書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-云南三鑫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

IndependentauditorsfromKPMGsaytheyarepreparingtocloselyscrutinizeorganizationalandoperationalchangesthatStateCompensationInsuranceFundisimplementing.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.examine

B.execute

C.inform

D.foster

【答案】A

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.examine（仔細(xì)地）檢查，檢驗(yàn)B.execute（尤指依法）處決，處死

C.inform知會，通知D.foster促進(jìn)，助長

【答案】A

【考查點(diǎn)】動(dòng)詞辨析。

【解題思路】scrutinize的意思為“認(rèn)真檢查，細(xì)致審查”，和changes構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓搭配關(guān)系，指的是仔細(xì)審查正在實(shí)施的組織和運(yùn)營變革，examine與之詞義相近，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】B、C、D選項(xiàng)詞義與之不符。

【句意】畢馬威會計(jì)師事務(wù)所的獨(dú)立審計(jì)師表示，他們正準(zhǔn)備密切審查國家賠償保險(xiǎn)基金正在實(shí)施的組織和運(yùn)營變革。

2.單選題

Inthedecadesbetween1910and1930,overtenpercentoftheBlackpopulationoftheUnitedStateslefttheSouth,wherethemajorityoftheBlackpopulationhadbeenlocated,andmigratedtonorthernstates,withthelargestnumbermoving,itisclaimed,between1916and1918.Ithasbeenfrequentlyassumed,butnotproved,thatmostofthemigrantsinwhathascometobecalledtheGreatMigrationcamefromruralareasandweremotivatedbytwoconcurrentfactors:thecollapseofcottonindustryfollowingboll-weevilinfestation,whichbeganin1898,andincreaseddemandintheNorthforlaborfollowingthecessationofEuropeanimmigrationcausedbytheoutbreakofthefirstWorldWarin1914.Thisassumptionhasledtotheconclusionthatthemigrant’ssubsequentlackofeconomicmobilityintheNorthistiedtoruralbackground,abackgroundthatimpliesunfamiliaritywithurbanlivingandalackofindustrialskills.

ButthequestionofwhoactuallylefttheSouthhasneverbeeninvestigatedindetail.AlthoughnumerousinvestigationsdocumentaflightfromruralsouthernareastosoutherncitiespriortotheGreatMigration,noonehasconsideredwhetherthesamemigrantsthenmovedontonortherncities.In1910over600,000Blackworkers,ortenpercentoftheBlackworkforcereportedthemselvestobeengagedin“manufacturingandmechanicalpursuits”,thefederalcensuscategoryroughlyincludingtheentireindustrialsector.TheGreatMigrationcouldeasilyhavebeenmadeupentirelyofthisgroupandtheirfamilies.Itisperhapssurprisingtoarguethatanemployedpopulationcouldbetemptedtomove,butanexplanationliesinthelaborconditionsthenprevalentintheSouth.

Aboutthirty-fivepercentoftheurbanBlackpopulationintheSouthwasengagedinskilledtrades.Somewerefromtheoldartisanclassofslavery—blacksmiths,masons,carpenters一whichhadamonopolyofcertaintrades?buttheyweregraduallybeingpushedoutbycompetition,mechanization,andobsolescence.Theremainingsixty-fivepercent,morerecentlyurbanized,workedinnewlydevelopedindustries—tobacco,lumber,coalandironmanufacture,andrailroads.WagesintheSouth,however,werelow,andBlackworkerswereaware,throughlaborrecruitersandtheBlackpress,thattheycouldearnmoreevenasunskilledworkersintheNorththantheycouldasartisansintheSouth.Aftertheboll-weevilinfestation,urbanBlackworkersfacedcompetitionfromthecontinuinginfluxofbothBlackandWhiteruralworkers,whoweredriventoundercutthewagesformerlypaidforindustrialjobs.Thus,amovenorthwouldbeseenasadvantageoustoagroupthatwasalreadyurbanizedandsteadilyemployed,andtheeasyconclusiontyingtheirsubsequenteconomicproblemsintheNorthtotheirruralbackgroundscomesintoquestion.

1.TheauthorindicatestheGreatMigrationexplicitlybyusingashersourceofinformation（

）.

2.Accordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingistrueofwagesinsoutherncitiesin1910?

3.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheunderlinedphrase“theeasyconclusion”isbasedontheassumptionthat（

）.

4.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto（

）.

5.Thematerialinthepassagewouldbemostrelevanttoalongdiscussionofwhichofthefollowingtopics?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.immigrationServicereportsin1930

B.theFirstWorldWarin1918

C.thefederalcensusin1910

D.southernnewspapersin1898

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Theywerebeingpushedlowerasaresultofincreasedcompetition.

B.Theybegantorisesothatsouthernindustrycouldattractruralworkers.

C.Theyhadincreasedforskilledworkersbutdecreasedforunskilledworkers.

