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(Yourteam'ssummaryshouldbeincludedas pageofyourelectronicTypeasummaryofyourresultsonthispage.Donotincludethenameofyourschool,advisor,orteammembersonthis Inthispr,weyzetheperformanceofcommonlyusedtollplazabasedonourproposedmathematicalmodel.Anewimprovedtollplazaisproposedtoreducethecost,decreasetheprobabilityofcollisionatthemergingpointandincreasethethroughput.Thedistributionofourproposedtollboothsresemblesthe b.Atthecenterofeachregular b,therearetwotollbooths,whichservetwoseparatedvehiclestreams.Thevehiclesinthesetwoseparatedstreamsaremergedinadvancebeforetheycontinuetheirjourneyonthehighway.Duetothespecificpatternofthenewtollplaza,thetotalareacanbereducedsignificantly.Meanwhile,theaveragewastedtimecausedbyqueuingcanbediminished,whichmeansthatthethroughputwillberaised.Additionally,bysplittingthemergingprocedureintotwostages,thepossibilityofaccidentscsobedecreased.ThemaincontributionsofthisprareasThenewdesignedcellulararchitecturecangreatlyreducetheconstructionareacomparedwithtraditionallineardistributedtollgates.Weyzethethroughputoftollplazasbymeansofthequeuingtheory.Toverifyourtheory,wesimulatethebehaviorofthelargenumberofvehiclespassingthetollplazawiththehelpofPTV-VISSIM.Simulationresultsshowthattheidealcellulardistributedtollboothshavebetterresultscomparedwithtraditionaltollstations,especiallywhenthetrafficflowisheavy,theaveragetraveltimereducedbyabout55%andtheaveragedelaytimeofeachlaneisreducedbyabout70%.Weyzetheinfluenceoftheproportionsofdifferenttypesoftollboothstoourdesign.Accordingtorelevant s,theimpactofexact-changetollboothsissimilartomanualtollbooths,soweonlyconsidertwokindsoftollbooths:human-staffedtollboothsandE-ZPasstollbooths.PTV-VISSIMsimulationresultsshowthatfullETCtollboothis8timesfasterthanfullMTCtollbooth.Wesimulatetheperformanceofthecellulartollplazaunderdifferenttrafficthroughput.Simulationresultsshowthattheaveragetransittimeremainsatabout11secondsunderdifferentthroughputsfrom0to2000(Unit:veh/h).Wecaninferthatthismodelisnositivetotrafficflowvariationsandhasstrongrobustnesswhichissuitableforpracticalconstruction.Tofurtherreducethepossibilityofaccident,weimprovethecellulartollboothconceptmodel:makethetransitionzonemoresmoothandarrangedifferentkindsoftollboothsmoreequitable.Forself-drivingvehicles,inthecenterofthetollplaza,wereservespecialE-ZPasstollbooths,whiatchthecharacteristicsofautonomousvehicles:saferandfaster.Electronictollcollectionandautonomousvehiclesarethetrendsofmoderntransportation,ournewdesignedmodelcanimprovetheperformanceoftollplazaintheaspectsofcost,throughputaccident邁思數(shù)模2018美賽課程價項目名稱價包含內(nèi)容報名方式80聯(lián)系報模賽美賽報名普通班及VIP班元；外部學850聯(lián)系報門班課程元；三398【限時特惠168-268-368節(jié)。共計20節(jié)課/6313466-法班課程課程更新時間為：11/6313466-節(jié)。共計20節(jié)課/6313466-門班課程元；三798【限時特惠568-668-768再支付400元到支付 法班課程聯(lián) Team#

