories,latercalledmyths,persistedandprovidedmaterialforartanddrama.Thosewhobelievethatdramaevolvedoutofritualalsoarguethatthoseritescontainedtheseedoftheaterbecausemusic,dance,masks,5andcostumeswerealmostalwaysused.Furthermore,asuitablesitehadtobeprovidedforperfo

31、rmancesandwhentheentirecommunitydidnotparticipate,acleardivisionwasusuallymadebetweentheactingareaandtheauditorium.Inaddition,therewereperformers,and,sinceconsiderableimportancewasattachedtoavoidingmistakesintheenactmentofrites,religiousleadersusuallyassumedthattask.Wearingmasksandcostumes,theyoften

32、impersonatedotherpeople,animals,orsupernaturalbeings,andmimedthedesiredeffect-successinhuntorbattle,thecomingrain,therevivaloftheSun-asanactormight.Eventuallysuchdramaticrepresentationswereseparatedfromreligiousactivities.Anothertheorytracesthetheatersoriginfromthehumaninterestinstorytelling.Accordi

33、ngtothisviewtales(aboutthehunt,war,orotherfeats)aregraduallyelaborated,atfirstthroughtheuseofimpersonation,action,anddialoguebyanarratorandthenthroughtheassumptionofeachoftherolesbyadifferentperson.Acloselyrelatedtheorytracestheatertothosedancesthatareprimarilyrhythmicalandgymnasticorthatareimitatio

34、nsofanimalmovementsandsounds.戲劇的發(fā)源關(guān)于古希臘戲劇的發(fā)源存在著多種理論，此中一個最寬泛為人接受的理論假設(shè)以為戲劇從儀式演化而來。這個見解是這樣進行論證的：一開始，人類把世界上的自然力量，甚至季節(jié)的變化都看作是不可以猜想的。他們試圖經(jīng)過各樣方式去控制這些未知的、令人懼怕的力量。那些憂如帶來了滿意結(jié)果的手段就被保留下來并且重復(fù)直到這些手段固化為不變的儀式，最后產(chǎn)生了可以講解也許掩飾這些儀式奇異性的故事。跟著時間的推移，一些儀式被荒棄了，但這些今后被稱作神話的故事流傳下來并且為藝術(shù)和戲劇供應(yīng)了素材。以為戲劇從儀式演化而來的人們還以為那些儀式包含了戲劇的基本要素，因為音

35、樂、舞蹈、面具和衣飾幾乎常常被使用，并且，必定為演出供應(yīng)一個適合的地址；若是不是整個社區(qū)共同參加演出，常常在演出區(qū)和觀眾之間劃分出明顯的分界。其余，儀式中還有演員，并且宗教領(lǐng)袖平常肩負(fù)演出任務(wù)，因為在儀式的執(zhí)行中防備錯誤的發(fā)生被以為有相當(dāng)大的重要性；他們常常帶著面具，穿著衣飾象演員那樣飾演其他人、動物或超自然的生靈，用動作來表演以達(dá)到所需要的見效，比方打獵的成功或戰(zhàn)斗的成功、將至的雨、太陽的復(fù)生。最后這些戲劇性的表演從宗教活動中分別了出來。另一個追想戲劇發(fā)源的理論以為它來自人們對表達(dá)故事的興趣。依照這個見解，故事(關(guān)于打獵、戰(zhàn)爭也許其余偉績)是逐漸豐富起來的。第一經(jīng)過一個講解人來運用模擬、表演

36、和對話，今后再由不一樣樣的人飾演各自的角色；另一個與之親密相關(guān)的理論將戲劇的發(fā)源追想至舞蹈，這些舞蹈大體上是有節(jié)奏感的6和體操式的那一類，也許是對動物動作和聲音的模擬。06TelevisionTelevision-themostpervasiveandpersuasiveofmoderntechnologies,markedbyrapidchangeandgrowth-ismovingintoanewera,aneraofextraordinarysophisticationandversatility,whichpromisestoreshapeourlivesandourworld.Iti

37、sanelectronicrevolutionofsorts,madepossiblebythemarriageoftelevisionandcomputertechnologies.Thewordtelevision,derivedfromitsGreek(tele:distant)andLatin(visio:sight)roots,canliterallybeinterpretedassightfromadistance.Verysimplyput,itworksinthisway:throughasophisticatedsystemofelectronics,televisionpr