D.Theyhadincreasedinlargesoutherncitiesbutdecreasedinsmallsouthernones.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.peoplewhomigratefromruralareastolargecitiesusuallydosoforeconomicreasons

B.mostpeoplewholeaveruralareastoworkincitiesreturntoruralareasassoonasitisfinanciallypossibleforthemtodoso

C.peoplewithruralbackgroundsarelesslikelytosucceedeconomicallyincitiesthanthosewithurbanbackgrounds

D.mostpeoplewhowereonceskilledworkersarenotwillingtoworkasunskilledworkers

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.introducearecentlydiscoveredsourceofinformation

B.supportanalternativetoanacceptedmethodology

C.presentevidencethatresolvesacontradiction

D.challengeawidelyacceptedexplanation

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.TheEffectofMigrationontheRegionalEconomiesoftheUnitedStatesFollowingtheFirstWorldWar.

B.TheReasonsfortheSubsequentEconomicDifficultiesofThoseWhoParticipatedintheGreatMigration.

C.TheTransitionfortheSubsequentEconomicDifficultiesofThoseWhoParticipatedintheGreatMigration.

D.TheTransitionoftheAgriculturalSouthFollowingtheBoll-weevilInfestation

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】第1題:1.根據(jù)第二段的三四句，1910年，60多萬黑人工人,即黑人勞動(dòng)力的10%，聲稱自己從事“制造業(yè)和機(jī)械制造業(yè)”，這一聯(lián)邦人口普查類別基本上包括了整個(gè)工業(yè)部門。大遷移很可能完全由這個(gè)群體和他們的家庭組成。由此可知，作者以1910年聯(lián)邦人口普查為資料來源，明確指出了大遷移。選項(xiàng)C正確。

2.根據(jù)最后一段倒數(shù)第二句“Aftertheboll-weevilinfestation,...formerlypaidforindustrialjobs.”在棉鈴蟲泛濫之后，由于農(nóng)村的黑人工人和白人工人不斷涌入，城里的黑人工人面臨著競爭，他們被迫降低了工資。選項(xiàng)A符合原文。

3.根據(jù)第三段最后一句，向北遷移將被認(rèn)為對一個(gè)已經(jīng)城市化并穩(wěn)定就業(yè)的群體有利，而將他們隨后在北方遇到的經(jīng)濟(jì)問題與他們的農(nóng)村背景聯(lián)系起來的簡單結(jié)論將受到質(zhì)疑。再根據(jù)第一段最后一句，這一假設(shè)導(dǎo)致的結(jié)論是，北方移民隨后缺乏經(jīng)濟(jì)流動(dòng)性與其農(nóng)村背景有關(guān)，農(nóng)村背景意味著不熟悉城市生活和缺乏工業(yè)技能。選項(xiàng)C符合原文。

4.結(jié)合文章內(nèi)容可知，作者在第一段提出一個(gè)假設(shè)“大多數(shù)移民來自于農(nóng)村”以及一個(gè)結(jié)論“北方移民隨后缺乏經(jīng)濟(jì)流動(dòng)性與其農(nóng)村背景有關(guān)”；但在第二段，作者指出就業(yè)人口可能也會受到遷移的誘惑，原因在于當(dāng)時(shí)盛行于南方的惡劣的勞動(dòng)環(huán)境，這是在質(zhì)疑第一段提出的假設(shè)。第三段也對第一段提出的結(jié)論進(jìn)行了質(zhì)疑，所以本文的目的是挑戰(zhàn)一種被人們廣泛接受的解釋。選項(xiàng)D正確。

5.根據(jù)原文內(nèi)容可知，原文之所以提出大多數(shù)移民來自于農(nóng)村的假設(shè)是因?yàn)槿藗兿虮狈揭泼裰蠼?jīng)濟(jì)變得困難，所以本文其實(shí)是在探討人們向北方移民之后經(jīng)濟(jì)困難的原因，選項(xiàng)B與原文相關(guān)。

第2題:

第3題:

第4題:

第5題:

3.單選題

Hewasalonely,miserable（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.feast

B.spouse

C.wretch

D.dignity

【答案】C

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)feast“盛宴，宴會，（宗教的）節(jié)日”；B選項(xiàng)spouse“配偶”；C選項(xiàng)wretch“不幸的人，可憐的人”；D選項(xiàng)dignity“尊嚴(yán)，尊貴”。由lonely（孤獨(dú)的，孤單的）和miserable（可憐的）可知C選項(xiàng)最符合語境，帶有感情色彩。句意：他是一個(gè)孤獨(dú)，悲慘的可憐人。

4.單選題

Havingfullyembracedthebeliefthatgovernmentbypersuasionispreferabletogovernmentbycoercion,theleadersofthemovementhaverecently______mostofthepreviousstatementssupportingtotalitarianism.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.issued