Page2ofWiththenumberofvehiclesincreasing,expresswayisconfrontedwithgreattrafficpressure,especiallyatthetollplaza.Thecongestionproblematthetollstation esmoreandmoreseriousduetotheoutdateddesign.Relatedresearchfoundthat36%ofthetotaltraveltimeinChinaisdelaytimecausedbytolling[1].Inaddition,asavehicle-intensiveplace,tollplazahas eanaccident-pronesectionbecauseofthedrivers'improperoperation[2].WiththewidespreaduseofElectronicTollCollection(ETC)andE-ZPass,theefficiencyoftollcollectionhasbeenimprovedsignificantlyandfurtherthecongestionatthetollplazaisreleased.However,duetothehighspeedofthevehiclespassingthroughthetollplaza,theprobabilityofcollisioninthemergingzoneisincreased.Moreover,theconstructionoffuturetollplazaisveryexpensive.Consideringabovefactors,itisnecessarytodesignnewtollplazatoimproveitsthroughput,reducethecostofconstructionanddecreasethepossibilityofcollisioninthemergingzone.Inthispr,wedesignatollstationmodelbasedon basshowninFigure1.1.Thehexagonaltilingcreatesapartitionwithequal-sizedcells,whileminimizingthetotalperimeterofthecells.Knowningeometryasthe bconjecture,thiswasgivenbyJanBro?ekandprovedmuchlaterbyThomasHales[3].CellularStructureiswidelyusedinmanyaspectsoflife.Forexample,thebasestationsofmobilecommunicationsaredistributedlikethe b.Inournewdesignedtollplazamodel,thetollboothsarelocatedinthecenterofeachregularhexagonal.

Figure Totaltimecost:Theaveragetimeintervalforavehiclefromthebeginningpointofthedetectionareatoingpointofthedetectionareaisthetotaltimecost.Theoreticaltimecost:Ifthereisonlyonevehicleinthesystemandthatvehicleisnotlimitedbythecontrolsignal,thetimeintervalforthatvehiclefromthebeginningpointofthedetectionareato ingpointofthedetectionareaisthetheoreticaltimecost.Timedelayed:ThedifferencebetweenthetotaltimecostandthetheoreticaltimecostistheTimedelayed.L:thenumberoflanesineachdirectionofthehighway.B:thetotalnumberoftollboothsineachdirection.OurWiththepopularizationofETCequipmentandautonomousvehicles,theMTClaneswillbetotallyreplacedbytheETClanesinthenext20years,whichwillincreasetheroadcapacityanddecreasethetimecostbyeachcarpassingthroughthetollstation.Atpresentthetraditionaldesignoftollstationscoversalargearea,andthecostofconstructionishigh.Withtheraiseofthevehicles'speed,therewillbecongestionsatthemergingpoint,whiayincreasethepossibilityofaccident.①Wedesignedacellulartollboothmodel,designeditssh,sizeandmerge.Intomakethecellulartollboothmoreadaptabletopracticalapplication,weescalatedfromtheaspectsofthearea,thethroughput,theaccidentprevention,thehybridlanandtheonlyETClane,self-drivingvehicleandsoon.②Throughtheysisofthetollstationareamodel,wefiedhowmuchwecouldreducethetollstationarea.③WeusetheVISSIMtosimulatewhetherthecellulartollstationcangatheranddistributetrafficinbatches,andreducetheaveragetraveltimeandaveragedelaytimeofvehiclemerging.④WeusetheVISSIMtoyzethetrafficcapacityofthecellulartollstationinthemixed(artificialcharge,ETC,change)lane,pureETC-typetolllane,bothforheavytrafficflowandlightflow.⑤Weimprovedourdesignfrom3different⑥Weyzedtheinfluenceofthetrafficflowtothecapacityofthetoll⑦ yzedwhetherthetollstationcanmeettheneedoftheautonomousFigure1.2DesignevolutionGeneralThearrivalofvehiclesobeysthePoissonIngeneral,thetrafficofETCtollstationsshouldbemuchheavierthanthetrafficofothertypesoftollstation.AlltollstationsareETCorE-ZPassunlessotherwiseThereisnoramporotherexitsnearthetollbooth.Wedonotconsiderthepossibilityofadditionalvehicleaccess,onlyconsiderthevehiclesalreadyonthemainroad.Theserviceprocedureofthetollstationsandthemergingprocedureofthevehiclesafterthetollboothsarebothqueuingsystem.Theyfollowtheprincipleofcomeserved.DesignScheme b-likeTollIntraditionaltollplazas,therearealwaysmoretollboothsthanthe Atollplazaconsistsofthefan-outareabeforethebarriertoll,thetollbarrieritself,andtheinareaafterthetollbarrier.Thetollbarriersareoftenconstructedinastraightlineplacedacrossthehighway,perpendiculartothedirectionoftrafficflow.Sotheareaoftollplazaiprettylarge.Toreducetheareaofthetollplazaandfurthersavetheconstructioncost,wedesignanewtollplazabasedonthestructureofthe b.Inaddition,bysplittingthemergingprocedureintotwostages,ournewdesignedtollplazacanreducetheprobabilityofcollision,incontrastwiththetraditionalemergingprocedure,wherelargenumberofvehiclesconcentrateintothehighwaysimultaneously.TheevolutionofourdesignisshowninFigure3.1,wherewesmooththetransitionzonetoavoidsharpturnandaddsometollboothsinthemiddleforautonomousvehicles.Figure3.1EvolutionaryModelEstimatedCostoftheTollThecostofbuildingatollstationmainlyincludestheconstructioncostoftheroadsurfaceandtheconstructioncostofthetollbooth.Weassessitsareaandtrytominimizeit.TollboothstotalareaScanbedividedintotheareaofthetransitionzoneandtheareaoftollgates.Weassumethatthenumberofthetollgatesisnt,thenumberofthelanesofthehighwayisnl,thewidthofthelaneiswl,thetangentialoffsetwidthiswo,thedesignspeedisv,thelengthofthetransitionzoneislt,thewidthofthetollgatesiswt,theareaofthetraditionaltollstationareST1andSC1,respectively,theareaofthetransitionzoneareST2andSC2,Figure4.1SymbolComparisonoftheAreaoftheChargingTheareaofthetraditionaltoll????1=2????????(????+Theareaofthecellulartoll ??(??(??+2??)+???? ??Thedifferenceintheareaofthecharging ????1=????1?????1=2????????????+2????????????>ComparisonoftheAreaoftheTransitionTheareaofthetraditionaltoll????=????(????+????)? ????