38、ovidesthecapabilityofconvertinganimage(focusedonaspecialphotoconductiveplatewithinacamera)intoelectronicimpulses,whichcanbesentthroughawireorcable.Theseimpulses,whenfedintoareceiver(televisionset),canthenbeelectronicallyreconstitutedintobeings.Thefieldoftelevisioncanbedividedintotwocategoriesdetermi

39、nedbyitsmeansoftransmission.First,thereisbroadcasttelevision,whichreachesthemassesthroughbroad-basedairwavetransmissionoftelevisionsignals.Second,thereisnonbroadcasttelevision,whichprovidesfortheneedsofindividualsorspecificinterestgroupsthroughcontrolledtransmissiontechniques.Traditionally,televisio

40、nhasbeenamediumofthemasses.Wearemostfamiliarwithbroadcasttelevisionbecauseithasbeenwithusforaboutthirty-sevenyearsinaformsimilartowhatexiststoday.Duringthoseyears,ithasbeencontrolled,forthemostpart,bythebroadcastnetworks,ABC,NBC,andCBS,whohavebeenthemajorpurveyorsofnews,information,andentertainment.

41、Thesegiantsofbroadcastinghaveactuallyshapednotonlytelevisionbutourperceptionofitaswell.Wehavecometolookuponthepicturetubeasasourceofentertainment,placingourroleinthisdynamicmediumasthepassiveviewer.thatsameimage.電視電視-以迅速變化與發(fā)展為標(biāo)記的最Televisionismorethanjustan寬泛、最擁有影響力的一項現(xiàn)代技術(shù)，正在electronicsystem,however.

42、Itisa步入一個極端復(fù)雜化與多樣化的新時代。means這個時代承諾重新塑造我們的生活和我們ofexpression,aswellasavehiclefor的世界。這可以稱得上是又一次電子革命，communication,andassuchbecomes其重點在于電視技術(shù)與計算機技術(shù)的結(jié)合。apowerfultoolforreachingotherhuman電視這個詞7本源于希臘語詞根(tele：遠(yuǎn))和拉丁語詞根expandingduringperiodsofeconomic(vision：情況)，可以從字面上理解為來自decline,whenmostofhiscompetitors遠(yuǎn)處的情況

43、。werereducingtheirinvestments.簡單說來，電視是以這種方式工作的，經(jīng)過Carnegiebelievedthatindividuals一個復(fù)雜的電子系統(tǒng)，電視可以將一幅shouldprogressthroughhard圖像(這幅圖像被聚焦在一部攝像機內(nèi)的一work,buthealsofeltstrongly塊特其余光導(dǎo)底片上)變換成能經(jīng)過導(dǎo)線或thatthewealthyshouldusetheir電纜發(fā)送出去的電子脈沖信號。fortunesforthebenefitofsociety.He當(dāng)這些電子脈沖信號被輸入一部接收機(電opposedcharity,prefe

44、rring視機)時，就可以用電子學(xué)的方法切脈沖信insteadtoprovideeducational號重新恢復(fù)成同一幅圖像?？墒?，電視不僅opportunitiesthatwouldallow僅是一個電子系統(tǒng)，它還otherstohelpthemselves.Hewho是一種表達(dá)工具和流傳渠道。所以，電視diesrich,diesdisgraced,he成了一個對其他人發(fā)生影響的興旺工具。電oftensaid.視這個領(lǐng)域可以依照其發(fā)射方式分為兩類。Amonghismorenoteworthycontributions第一類為廣播電視，經(jīng)過電視信號的寬帶無tosocietyarethoseth

45、atbearhis線電波發(fā)射展此刻大眾眼前；第二類為非name,including廣播電視，使用受控的發(fā)射技術(shù)來滿足個人theCarnegieInstituteofPittsburgh,以及某些特別whichhasalibrary,amuseumoffine利益集體的需要。電視早已成為大眾媒介。arts,andamuseumofnationalhistory.我們熟習(xí)廣播電視，因為廣播電視已經(jīng)以類Healsofoundedaschoolof似當(dāng)前的方式存在了大體37年。technologythatisnowpartof在那些年頭中，電視絕大多數(shù)向出處ABC、Carnegie-MellonUni