B.repudiated

C.demonstrated

D.deliberated

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A項(xiàng)issue“發(fā)行，發(fā)布，發(fā)給”，B項(xiàng)repudiate“拒絕，否定”，C項(xiàng)demonstrate“證明，展示”，D項(xiàng)deliberate“仔細(xì)考慮，商議”。根據(jù)前半句的意思“完全接受了說服政府比強(qiáng)迫政府更可取的信念”，可知，對于后半句中的______mostofthepreviousstatementssupportingtotalitarianism（______以前大多數(shù)支持極權(quán)主義的聲明）應(yīng)該是表示“否認(rèn)”，B項(xiàng)符合。句意：該運(yùn)動(dòng)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人完全接受了說服政府比強(qiáng)迫政府更可取的信念，最近他們否認(rèn)了以前大多數(shù)支持極權(quán)主義的聲明。因此，該題選擇B項(xiàng)。

5.單選題

Hisguesswas______ofthemark.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.distant

B.far

C.broad

D.wide

【答案】D

【解析】8.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】考查固定搭配。A選項(xiàng)distant“遙遠(yuǎn)的；不同的”；B選項(xiàng)far“遠(yuǎn)方的”；C選項(xiàng)broad“寬的；廣泛的”；D選項(xiàng)wide“寬闊的；寬度為……的”。D選項(xiàng)bewideofthemark“離題萬里，文不對題”，其余選項(xiàng)非固定搭配，用法錯(cuò)誤。句意：他猜得太離譜了。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

6.單選題

Experimentsinthephotographyofmovingobjects______inboththeUnitedStatesandEuropewellbefore2000.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.havebeenconducting

B.wasconducted

C.hadbeenconducted

D.beingconducted

【答案】C

【解析】考查語態(tài)和時(shí)態(tài)。本題主要考查過去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。Experiments“實(shí)驗(yàn)”只能被人做，所以只能用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，再根據(jù)時(shí)間線“before2000”可知?jiǎng)幼魍瓿稍谶^去的過去，故用過去完成時(shí)。句意：早在2000年之前，美國和歐洲就已經(jīng)開展了運(yùn)動(dòng)物體攝影的實(shí)驗(yàn)。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

7.單選題

13.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Itisonlyacough.

B.it’saminorillness.

C.Itstartedtwoweeksago.

D.It’sextremelyserious.

【答案】C

【解析】M:Howlongcouldyouhavethesesymptoms?

W:Oh,Ihavethecoughfortwoweeks,butfeelingilljustseemtopastafewdays.

Q:Whatdoweknowaboutthewoman’sillness?

【解析】女士說：Ihavethecoughfortwoweeks，即咳嗽是兩周前開始的。

8.單選題

Publicspeakingfillsmostpeoplewithdread.Humiliationisthegreatestfear;self-exposureandfailingtoappealtotheaudiencecomeaclosesecond.Womenhateitmost,sincegirlsarepressurizedfromanearlyagetobeconcernedwithappearancesofallkinds.

Mostpeoplehaveplentyofinsecurities,andthisseemslikeasituationthatwillbringthemout.Ifyouwereunderpressuretobeperfect,youareterrifiedoffallinginthemostpublicofways.

Whileextrovertswillfeellessfearbeforetheordeal,itdoesnotmeantheywillnecessarilydoitbetter.Someveryshypeoplemanagetoshine.WhenImettheBritishcomedianJulianClary,hewasshyandcautious,yethisTVperformancesareperfect.

Infact,personalityisnotthebestpredictorofwhodoesitwell.Regardlessofwhatyouarelikeinreallife,thekeyseemstobetoactyourself.Actualacting,asinperformingthescriptedlinesofacharacterotherthanyourself,doesnotdothejob.Whilepoliticiansmaylimitdamagebyhavingcarefullyrehearsed,writtenscriptstospeakfrom,thereisalwaysahiddenawarenessamongtheaudiencethatthewordsmightnotbetrue.

Likewise,theincrediblyperfectspeechesofmanyAmericanacademicsarefarfromnatural.Youmayendupbuyingtheirbookonthewayout,butsoonafterwards,itismuchlikefastfood,andyougetanamelesssensethatyou’vebeencheated.

Although,asEarlSpencerprovedathissisterPrincessDiana’sfuneral,itispossiblebothtoprepareeverywordandtoactnaturally.Ascriptrarelyworksanditisusedtohelpmostspeakers.

But,beingyourselfdoesn’tworkeither.Ifyouspokeasifyouwereinyourownkitchen,itwouldbetooauthentic,toounawareoftheneedtocommunicatewithanaudience.

IremembergoingtoseeBritishpsychiatristR.D.Laingspeakinpublic.Hebehavedlikeaseriouslyoddperson,talkingoffthetopofhishead.Althoughhewastalkingaboutmadnessandhewroteonmentalillness,heseemedtobeexhibitingratherthanexplainingit.

