語法復(fù)習(xí)----

句子成份詞類名詞代詞形容詞副詞動(dòng)詞數(shù)詞連詞介詞冠詞感嘆詞China;pencil;salt;power…they;itself;that;who;any…beautiful;round;exciting…quite;luckily;almost;very…buy;die;have;will;must;be…one;first;ten;tenth…and;but;while;because;after…at;in;with;by;on;for;of…an;a;theOh;ouch;aha…詞類短語句子成份主語謂語賓語表語補(bǔ)語定語狀語同位語獨(dú)立成份修飾成份句子按結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單句并列句復(fù)合句按功效陳說句疑問句祈使句感嘆句基本句型(getup;sothat;lookfor)一、句子成份（一）句子成份定義：組成句子各個(gè)部分叫做句子成份。句子成份有主要成份和次要成份；主要成份有主語和謂語；次要成份有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語和同位語。句子成份詳解表句子成份意義充當(dāng)詞類例句主語表示句子說是什么人或什么事名，代，數(shù)，不定式，動(dòng)名詞，短語或句子WestudyinZhuchengNo.1MiddleSchool.謂語說明主語做什么，是什么或怎么樣動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞詞組Sheisdancingunderthetree.賓語表示動(dòng)作行為對(duì)象同主語BothofuslikeEnglish.表語與聯(lián)絡(luò)動(dòng)詞連用，一起組成謂語，說明主語性質(zhì)或特征同主語Herfatherisachemist.Hiswordssoundreasonable.定語用來修飾名詞或代詞形，代，數(shù)，名,副，介詞短語或句子Wehaveeightlessonseveryday.狀語修飾動(dòng)詞，形容詞，副詞，表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，原因，目標(biāo)，方式，結(jié)果等副詞，介詞短語或句子Heworksveryhard.TheyheldapartyinHollywood.賓語補(bǔ)足語邏輯上與賓語是主謂關(guān)系形容詞，名詞，介詞短語等Shealwayskeepsthehouseclean.主語謂語是基礎(chǔ)，賓表定狀補(bǔ)輔助。賓主來自名代數(shù)，動(dòng)詞作謂不可無！（二）主語：主語(Subject)是一個(gè)句子所敘述主體，普通位于句首。但在therebe結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句（當(dāng)主語不疑問詞時(shí)）和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化形容詞和主語從句等表示。比如：1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（名詞）（代詞）（數(shù)詞）（不定式）（動(dòng)名詞）（名詞化形容詞）7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.（主語從句）（it作形式主語，真正主語為后面不定式）（三）謂語

謂語(Predicate)說明主語所做動(dòng)作或含有特征和狀態(tài)。動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語，普通放在主語之后。謂語組成以下：1、簡(jiǎn)單謂語：由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語組成。如：

Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Theplanetookoffatteno’clock.2、復(fù)合謂語：（1）由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其它助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形組成。如：

Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.（2）由系動(dòng)詞加表語組成。如：

Wearestudents.注意：謂語與主語在人稱與數(shù)方面要保持一致。（四）表語

表語(Predicative)用以說明主語性質(zhì)、特征、狀態(tài)與身份，它位于系動(dòng)詞（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表語普通由名詞、代詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、副詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞、介詞短語及表語從句表示。比如：1.OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名詞）2.Isityours?（代詞）3.Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容詞）4.Thespeechisexciting.（分詞）5.Threetimessevenistwentyone?（數(shù)詞）6.HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式）7.Hishobbyisplayingfootball.（動(dòng)名詞）8.Themeetingisofgreatimportance.（介詞短語）9.Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副詞）10.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（表語從句）注意：系動(dòng)詞（Linkingverb)用于連接主語和表語，說明主語狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)特征和身份等。1）狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞用來表示主語狀態(tài)，只有be一詞，比如：

Heisateacher.2）連續(xù)系動(dòng)詞用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一個(gè)情況或態(tài)度，主要有keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand,比如：

Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.

3）表像系動(dòng)詞用來表示“看起來像”這一概念，主要有seem,appear,look,

比如：

Heseems(tobe)verysad.

注意：系動(dòng)詞（Linkingverb)用于連接主語和表語，說明主語狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)特征和身份等。

4）感官系動(dòng)詞主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,比如：

Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.5）改變系動(dòng)詞表示主語變成什么樣，主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.比如：

Hebecamemadafterthat.

6）終止系動(dòng)詞表示主語已終止動(dòng)作，主要有prove,turnout,表示"證實(shí)"，"變成"之意，比如：

Therumorprovedfalse.Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.