46、versity.OtherNBC、CBS這些廣播電視企業(yè)控制著，這些philanthropicgiftsarethe廣播電視企業(yè)向來是新聞、信息和娛樂的主CarnegieEndowmentforInternational要供應(yīng)者。這些Peace廣播業(yè)的巨頭實質(zhì)上不僅塑造了電視，并且topromoteunderstandingbetween也塑造了我們對電視的理解。我們逐漸把nations,theCarnegieInstituteof顯像管看作是娛樂的本源，讓自己成為這Washingtontofundscientificresearch,個生動的媒介的被動觀眾。andCarnegieHallto

47、providea07AndrewCarnegiecenterforthearts.AndrewCarnegie,knownastheKingofFewAmericanshavebeenleftuntouchedSteel,builtthesteelindustryinbyAndrewCarnegiesgenerosity.HistheUnitedStates,and,intheprocess,contributionsofmorethanfivemillionbecameoneofthewealthiestmenindollarsestablished2,500librariesAmerica

48、.Hissuccessresultedinpartinsmallcommunitiesthroughoutthefromhisabilitytoselltheproductcountryandformedthenucleusoftheandinpartfromhispolicyof8publiclibrarysystemthatweallenjoytoday.安德魯卡內(nèi)基被稱作鋼鐵大王的安德魯卡內(nèi)基在美國成立了鋼鐵工業(yè)。在這個過程中，他變?yōu)榱嗣绹钬S饒的人之一。他的成功，部分來自于他銷售產(chǎn)品的能力，部分來自于經(jīng)濟冷清時期的擴大策略。在冷清時期，他的多數(shù)對手都在減少投資。卡內(nèi)基以為個人應(yīng)該經(jīng)過努

49、力工作來獲取進展，但他也激烈地感覺有錢人應(yīng)該運用他們的財產(chǎn)來為社會牟取福利。他反對賞賜救援，更愿意供應(yīng)教育機遇，使他人自立?？▋?nèi)基常常說：豐饒著逝世的人死得可恥。他對社會的較重要的貢獻(xiàn)都以他的名字命名。這些貢獻(xiàn)包含匹茲堡卡內(nèi)基學(xué)校。這個學(xué)校有一個圖書室，一個美術(shù)館和一個國家歷史博物館；他還創(chuàng)立了一所技術(shù)學(xué)校，這所學(xué)校此刻是卡內(nèi)基梅隆大學(xué)的一部分；其余的慈善捐贈有為促使國家間認(rèn)識的卡內(nèi)基國際和平基金，為科學(xué)研究供應(yīng)經(jīng)費的華盛頓卡內(nèi)基學(xué)院以及給各樣藝術(shù)活動供應(yīng)活動中心的卡內(nèi)基音樂廳。安德魯卡內(nèi)基的大方大度幾乎影響到每個美國人的生活。因為他高出五百萬美元的捐款，2500個圖書室得以成立起來，遍及在美

50、國各地的小村鎮(zhèn)，形成了我們今日還在享受的公共圖書室系統(tǒng)的核心。08AmericanRevolutionTheAmericanRevolutionwasnotarevolutioninthesenseofaradicalortotalchange.Itwasnotasuddenandviolentoverturningofthepoliticalandsocialframework,suchaslateroccurredinFranceandRussia,whenbothwerealreadyindependentnations.Significantchangeswereusheredin,b

51、uttheywerenotbreathtaking.Whathappenedwasacceleratedevolutionratherthanoutrightrevolution.Duringtheconflictitselfpeoplewentonworkingandpraying,marryingandplaying.Mostofthemwerenotseriouslydisturbedbytheactualfighting,andmanyofthemoreisolatedcommunitiesscarcelyknewthatawarwason.AmericasWarofIndepende

52、nceheraldedthebirthofthreemodernnations.OnewasCanada,whichreceiveditsfirstlargeinfluxofEnglish-speakingpopulationfromthethousandsofloyalistswhofledtherefromtheUnitedStates.AnotherwasAustralia,whichbecameapenalcolonynowthatAmericawasnolongeravailableforprisonersanddebtors.Thethirdnewcomer-theUnitedSt