Thebestpsychologicalplacefromwhichtospeakisanunselfconsciousself-consciousness,providingtheillusionofbeingnatural.Studiessuggestthatthisstateof“flow”，aspsychologistscallit,isverysatisfying.

1.“This”inParagraphTworefersto（）.

2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtheauthor’sviewpoint?

3.Whatistheauthor’sviewonpersonality?

4.TheauthorimpliesthatwhilespeakingR.D.Laing（）.

5.Inthelastparagraphtheauthorrecommendsthat（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.insecurity

B.senseoffailure

C.publicspeaking

D.pressure

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Actinglikeperformersspoilsthemessageinaspeech.

B.Perfectionofscriptsisnecessaryinmakinggoodimpressions.

C.Actingnaturallymeanslessdependenceonthepreparedscript.

D.Thereshouldbeabalancebetweenactualactingandactingnaturally.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Personalityisthekeytosuccessinpublicspeaking.

B.Extrovertsarebetterpublicspeakers.

C.Introvertshavetolearnhardertobegoodspeakers.

D.Factorsotherthanpersonalityensurebetterperformance.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.wasbothtoocasualandauthentic

B.wasactinglikeaperformer

C.waskeepingagoodbalance

D.wasawareofhisaudience

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.youforgetaboutyournervousness

B.youfeelnaturalandspeaknaturally

C.youmayfeelnervous,butappearnaturally

D.youmayimagineyourselftobenatural

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】1.推理判斷題。題干：文章第二段的“this”指的是___________。第一段說到演講使很多人望而卻步。首先是因?yàn)楹π?，其次是害怕在眾人面前露面而且?dān)心不能吸引聽眾。女人尤其討厭演講，因?yàn)榕⒆訌男【透惺艿礁鞣N公開露面的壓力。然后定位到文章第二段Mostpeoplehaveplentyofinsecurities,andthisseemslikeasituationthatwillbringthemout.（很多人都有較強(qiáng)的不安全感，這項(xiàng)活動(dòng)似乎可以引發(fā)人們的不安全感。），根據(jù)上下文可知，指示代詞this指代本篇主題：公開演講。所以本題的正確選項(xiàng)是C“公開演講”。

2.推理判斷題。題干：以下哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)不是作者的觀點(diǎn)________。第四段第三句話Actualacting,asinperformingthescriptedlinesofacharacterotherthanyourself,doesnotdothejob.像真正的演員那樣表演，就像是在念別人的臺詞而不是你自己的臺詞一樣，往往是行不通的。對應(yīng)A選項(xiàng)“表演得像演員一樣會破壞演講中的信息”的內(nèi)容。第五段第一句話Likewise,theincrediblyperfectspeechesofmanyAmericanacademicsarefarfromnatural.Youmayendupbuyingtheirbookonthewayout,butsoonafterwards,itismuchlikefastfood,andyougetanamelesssensethatyou’vebeencheated.（同樣地，許多美國學(xué)者的完美地不可思議的演講都極不自然。你可能會在聽完演講后買他們的書，但是很快，你會有一種莫名的上當(dāng)受騙的感覺，就像吃完快餐食品后的感覺一樣。聽完許多完美地不可思議的演講后往往會有一種莫名的上當(dāng)受騙的感覺。），說明太完美的內(nèi)容讓演講不自然，和B選項(xiàng)“為了給人留下好印象，完美的劇本是必要的”表達(dá)的意思不符合，所以本題應(yīng)該選擇B選項(xiàng)。第六段的第二句話Ascriptrarelyworksanditisusedtohelpmostspeakers.（但是稿子很少能起作用，它只是大多數(shù)演講者的拐杖而已。）和C選項(xiàng)“自然的表演意味著少依賴準(zhǔn)備好的劇本”內(nèi)容對應(yīng)，綜合以上，可以推斷出即使是精心準(zhǔn)備的演講也不一定能夠博得聽眾的好感，所以D選項(xiàng)“在真實(shí)的表演和自然的表演之間應(yīng)該有一個(gè)平衡。”也是正確的。綜上所述，本題的正確答案為B選項(xiàng)。

3.推理判斷題。題干：關(guān)于個(gè)性，哪一項(xiàng)是作者的觀點(diǎn)？通過第四段第一句話Infact,personalityisnotthebestpredictorofwhodoesitwell.（事實(shí)上，性格并不能最準(zhǔn)確地預(yù)測出一個(gè)人能否成功。），可推斷出A選項(xiàng)“性格是成功演講的關(guān)鍵”錯(cuò)誤。通過第三段第一句話Whileextrovertswillfeellessfearbeforetheordeal,itdoesnotmeantheywillnecessarilydoitbetter.Someveryshypeoplemanagetoshine.（性格外向的人在這種折磨下比性格內(nèi)向的人感受到的恐懼要小些，但這并不意味著他們一定會比性格內(nèi)向的人做得更好。有些很害羞的人也能成功得使自己脫穎而出。）可推斷出B選項(xiàng)“外向的人是更好的公眾演說家”錯(cuò)誤，和C選項(xiàng)“內(nèi)向的人要想成為優(yōu)秀的演講者必須更加努力學(xué)習(xí)”錯(cuò)誤。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞personality定位到第四段：Infact，personalityisnotthebestpredictorofwhodoesitwell．Regardlessofwhatyouarelikeinreallife，thekeyseemstobetoactyourself．（人的性格并非做好演講的最好標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，關(guān)鍵在于其他因素。）。綜上所述，本題D選項(xiàng)“人格之外的因素保證了更好的表現(xiàn)”正確。