（五）賓語賓語（Object）表示動(dòng)作對(duì)象或承愛者，普通位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。比如：1.Theywenttoseeanexhibitionyesterday.2.Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.3.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.（名詞）（代詞、動(dòng)名詞）（名詞、數(shù)詞）4.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.5.Hepretendednottoseeme.6.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.7.Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.（名詞化形容詞，名詞）（不定式短語）（動(dòng)名詞短語）（賓語從句）賓語種類：（1）雙賓語【間接賓語（人）+直接賓語（物）】，比如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.To:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等，比如：

HesentthenoveltoWilliamyesterday.For:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save等，比如：

Sheboughtagiftforhermother.（2）復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓補(bǔ)），比如：Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.以下動(dòng)詞只能接不定式做賓語

ask,agree,care,choose,demand,dare,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,desire等，如：Herefusedtolendmehisbike.以下動(dòng)詞只能接動(dòng)名詞做賓語

admit,avoid,advise,consider,enjoy,excuse,escape,finish,imagine,mind,practise,suggest等，如：

Johnhasadmittedbreakingthewindow.以下動(dòng)詞既可接不定式，也可接動(dòng)名詞做賓語，但意義不一樣，如stop,mean,try,remember,forget,regret等。（六）賓語補(bǔ)足語

英語中有些及物動(dòng)詞，除有一個(gè)直接賓語以外，還要有一個(gè)賓語補(bǔ)足語（ObjectComplement），才能使句子意義完整。帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語普通句型為：一些及物動(dòng)詞（如make等)+賓語+賓補(bǔ)）。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。比如：1.HisfathernamedhimDongming.2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.3.Letthefreshairin.4.Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.5.Wesawherenteringtheroom.6.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.7.Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（名詞）（形容詞）（副詞）（不定式短語）（現(xiàn)在分詞）（介詞短語）（從句）（七）定語

修飾名詞或代詞詞、短語或從句稱為定語(Attribute)。定語可由以下等成份表示：1.Guilinisabeautifulcity.（形容詞）2.Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.（分詞）3.Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.

（名詞）4.HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（代詞）5.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.（不定式短語）6.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.（動(dòng)名詞）7.HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.（介詞短語）8.Farmerswhosawusstaredatusasifwearewalkingskeletons.(定語從句)（八）狀語

修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子，說明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征句子成份，叫做狀語（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示：1.Lighttravelsmostquickly.2.Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.3.Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.（副詞及副詞性詞組）（介詞短語）（不定式短語）4.Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.5.Waitaminute.6.Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.（分詞短語）（名詞）（狀語從句）9種狀語種類以下：1.Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?2.Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.3.Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.

4.MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.

5.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.（時(shí)間狀語）（原因狀語）（條件狀語）（地點(diǎn)狀語）（方式狀語）Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.6.Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.

7.Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.

8.Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.9.Iamtallerthanheis.（伴隨狀語）（目狀語）（結(jié)果狀語）（讓步狀語）（比較狀語）(9)同位語：(appositive)

一個(gè)名詞或代詞后面有時(shí)可跟一個(gè)名詞（或起類似作用其它東西），對(duì)前者作深入解釋,說明它指是什么等，叫做同位語。可充當(dāng)同位語由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語、從句等。1.ThisisMr.Zhou,directorofourhospital.2.Yougirlsmaytakethoseseatsoverthere.3.Wordcamethatourteamwon.1.Sheherselfsaidso.2.Theybothlookbeautiful.3.Areyoutwoready.4.Hissuggestion,togohome,hasmetwithsomeopposition.idea,fact,news,hope,belief,thought,doubt等詞后常接同位語從句。Ihadnoideathatyouwerehere.(10)插入語：

它是指插在句子中詞語，通常是對(duì)一句話作出一些附加解釋。

1.Whendoyousupposethey’llbeback.2.Wheredidtheysuggestweshouldgoduringhesummerholiday?常做插入語結(jié)構(gòu)有：

Ithink,Ihope,I’mafraid,Ibelieve,Isuppose,Iwonder,yousee,youknow,don’tyouthink,don’tyouknow,Itellyou,itseems,itseemstome,itissaid,itissuggested等。(3)做插入語還能夠是不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、介詞短語、形容詞、副詞或從句。

1.Tobefrank,Idon’tagreewithyou.2.Strictlyspeaking,youarewrong.3.This,inmyopinion,isonlyasimplequestion.4.Bytheway,whereisXiaoLi.5.Sureenough,enemyplanescameagainthenextday.6.Honestly,Idon’tneeditatthemoment.7.Youarenotquitefitforthiskindofwork,ifImaysayso.練習(xí)（一）.指出以下句子劃線部分是什么句子成份：1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.主定語賓語謂語狀語定語狀語6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.7.Hetookmanyphotosofthepalaces

inBeijing.8.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.9.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.10.Hemanaged

tofinishtheworkintime.11.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.12.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.定語表語賓語主語謂語目狀語賓語形式賓語真正賓語表語賓語(二)。劃分句子成份1.weareworking.2.Icanswimverywell.3.Thewaiterbroughtabottleofbeertome.4.Whydoesthewindblow.5.Therainhasbeenpullingdownforawholeday.6.BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic.7.Jimaskedyoutogivehisbestwishestoeveryone.8.Youmustgetthecarreadybytomorrow.9.Ihavealotofclothestowash.Ihavealotofclothestobewashed.10.Hegavehissonsomeadviceonreading.11.Readmethefirstparagraph.12.I’veorderedsomesoupforyou.13.HebeganleaningEnglishtenyearsago.14.Mybeinglateworriedmyteacher.15.Thatpresidenthimselfwouldvisitourschoolexcitedallofus.16.April’Dayisthespecialdayoftheyearwhenyouplayajokeonsomeone.17.Heusuallytakesanapafterlunch,asishishabit.18.Ifound