53、ates-baseditselfsquarelyonrepublicanprinciples.Yeteventhepoliticaloverturnwasnotsorevolutionaryasonemightsuppose.Insomestates,notablyConnecticutandRhodeIsland,thewarlargelyratifiedacolonialself-rulealreadyexisting.Britishofficials,everywhereousted,werereplacedbyahome-growngoverningclass,whichpromptl

54、ysoughtalocalsubstituteforkingandParliament.美國革命美國革命其實其實不算是一場革命，因為它并未以致圓滿的和完好的變化。這9次革命其實不是對政治和社會框架的一次突Buttheearlyfactoriesbuiltin然和激烈的顛覆，象今后在已經(jīng)是獨立國家the1830sand1840swere的法國和俄國所迸發(fā)的革命那樣。locatedalongwaterwaysandnear革命帶來了重要的變化，但其實不是翻江倒海，railheadsattheedgesofcities,所發(fā)生的可是進化的加速，而不是一場徹andhousingwasneededfor

55、thethousands底的革命；在矛盾時期，人們依舊上班、做ofpeopledrawnbytheprospectof星期、結(jié)婚、玩耍。多employment.Intime,thefactorieswere數(shù)人并無碰到實質(zhì)戰(zhàn)斗的嚴(yán)重影響。許surroundedbyproliferatingmill多較閉塞的社區(qū)對這場戰(zhàn)爭幾乎一無所知。townsofapartmentsandrow美國獨立戰(zhàn)爭宣告了三個現(xiàn)代國家的誕housesthatabuttedtheolder,生，此中一個是加拿大。main加拿大的第一大量講英語的流入人口來自cities.Asadefenseagainst于數(shù)不勝數(shù)英王的效

56、忠者，這些人從美國thisencroachmentandtoenlargetheir逃到了加拿大。另一個國家是澳大利taxbases,thecitiesappropriated亞，因為美國不再是容納罪犯和欠債者的國theirindustrialneighbors.In度了，澳大利亞就變?yōu)榱艘粋€懲治罪犯的殖1854,forexample,thecityof民地Philadelphiaannexedmostof(注：獨立戰(zhàn)爭前，英國政府將罪犯流放到PhiladelphiaCounty.Similar美國)。第三個國家就是美國，它圓滿建municipalmaneuverstookplacein立在共

57、Chicago和原則基礎(chǔ)上。即使政治上的顛覆也不如人andinNewYork.Indeed,mostgreat們可能想象的那樣擁有革命性。在一些citiesoftheUnitedStatesachieved州，特別是康涅狄格和羅德島，戰(zhàn)爭基本suchstatusonlybyincorporatingthe上可是認(rèn)可了已經(jīng)存在的殖民地的自治。communitiesalongtheirborders.四周被驅(qū)趕的英國官員都被當(dāng)?shù)氐慕y(tǒng)治Withtheaccelerationofindustrial階級所代替，這個統(tǒng)治階級迅速地以地方權(quán)growthcameacuteurbancrowdingand力機

58、關(guān)來代替國王和議會。accompanyingsocialstress-09SuburbanizationconditionsthatbegantoapproachIfbysuburbismeantanurbanmargindisastrousthatgrowsmorerapidlythanitsproportionswhen,in1888,thefirstalreadydevelopedinterior,theprocesscommerciallysuccessfulelectricofsuburbanizationbeganduringthetractionlinewasdeveloped.

59、emergenceoftheindustrialcityintheWithinafewyearsthesecondquarterofthenineteenthhorse-drawncentury.Beforethatperiodthecitywastrolleyswereretiredandelectricasmallhighlycompactclusterinstreetcarnetworkscrisscrossedandwhichpeoplemovedaboutonfootandconnectedeverymajorurbanarea,goodswereconveyedbyhorseand

60、fosteringawaveofcart.suburbanizationthattransformed10thecompactindustrialcityintoadispersedfirstphaseofmass-scalesuburbanizationwasreinforcedbythesimultaneousemergenceoftheurbanMiddleClass,whosedesiresforhomeownershipinneighborhoodsfarfromtheaginginnercityweresatisfiedbythedevelopersofsingle-familyh