4.推理判斷題。題干：當(dāng)提起R.D.Laing時(shí)，作者暗示________。通過題干關(guān)鍵詞“R.D.Laing”定位到第八段Hebehavedlikeaseriouslyoddperson,talkingoffthetopofhishead.Althoughhewastalkingaboutmadnessandhewroteonmentalillness,heseemedtobeexhibitingratherthanexplainingit.（當(dāng)他即興發(fā)言的時(shí)候表現(xiàn)地好像個(gè)十足的怪人。盡管他那天談?wù)摰氖怯嘘P(guān)瘋狂的話題，而且他的文章寫的是精神病，他看起來就像是在表演而不是在進(jìn)行解釋。），因此R.D.Laing在演講時(shí)更多的是在表演，是在作秀，故B選項(xiàng)“表現(xiàn)得像個(gè)表演者”為正確答案。其他三項(xiàng)在文中均未提及，排除。

5.推理判斷題。題干：在最后一段，作者建議_________。定位到文章最后一段，Thebestpsychologicalplacefromwhichtospeakisanunselfconsciousself-consciousness,providingtheillusionofbeingnatural.（演講時(shí)的最佳心理狀態(tài)是無意識的自我意識，從而獲得表現(xiàn)自然的幻覺。），所以本題的正確答案是D選項(xiàng)“你可以想象自己是自然的”，A選項(xiàng)“你會忘記你的緊張”，文章并沒有暗示演講時(shí)會忘記你的緊張，所以A選項(xiàng)排除，B選項(xiàng)“你感覺自然，說話自然”，最后一段表達(dá)的意思是，心里狀態(tài)要自然，并沒有提及說話需不需要自然，所以B選項(xiàng)排除，C選項(xiàng)“你可能會感到緊張，但要表現(xiàn)得自然”文章表達(dá)的是要克服緊張的心里情緒，所以C選項(xiàng)也不正確，綜上所述，本題的正確答案為D選項(xiàng)。

9.單選題

IfyouhappenedtobewatchingNBConthefirstSundaymorninginAugustlastsummer,youwouldhaveseensomethingcurious.There,onthesetofMeetthePress,thehost,DavidGregory,wasinterviewingaguestwhomadeaforcefulcasethattheU.S.economyhadbecome“verydistorted”.Inthewakeoftherecession,thisguestexplained,high-incomeindividuals,largebanks,andmajorcorporationshadexperienceda“significantrecovery”;therestoftheeconomy,bycontrast—includingsmallbusinessesand“averysignificantamountofthelaborforce”—wasstuckandstillstruggling.Whatwewereseeing,heargued,wasnotasingleeconomyatall,butrather“fundamentallytwoseparatetypesofeconomy,”increasinglydistinctanddivergent.

Thisdiagnosis,thoughalarming,washardlyunique:drawingattentiontothedividebetweenthewealthyandeveryoneelsehaslongbeenstandardfareontheleft.(Theideaof“twoAmericas”wasacentralthemeofJohnEdwards’s2004and2008presidentialruns.)Whatmadetheargumentstrikinginthisinstancewasthatitwasbeingofferedbynoneotherthantheformerfive-termFederalReserveChairmanAlanGreenspan:iconiclibertarian,preeminentdefenderof

thefreemarket,and(atleastuntilrecently)thenation’sforemostdevoteeofAynRand.Whenthehighpriestofcapitalismhimselfisdeclaringthegrowthineconomicinequalityanationalcrisis,somethinghasgonevery,verywrong.

Thiswideninggapbetweentherichandnon-richhasbeenevidentforyears.Ina2005reporttoinvestors,forinstance,threeanalystsatCitigroupadvisedthat“theWorldisdividingintotwoblocs―thePlutonomyandtherest”.

Inaplutonomythereisnosuchanimalas“theU.S.consumer”or“theUKconsumer”，orindeedthe“Russianconsumer”.Therearerichconsumers,fewinnumber,butdisproportionateinthegiganticsliceofincomeandconsumptiontheytake.Therearetherest,the“non-rich”，themultitudinousmany,butonlyaccountingforsurprisinglysmallbitesofthenationalpie.