(????????+?????????????2

(????(????+????)+????????)????2

(????2????2+????2??2+2????2?????????Theareaofthecellulartoll

????=(2?????)?????

??? ????????? =1

+??)????=1(??2???2)?? 2 ?? Thedifferenceinthetransition ????2=????2?????2

120

+????

+2????????????)>ComparisonoftheTotalFromtheequationsabove,wecanlearnthatthecellulartollstationcansignificantlysavespacecomparedwithtraditionaltollstation.TheeffectcanbeseeninFigure4.2intuitively.Figure4.2AreaInourmodel,weconsidertheentireprocessoftollingastheoperationoftwoseriallyconnectedqueuingsystems.,theprocessofvehiclespassingthroughthetollboothsandqueuinginfrontofthetollboothsistreatedasaqueuingsystem,andtheprocessofvehiclespassingthroughthemergingpointsattheexitofthetollstationasthesecondqueuingsystem.Next,wewillstartfromabrieflyintroductiontothequeuingtheory.ABriefIntroductionoftheQueueingQueueingtheoryisthemathematicalstudyofwaitinglines,orqueues.Inqueueingtheory,amodelisconstructedsothatqueuelengthsandwaitingtimecanbepredicted.Queueingtheoryisgenerallyconsideredabranchofoperationsresearchbecausetheresultsareoftenusedwhenmakingbusinessdecisionsabouttheresourcesneededtoprovideaservice[4].Figure4.3ElementsofaqueueingQueueingSystematTollInreality,whenvehiclesenterthetollstation,thedriverswillheadtoatollgateaccordingtocertainprinciples,suchasthedistancetoeachtollgate,thenumberofvehicleswaitinginthequeue.Butinourmodel,thearrivalintervalofvehiclesateachtollgatefollowsexponentialdistribution.Meanwhile,thetimecostbyeachvehicleinthetollgatealsofollowsexponentialdistribution.Inaddition,itisclearthateachtollgatecanhandleonlyonelaneateachtime,sothatalthoughtollboothshavemultipletollbooths,thereisstillonlyonesetoftollcollectionfacilitiesforeachtollgate.Althoughinourmodeltherearetwotollgatesateachtollisland,thisisnotcontrarytotheaforementionedprinciples.Insummary,webelievethateachtollgatecanbeconsideredasanM/M/1queuingQueueingSystematMergingBasedontheBurke'stheorem，IfthearrivaltimeandservicetimeofaM/M/1queuingmodelisaPoissonprocesswithparametersλ,thedepartureprocessofthequeuingmodelisalsoaPoissonprocess[5].TheoutputofthetollboothisaPoissonprocess;therefore,thearrivalintervalsofthemergingpointsarealsoPoissonprocesses.TheexistingroaddesignguidelinesstipulatethatlanemergingcanonlybestartedTeam# Page7oftherightsideofthevehicle'sdrivingdirectionandonlyonelanecanbemergedatatime[6Accordingtothisprovision,andalsotosimplifythemodel,wewilldividethelanesintottypes.TypeIdoesn’tpassthroughanymergingpoint,buttypeIIdoes.ThenumberoftypeIequalstoL-1,becausethereexistsonelane,evenitdirectlyconnectstothehighway,butitneedstomergewithalllanesatitsrightside,suchaslane4inthefigure4.4.ForthetypeIlanes,thevehiclescandirectlydrivepassthroughthem,weconsiderthetimecostequalstonumberofmergingpointsmultipliesthetimecostpassingeachofthem,thatis,(?????)×(1???0)=(?????)/??0and(??/2???)×(1???0)=(???2??)/2??0,whereBisthenumberofthetollgates,Listhenumberofthelanesofhighway,μ0istheservicerateatamergingpointwhenthemergingdoesn’toccur.Thetotalpossibilityoftheselanes,forthetraditionaltollstationis(L-1)/B,forourcellulartollstationis(L-1)/(B/2).ForthetypeIIlanes,thepossibilityofvehiclesdrivingontheseroadsare(B-L+1)/Band(B-2L+2)/B,respectively.Besides,forthek-thmergingpoint,thearrivalpossibilityisthesumofthepossibilityofonelaneplusthepossibilityofthe(k-1)-thmergingpoint,thatis,(k+1)/Band2(k+1)/B,respectively.Takethemergingpatternshowninthefigure4.4astheexample,thepossibilityofthemergingpoint1equalstolane1pluslane2,thatis,1/B+1/B=2/B,andthemergingpoint2equalstolane3plusmergingpoint1,thatis,1/B+2/B=3/B.Asforthetrafficflow,wecansimilarlyobtainthevalueofmergingpointk,equalsto(k+1)??