Beforetherecession,itwasrelativelyeasytoignorethisconcentrationofwealthamonganelitefew.Thewondrousinventionsofthemodemeconomy—Google,Amazon,theiPhone—broadlyimprovedthelivesofmiddle-classconsumers,evenastheymadeatinysubsetofentrepreneurshugelywealthy.Andtheless-wondrousinventions—particularlytheexplosionofsubprimecredit―helpedmasktheriskofincomeinequalityformanyofthosewhoseearningswerestagnant.

Butthefinancialcrisisanditslong,dismalaftermathhavechangedallthat.Amultibillion-dollarbailoutandWallStreet’sswift,subsequentreinstatementofgargantuanbonuseshaveinspiredanarrativeofparasiticbankersandotherelitesriggingthegamefortheirownbenefit.Andthis,inturn,hasledtowider—andnotunreasonable—fearsthatwearelivinginnotmerelyaplutonomy,butaplutocracy,inwhichtherichdisplayoutsizepoliticalinfluence,narrowlyself-interestedmotives,andacasualindifferencetoanyoneoutsidetheirownrarefiedeconomicbubble.

1.Accordingtothepassage,theU.S.economy（

）.

2.Whichofthefollowingstatementsabouttoday’ssuper-elitewouldthepassagesupport?

3.Whatcanbesaidofmodemtechnologicalinnovations?

4.Theauthorseemstosuggestthatthefinancialcrisisanditsaftermath

（

）.

5.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.faresquitewell

B.hascompletelyrecoveredfromtheeconomicrecession

C.hasitsownproblems

D.islaggingbehindotherindustrialeconomies.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Today’splutocratsarethehereditaryelite.

B.Today’ssuper-richareincreasinglyanationuntothemselves.

C.Theyarethedeservingwinnersofatougheconomiccompetition.

D.Theyareworriedaboutthesocialandpoliticalconsequencesofrisingincomeinequality.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Theyhaveliftedmanypeopleintothemiddleclass

B.Theyhavenarrowedthegapbetweentherichandthenon-rich

C.Theyhaveledtoariseofincomeinequality.

D.Theyhavebenefitedthegeneralpublic.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.havecompromisedtherichwiththenon-rich

B.haveenrichedtheplutocraticelite

C.haveputAmericansonthealertfortoomuchpowertherichpossess

D.haveenlargedthegapbetweentherichandnon-rich

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.presentthefinancialimbalanceintheU.S.

B.displaysympathyfortheworkingclass

C.criticizethesuper-eliteoftheUnitedStates

D.appreciatethemeritsofthesuperrichintheU.S.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段中“theU.S.economyhadbecome‘verydistorted’”美國經(jīng)濟(jì)變得“非常扭曲”，第二段中“thegrowthineconomicinequalityanationalcrisis,somethinghasgonevery,verywrong.”經(jīng)濟(jì)不平等的增長是一場全國性的危機(jī)，某些事情已非常糟糕，可知美國經(jīng)濟(jì)存在問題，因此選C。

2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段中“Andthis,inturn,hasledtowider—andnotunreasonable—fearsthatwearelivinginnotmerelyaplutonomy,butaplutocracy,inwhichtherichdisplayoutsizepoliticalinfluence,narrowlyself-interestedmotives,andacasualindifferencetoanyoneoutsidetheirownrarefiedeconomicbubble.”這個(gè)反過來導(dǎo)致更廣泛且合理的擔(dān)心，即我們不僅生活在一個(gè)一個(gè)富人經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)中，而且還生活在一個(gè)富豪統(tǒng)治中，在這其中，富人顯示巨大的政治影響力、狹隘自私的動(dòng)機(jī)。因此D選項(xiàng)“他們擔(dān)心不斷上升的收入不平等所帶來的社會和政治影響”符合題意。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第五段中“Beforetherecession,itwasrelativelyeasytoignorethisconcentrationofwealthamonganelitefew.”在經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退之前，人們很容易忽視財(cái)富集中在少數(shù)精英階層身上，因此C選項(xiàng)“他們導(dǎo)致收入不平等的上升”符合題意。

4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段中“fearsthatwearelivinginnotmerelyaplutonomy,butaplutocracy,inwhichtherichdisplayoutsizepoliticalinfluence,narrowlyself-interestedmotives,andacasualindifferencetoanyoneoutsidetheirownrarefiedeconomicbubble.”可知美國貧富差距巨大，經(jīng)融危機(jī)讓美國人意識到富人具有太多的權(quán)利，因此選C。

5.主旨大意題。文章主要介紹了美國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的呈兩種分化趨勢，存在的問題，以及富人和窮人之間的差距，因此A選項(xiàng)“介紹美國金融失衡”符合題意。