/B,whereΦisthetotaltrafficflow.Figure4.4MergingpointsatthetransitionTosimplifythemodel,wedon’tdistinguishbetweentwolaneswhiergesatthesamemergingpoint,thatis,thetimeavehiclepassesthroughasinglemergingpointisindependentofthelaneinwhichitislocated,onlyinrelationtothestateoftheotherlane.Ifthereisnovehicleontheotherlane,oravehicleontheotherlanebutitstopstoavoidthemerging,thisvehiclecancompletethemergingprocesswithoutdeceleration,wedefinethetimecostatthisprocessas1/??0.Otherwise,thisvehicleneedstostopandwait,thetimecostisdefinedasInsummary,thearrivalrateofthequeueingsystematmergingpointsfollowstheexponentialdistribution(i.e.aPoissonprocess),buttheservicerateisageneralfunction,therefore,thatisaM/G/1queueingmodel.Fromtheprevioussection,wehaveobtainedthequeueingmodelcorrespondingtoourdesign.Then,wewillsubstitutethespecificparametertothoseformulastocalculatetheaveragetimecostpassingthroughthetraditionalorthecellulartollstation,andmakecomparisonoftheirthroughput.B:NumberofInreality,thenumberoftollgatesdependsonthetrafficflow,typeofvehicles,etc.However,tosimplifyourmodel,wemakeitequalsto8.Weneedtonoticethateventhereistwotollgatesatonetollislandandwetakethestrategyofpre-mergingtohalfthelanesaftetheentryofthetollstation,butthesewon'taffectthenumberofthetollgates,whichisumnumberofvehiclethetollstationcanserveatthesameL:NumberoflanesofTollmergingzoneattheexitofthetollplazaisdirectlyconnectedtothehighway，toensurethenumberoflanesofthehighwayisgreaterthanthatoftheexitofthechargingzone,wetake3asthevalueofL.μT:ServicerateofaAtpresent,theelectronictollsystemwidelyinstalled,toenableoursystemtoadapttofuturetrends,wetakeitsservicerateas1200?????/?[7].μ0:Theservicerateatamergingpointwhenthemergingdoesn’tμ0istheserviceratewhenthemergingdoesn’toccur,oroccursbuttheothervehiclestopandwait.Meanwhile,wealsotakeitastheserviceratewhenavehicledirectlyheadsforalaneofthehighwaywithoutpassinganymergingpoint.Theaveragespeedofvehiclesonthehighwayis60mph[7],thereforethelengthofthemergingpointshouldbethelengthofanormalvehicleplusasafedistance,whichissixtimesthelengthofanormalvehicle[7],thusthelengthofthemergingpointis15ft+6×15ft=105ft.Thentheaveragetimeforavehiclepassingamergingpointequalstothelengthofitdividedbythespeedofthevehicle,whichis105ft÷60mph=1.1932s，takevalueofitsreciprocalasthevalueofμ0,andconvertittotheonehour,wecanderive3600(s?h)÷1.1932s=3017.1veh/h.μ1:TheservicerateatamergingpointwhenthemergingAppliedforthevehiclewhichparkstoavoidtheothervehiclewhentwovehiclesreachthemergingpointatthesametime.theavoidingcarwillparktemporarily,andwaitforthefrontcar,thenacceleratethevehicleandcontinuedriving.Whenstartingagain,thevehiclewillstartat0m/s,andthevehiclesafedistanceisonlyonetimesthelengthofthevehicle[7].Accordingtothedisplacementformulas=0.5????2，wecanderivetheformulat=andtheaverageaccelerationofthevehicleis6.5ft/s2[1]，Substitutetheparametersintoformula,wecanobtainthevalue√2(15????+15????)÷6.5(????/??2)=3.0382??，similarly,wetakethereciprocalandconverttoonehour,theresultisthevalueofμ1,whichis3600(??/?)/3.0382??=1184.9?????/?.TimeCostatTollBasedontheformulaforcalculatingthearrivalrateofeachlanegivenabove,wecancalculatetheaveragetimespentbyeachvehicleinthetollboothaccordingtotheformula[8].Forthetraditionaltollstation,thefollowingequationisobvious;Forthecellulartollstation,sincethedivergencebeforeenteringthetollgate,soeachtollgateisfacingthesametrafficflowasonelaneofthetraditionaltollstation.Theformulaisshownbelow:1???? ??

WTisthetimecostpassingthroughthetollμTistheservicerateoftollΦisthetrafficBisthenumberoftollTeam#Team#PagePAGE10ofTimeCostatMergingFigure4.5Statetransitionofabirth-deathThemergeprocessateaergepointisessentiallyaBirth-DeathProcess，figure4.5describesthestatetransitionofthisprocessintheformofaMarkovchain.Inthisprocess,eachstatefollowstherulethatthesumofthetransit-inprobabilityequalstothesumofthetransit-outprobability[5],andtheprobabilitysumofalleventsis1.Therefore，wehavetheequations

λP0=????1+??0??1=????0+??????+??1????=???????1+??1????+1,??≥∞∑????=Pn,??∈??isthepossibilityofnvehiclesintheλisthearrivalrateofamergingμ0istheservicerateatamergingpointwhenthemergingdoesn’tμ1istheservicerateatamergingpointwhenthemergingoccurs.Solvetheequationsabove,wecanobtainthefollowingsetofequations: ??0=(1+??0+??2??1?????2+????0??1???2??0 0??1=0????

??( ??0,??≥ ??0+????0Accordingtotheprobabilityobtainedabove,wecancalculatetheexpectednumbervehiclesinthewholequeuing∞??(??)=∑????

????1?

??1? ????1?????0+Ls(λ)istheexpectedvalueofthevehicleinthesystem,alsocalledtheaveragequeuelength.AccordingtotheLittle'sLaw[5],weobtaintheformulabelow:????=eac????(??)

??=

??1?

??1? ????1?????0+Ws(λ)istheaveragewaitingtimeforvehiclesinthesystematamergeAccordingtotheassumptionshownabove,thetrafficflowatthek-thmergingpointinatraditionaltollstationis:(??+

,??=1,2,…,?????+Thepossibilityofarrivalofcorrespondingk-thmergingpoint??+,??=1,2,…,?????+Accordingtotheformulashownabove,thetotaltimecostatthemergingpoint???

?????+?????+1∑??+

??+

WMTistheaverageofthetimespentbyeachvehicleatthemergingpointinatraditionaltollListhenumberofthelanesoftheAddingthetimecostWTpassingthrougheachtollgateobtainedabove,wecancalculatetheaveragetimecostWATpassingthroughthewholetollstation: ???1??? ?????+1???????+ ??+WAT=????+??????

Φ ?????