10.單選題

Ⅶ.Humanrightsareoftenpresentedastheoutcomeofalongandnoblematurationprocessofintellectualideassuchasfreedom,equalityorhumandignity—basicallyastheultimatecrystallizationofEnlightenmentideas.Thecontemporaryimportanceofhumanrightsisthenviewedasthefinalresultoftheforwardmarchofhistory,reasonorcivilization,advancingtheinherentrightsanddignityofeveryperson.Inthisvein,alargebodyofliteraturehasfocusedontheprecursorsofhumanrights,claimingthattheideaofuniversalhumandignityandindividualrightsultimatelyderivesfrom,forinstance,CatholicChristianity,ProtestantismortheFrenchenlightenment.ThesearethekindofnarrativesandhistoriesthathavebeendeeplycriticizedbyNietzsche(尼采)(orlaterFoucault(?？?)becausetheymisconstruethepastasateleologyleadingto,andjustifying,thecurrentstateofaffairs.InsteadNietzscheproposedagenealogicalmethodology,whichgivescredittothecontingent,unpredictable,hiddenandoftendarkcurrentsofhistory.Fromthisperspective,thejobofthehistorian,sociologistorphilosopherisnottoreconstructthelinearpathfromwhichhumanrightshavevictoriouslyemergedbuttoinvestigatethehaphazardmake-upofhumanrights,lookingintothecontingentconditionsandunforeseencircumstancesoutofwhichvaluesgrow.

InTheSacrednessofthePersonHansJoas(漢斯?約阿斯)seekstoconnectNietzsche’sawarenessofhistoricalcontingencywithrespecttothegenesisofvalueswiththemoresociologicalquestionofwhyhumanrightsanduniversalhumandignityservenowasanewglobalcultureandmorality.Basically,howcanwebestdescribeandexplainthedeepmoralcommitmentandalmostuniversalappealofhumanrights,functioningtodayasadefactoglobalcivilreligionwithitsowntransnationalsymbolssuchastheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsorsharedritualssuchasUN’sUniversalPeriodicReview?However,incontrasttoaNietzscheanreading,Joasdoesnotassuchwanttocriticizeordeconstructtheideaofuniversalhumanrights.He,thus,devisesbotharesearchobjectandapproachthatisnotcriticalbyconventionalsociologicalmeasurebutmoregearedtowardsaninterpretiveapproach.Moreprecisely,whileacknowledgingthathumanrightsareagenuinehistoricalinnovation,healsowantstopreserve—andexplain—thenowself-evidentmoralcharacterthathumanrightshaveforthosewhofeelboundbythem.

1.Fromthefirstparagraph,onecanknowthatNietzscheorFoucault___.

2.NietzscheorlaterFoucaultcriticizedthelargenumberofliteraturebecause___.

3.Accordingtothesecondparagraph,HansJoastriesto___.

4.ThedifferencebetweenNietzscheandJoasisthat___.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.isascholarwhousesteleologicalmethodtowardshumanrights

B.disagreeswiththeteleologicalmethodofresearch

C.claimsthattheideaofuniversalhumandignityandindividualrightsultimatelyderivesfromCatholicChristianity,ProtestantismortheFrenchenlightenment

D.thinksthathumanrightsisthefinalresultoftheforwardmarchofhistory,reasonorcivilization

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.theyusedagenealogicalmethodology

B.theideaofuniversalhumandignityandindividualrightsultimatelydoesnotderivefromCatholicChristianity,ProtestantismortheFrenchenlightenment

C.donotgivecredittothecontingent,unpredictable,hiddenandoftendarkcurrentsofhistory

D.theymisconstruethepastasateleologyleadingtothecurrentstateofaffairs

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.connectNietzsche’sawarenessofhistoricalcontingencythemoresociologicalquestion

B.explainthedeepmoralcommitmentandalmostuniversalappealofhumanrights

C.describethefunctioningofhumanrightsasadefactoglobalcivilreligion

D.describetheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsasthetransnationalsymbolofhumanrights

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.thelatterwantstocriticizeordeconstructtheideaofuniversalhumanrights

B.theformerdevisesbotharesearchobjectandapproachthatisnotcriticalbyconventionalsociologicalmeasure

C.thelatteralsowantstoexplainthenowself-evidentmoralcharacterofhumanrights

D.theformeracknowledgesthathumanrightsareagenuinehistoricalinnovation

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:C

【解析】1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“NietzscheorFoucault”定位到原文第一段Inthisvein,alargebodyofliteraturehasfocusedontheprecursorsofhumanrights,claimingthattheideaofuniversalhumandignityandindividualrightsultimatelyderivesfrom,forinstance,CatholicChristianity,ProtestantismortheFrenchenlightenment.ThesearethekindofnarrativesandhistoriesthathavebeendeeplycriticizedbyNietzsche(orlaterFoucault)becausetheymisconstruethepastasateleologyleadingto,andjustifying,thecurrentstateofaffairs.（在這一脈絡(luò)下，大量的文獻(xiàn)聚焦于人權(quán)的先驅(qū)者，聲稱普遍的人類尊嚴(yán)和個(gè)人權(quán)利的理念最終源于諸如天主教、新教或法國啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)等。這些敘述和歷史被尼采（或后來的福柯）深刻批評，因?yàn)樗鼈儗⑦^去誤讀為一種導(dǎo)致并證明事件現(xiàn)狀的目的論）可知尼采或?？屡u目的論，選B選項(xiàng)“不同意目的論的研究方法”，A選項(xiàng)“是一位用目的論方法研究人權(quán)的學(xué)者”以及C選項(xiàng)“認(rèn)為人類普遍尊嚴(yán)和個(gè)人權(quán)利的理念最終源于天主教、新教或法國啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)”在文中屬于人權(quán)的先驅(qū)者，不是尼采或?？碌挠^點(diǎn)，偷換概念，排除；D選項(xiàng)“認(rèn)為人權(quán)是歷史、理性或文明前進(jìn)的最終結(jié)果”未在第一段提及。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

2.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“NietzscheorFoucault”定位到原文第一段Inthisvein,alargebodyofliteraturehasfocusedontheprecursorsofhumanrights,claimingthattheideaofuniversalhumandignityandindividualrightsultimatelyderivesfrom,forinstance,CatholicChristianity,ProtestantismortheFrenchenlightenment.ThesearethekindofnarrativesandhistoriesthathavebeendeeplycriticizedbyNietzsche(orlaterFoucault)becausetheymisconstruethepastasateleologyleadingto,andjustifying,thecurrentstateofaffairs.（在這一脈絡(luò)下，大量的文獻(xiàn)聚焦于人權(quán)的先驅(qū)者，聲稱普遍的人類尊嚴(yán)和個(gè)人權(quán)利的理念最終源于諸如天主教、新教或法國啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)等。這些敘述和歷史被尼采（或后來的福柯）深刻批評，因?yàn)樗鼈儗⑦^去誤讀為一種導(dǎo)致并證明事件現(xiàn)狀的目的論）可知選D選項(xiàng)“它們把過去誤解為一種導(dǎo)致當(dāng)前事態(tài)的目的論”以及B選項(xiàng)“普遍的人類尊嚴(yán)和個(gè)人權(quán)利的想法最終不是來自天主教、基督教，新教或法國啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)”并不是尼采或福柯后來批評大量的文學(xué)的原因；第一段InsteadNietzscheproposedagenealogicalmethodology,whichgivescredittothecontingent,unpredictable,hiddenandoftendarkcurrentsofhistory.（相反，尼采提出了一個(gè)譜系方法論，它把歸信于偶然的，不可預(yù)測的，隱藏的，經(jīng)常是黑暗的歷史潮流）可知A選項(xiàng)“他們使用了一種譜系方法論”和C選項(xiàng)“不相信偶然的，不可預(yù)測的，隱藏的，經(jīng)常是黑暗的歷史潮流”是尼采所贊同的，排除。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“HansJoas”定位到原文第二段第一句InTheSacrednessofthePersonHansJoasseekstoconnectNietzsche’sawarenessofhistoricalcontingencywithrespecttothegenesisofvalueswiththemoresociologicalquestionofwhyhumanrightsanduniversalhumandignityservenowasanewglobalcultureandmorality.（在《人的神圣性》一書中，漢斯?約阿斯試圖將尼采關(guān)于價(jià)值起源的歷史偶然性意識與更多的社會學(xué)問題聯(lián)系起來，即為什么人權(quán)和普遍的人類尊嚴(yán)現(xiàn)在成為一種新的全球文化和道德）可知選A選項(xiàng)“將尼采的歷史偶然性意識與更多的社會學(xué)問題聯(lián)系起來”以及B選項(xiàng)“解釋人權(quán)的深刻的道德承諾和幾乎普遍的呼吁”錯(cuò)誤；C選項(xiàng)“將人權(quán)的運(yùn)作描述為事實(shí)上的全球公民宗教”和D選項(xiàng)“將《世界人權(quán)宣言》描述為人權(quán)的跨國象征”不符合原文。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

4.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“NietzscheandJoas”定位到原文第二段Moreprecisely,whileacknowledgingthathumanrightsareagenuinehistoricalinnovation,healsowantstopreserve—andexplain—thenowself-evidentmoralcharacterthathumanrightshaveforthosewhofeelboundbythem.（更確切地說，在承認(rèn)人權(quán)是一種真正的歷史創(chuàng)新的同時(shí)，他還希望保護(hù)——并解釋——人權(quán)對那些感到受其約束的人所具有的如今不言而喻的道德品質(zhì)）可知選C選項(xiàng)“后者還想解釋現(xiàn)在不言而喻的人權(quán)的道德特征”以及D選項(xiàng)“前者承認(rèn)人權(quán)是一種真正的歷史創(chuàng)新”錯(cuò)誤，尼采和