????( WATistheaveragetimecostofeachvehiclepassingthroughthetollButinourdesign,sincethetrafficflowmergesinadvance,thetrafficflowofeachlaneestwicethepreviouslane,andthenumberoflanesreducebyhalfTosimplifythecalculation,wemayassumethatBisalwayseven,sothatthetrafficflowatthek-thpoint2(??+,??=1,2,…,?????+ Theprobabilityofthearrivalofthecorrespondingk-thmergingpoint2(??+1),??=1,2,…,?????+Thetotaltime

2???2??? ???2??+2 2(??+ 2(??+

??????

WMIistheaverageofthetimespentbyeachvehicleinthecellulartollboothsatthemergingForcellulartollbooths,alllaneswillbemergedinadvance,weneedtocalculateadditionaltimeWExcostatthepre-mergingprocess,:??????=??(??Similarly,togetherwiththetimecostshownabove,weobtaintheaveragetimecostWAIforeachvehiclepassingthroughthetollstation:WAI=????+??????+Which

2L?2??? B?2L+2 2(??+ 2(??+ ??AI Φ ?????

B

Φ)+????(??SubstitutethespecificparametersintoWMIandWAItocalculateandplot,theresultsshowninFigureFigure4.6ComparisonunderdifferenttrafficImprovetheAccidentPreventionHierarchicalMergeTraditionaltollboothhasonlyonemergingpointattheendofthetransitionzone,increasingthepossibilityofbeinercrowded.Butforinourcellulartollbooth,therearebendsinthecellular,keethespeedofvehicleswithinasaferange.Therefore,wecandecreasethepossibilityofthesetwokindsofaccident:TrafficaccidentscausedbyexcessiveTrafficcongestioncausedbyThefiguresshownbelowdescribeourPre-mergingpatternandthetraditionalonly-onemergingpattern.Figure4.7ThismergingpaternhashighFigure4.8highpossibilityAGentleDesignFigure4.8highpossibilityThegradientrateofthetransitionzoneissetaccordingtothedesignspeedandthetangentialoffsetwidth,anddifferentcountrieshavedifferentstandards,theumratioofUSstandardis1:20,andtheminimumis1:8[9].Therefore,wefurtherimprovethemodel,bychangingtherateofcross-sectionofthetollstationtoimprovesafety,theimprovedmodelisasfollows:Figure4.9ImproveddesignMoreSuitableforETCTollstationstypicallyincludeadifferentsetofchargingmodels:conventional(human-staffed)tollbooths,exact-change(automated)tollbooths,andelectronictollcollectionbooths.Vehiclesneartheentrancetothetollplazaoftenencountertrafficaccidentsduetothechoiceofdifferentaccessroutes,thelocationofdifferenttypesoftollboothsisalsocriticaltoDuetolarge-scalepromotionofETCtechnology,thewaysvehiclesenterandexitthetollstation,thewaysvehiclesdrivethroughthetollstationaredifferentfromthetraditionalchargingpattern,whichincreasethepossibilityofaccidents.Acomputationalexperimentsshowthatgatesassociatedtohigherrisktrafficflowse.g.trafficdirectedtoETCgateswhichapproachesthetollstationatspeedssignificantlyabovetheaverage,shouldbelocateinacentralpositionwithrespecttoothergatetypes10].SoweaddtwoETClanesinthemiddleofthenewtollstation。Figure4.10ImprovedTheinfluenceofautonomousAssmartcarsarenon-cashpayment,whencomparedtothetraditionaltollstation,thecellulartollstationscanbettermeettheneedsofsmartcar.Inthissection,we theprincipleandcharacteristicsofautonomousvehicles,then,accordingtotheprincipleandcharacteristicsofthem,weoptimizedthecellulartollstationmodel.TheCharacteristicsofAutonomousSincetheautonomouscarareuncontrolled,theyneedtobeequippedwithautomaticpaymentsystem,thatis,ETCequipment.Therefore,theycanpassthroughthetollstationSelf-drivingvehiclescanimproveroadsafetyinonewayoranother.autonomousvehiclesareequippedwithsensingsystems,whichhelpssensingtheenvironment,basedontheinformationabouttheroad,vehiclelocation,andobstacles,thevehiclecansteerandcontrolthespeedautomatically.Therefore,theyhaveabettercontrolofthevehicledistance,brake,etc.whichcanreducepossibilityoftheoccurrenceoftrafficaccidentsatthetollstation.Besides,thedriver'sownfactors(suchasbadmood,disputeswiththetollstationservicestaff,etc.)willnotaffectthevehicle'ssafety[11].Vehiclesatthejunctionofthetollstationconvergencecanbemoreorderly，whichavoidstheoccurrenceofcongestionandizetheefficiencyofcellulartollstations.OurInthefuture,therearemoreautonomousvehicles,sincethesevehiclesareallequippedwithETCequipment,thecellulartollboothsmustincreasethenumberofautomatictolllanes,reducingthenumberofmanualtolllanestoizetheefficiency.Ourdesigncanprovideperfectserviceforthosecars.Asshowninthefigure4.10,theMTClaneswillbelocatedatthesidesofthetollstation,andthestraightlanesforLargevehiclesareinthemiddle，reducingtheinconvenientforthelargevehicles.Meanwhile,astheautonomousvehiclesareeasytosteer,therestlanesareallETClanes.Whentheautonomousvehiclesentertheglobalmarket,theproportionofvehiclesequippedwithETCwillincreasegreatly.Figure4.11NextgenerationtollboothforautonomousAccordingtothequeueingmodelandthesimulationresultfromVISSIM,thethroughputofthetollstationincreases panieswiththeincreaseofthenumberoftheETClanes.Astheautonomousvehiclesareallnon-cashpayment,whencomparedwiththetraditionaltollstation,thecellulardesignismoresuitable.ysisofourUsingVISSIMSimulationtoFindtheDifferenceofTheseTwoBasicDataforWeusePTV-VISSIM4.3todothissimulation.Becausethereisnospecialconfigurationforothertrafficsimulationdesign(suchasroadconnections,carrouteselection,decelerationbeltandthedesignoftollbooths),sotherearenomoreotherdetailedexplanationabouttheparameter,andyoucanfindmoreinformationat[12].WesetthespeedofthevehiclethroughtheETCdecelerationbeltis24km/handdecelerationspeedis2m/s2.Wereferto“Thevehicles’speedreducesto24km/hwhenpassingETClane”atliterature[13].Figure5.1ConceptualdesignmodelandFigure5.2TraditionaldesignmodelandTeam# Page15ofDesigntrafficcompositionandFigure5.3TrafficcompositionandvehiclevelocityOtherimportantWetotallydidtwosimulations,andyoucanfinddetailsinthetableThesecondThesecond Main333388882200Bottomtwo00Q:WhyonlyconsiderETCandartificialchargesinthesimulation,butdonotconsidertheexact-changetollpattern？A:Accordingtotheliterature[17],thecapacityoftollboothsintheUnitedStates,(Onlypre-saletickets)500veh/h,exact-changetoll(Collectsomecoins)500veh/h.Thistimeonlytosimulatetheabovesituation,ifweconsiderallthechargepattern,ourmodelwillbetoocomplicated.Youcanfindsection5.2fordetails.Q:WhynotconsiderautonomousA:Becauseautonomousvehiclesdon’tneeddriver.ThemainsolutionistoinstallanETCdeviceonanautomaticcar.Ignoringthedifferenceinthissimulation,thespecificimpactofautonomousvehiclesonthetollboothisdescribedinsection4.5.Q:HowtoexplainthegreatdifferencebetweentheresultofthequeueingmodelandtheresultoftheVISSIMsimulation?A:VISSIMsoftwarehastakenalotoffactorsintoconsideration.Therefore,comparedwiththepuretheoreticalderivation,VISSIMismorepractical.Q:HowtoexplainthegreatchangeatthetrafficflowA:Bothtwokindsoftollstationhavetheirumcapacity.Therefore,therewillbeagreatchangeforthetotaltimecostandthetimedelayed.Wecan'iminatetheerrorbetweenVISSUMandthereality,however,thiswon'taffectourysis.(1)SensitivityysisofTrafficFlow bAccordingtoFig.1,Comparedwiththetraditionaltollbooth, btollboothisnotsensitivetothetrafficflowandhasstrongrobustness.Itissuitableforpracticalconstruction.Simulationresultsshowthattheaveragetransittimeremainsatabout11secondsunderdifferentthroughputsfrom0to2000(Unit:veh/h).Wecaninferthatthismodelisnositivetotrafficflowvariationsandhasstrongrobustnesswhichissuitableforpracticalconstruction.TrafficflowCarnumber