書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-成都職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.填空題

[Attheairport]

A:Uh-oh!OurflighttoFrankfurthasbeen（1）till16:30.That’sthreehourslaterthanscheduled.

B:Yes,andit（2）thatwe’llmissourconnectingflighttoMadrid.Thisissoannoying!

Let’sgotalktotheairlinerepresentativesandseeifthereis（3）flighttoMadridthattheycanputuson.

【答案】delayed;means;another

【解析】句意:（在機場）

一一噢，我們到法蘭克福的飛機延遲到下午四點半了。這比原計劃要晚了三個小時。

__是的，這也就意味著我們將錯過飛往馬德里的轉(zhuǎn)接班機。這太讓人惱火了。我們過去問問航空公司代表，看現(xiàn)在是否有其它去馬德里的航班，能讓我們上。

1.語義題。根據(jù)后面的句意(這比原計劃要晚了三個小時)推測此處應(yīng)表示“延遲”,空前為hasbeen,所以填delay的過去分詞delayed。

2.語義題。第二空根據(jù)前面的場景可知前一班飛機的晚點也就“意味著”趕不上下一班飛機，填means。

3.語義題。第三空是指向航空公司代表詢問現(xiàn)在是否有其它班次的航班可以乘坐，填another。

2.翻譯題

1.HalfwaythroughthesemesterinhismarketresearchcourseatRoanokeCollegelastfall,onlymomentsafterannouncingapolicyofzerotoleranceforcellphoneuseintheclassroom,Prof.AliNazemiheardaring.ThenhespottedayoungmannamedNeilNolandfumblingwithhisphone,tryingtoturnitoffbeforebeingcaught.

“Neil,canIseethatphone?”ProfessorNazemisaid,moreinacommandthanaquestion.Thestudentsurrenderedit.ProfessorNazemiopenedhisbriefcase,producedahammerandproceededtosmashtheoffendingdevice.Throughouttheclassroom,studentfaceswentashen.

“HowamIgoingtocallmyMomnow?”Neilasked.AsProfessorNazemirefusedtoanswer,aclassmateoffered,“Dude,youcansue.”

2.Onethingweshouldbeclearaboutwastheepisodeinhisclassroomhadbeenplottedandscriptedaheadoftime,withNeilNolandpartoftheplotallalong.Thephonewasanextraofhismother’s,itsservicecontractlongexpired.

ProfessorNazemi,inatelephoneinterviewlastweek,attestedtotheexasperationofcountlessteachersandprofessorsinthecomputerera.Theirpermanentwarofattritionwithdefiantlyinattentivestudentshasescalatedfromthepursuitofpigtail-pulling,spitball-lobbingandnotebook-doodlingtoahigh-techarsenaloflaptops,cellphonesBlackberriesandthelike.

Thepoorschoolteacherormasterormasternowmustcompetewithtexting,instant-messaging,Facebook,eBay,YouTube,Addictinggames.Cornandotherpoxes(瘟疫，災(zāi)難)onpedagogy.

“Therearecertainlinesyoushouldn’tcross,”theprofessorsaid.Ifyoustarttoleratingthisstuff,itbecomesthenorm.“Themoreyougive,themoretheytake.Multitaskingisgood,butIwantthemtodomoretaskinginmyclass.”

3.Alltheadvancesschoolsandcollegeshavemadetosupposedlyenhancelearning—supplyingstudentswithlaptops,equippingcomputerlabs,creatingwirelessnetworks—haveinsteadenableddistraction.Perhapsattendancerecordsshouldincludeanewcategory:presentbutotherwiseengaged.

4.“Iamsotiredofthatexcuse,”saidProfessorBugeja,mayhelivealongandfruitfullife.Theideathatsubjectmatterisboringistrulyrelative.Boringasopposedtowhat?BuyingshoesoneBay?Thefactis,we’renotheretoentertain.Weareheretostimulatethelifeofthemind.”

“Educationrequirescontemplation,”hecontinued.“Itrequirescriticalthinking.Whatwemaybedoingnowistrainingagenerationofair-trafficcontrollersratherthanscholars.AndIdoknowI,mgoingtolose.”

Not,onecanonlyhope,withoutfight.

Intheend,asscience-fictionwritershaveprophesiedforyears,thetechnologyisboundtooutwitthefalliblehuman.Whatteacherorprofessorcanpossiblypolicearoomfullofdeterminedgoof-offs(游手好閑者)whilealsodeliveringanengaginglesson?

Directions:Readthefollowingpassage,andthentranslatetheunderlinedpartsnumberedfrom(1)to(4),fromEnglishintoChinese.PleasewriteyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.

【答案】（1）去年秋季，羅諾克學(xué)院的市場調(diào)研課業(yè)已過半。一天，阿里?納齊米教授宣布課堂上對手機實行零容忍的政策。話音剛落，他就聽到了手機的鈴聲。

（2）我們需要明白的一點是，課堂上的這段插曲事先經(jīng)過策劃并被寫成劇本。尼爾?諾蘭德始終介入了這個秘密計劃。被砸的是他母親閑置的一部手機，手機的服務(wù)合同早已滿期了。

（3）所有的中學(xué)和大學(xué)都為學(xué)生提供了筆記本電腦，配備了計算機實驗室，構(gòu)建了無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)，所有這些進步原本是為了促進學(xué)習(xí)，結(jié)果反而分散了學(xué)生的注意力?；蛟S，記錄學(xué)生的考勤時，應(yīng)該再加上一欄：到課但未聽課。

（4）“這種托辭我都聽膩了，”也許會長壽且成果豐碩的布赫雅教授說，“關(guān)于課上講授內(nèi)容乏味的看法真的是相對的。相比什么它顯得枯燥無味呢？到易貝網(wǎng)上買鞋？事實上，我們來這里不是為了玩樂，而是為了提高精神境界。”

3.單選題

Everycountrywithamonetarysystemofitsownhastohavesomekindofmarketwhich

A

B

C

dealersinbills,notesandotherformsofshort-termcreditcanbuyandsell.

D

問題1選項

A.ofitsown

B.somekind

C.which

D.short-termcredit

【答案】C

【解析】考查介詞搭配。原句應(yīng)為dealerscanbuyandsellin，需要將介詞in提前，由“in+which”引導(dǎo)定語從句。

試題答案：C;inwhich

4.單選題

Wedoalotofcollectivethinking,probablymorethananyothersocialspecies,althoughitgoesoninsomethinglikesecrecy.Wedon’tacknowledgethegiftpublicly,andwearenotascelebratedastheinsects,butwedoit.Effortlesslywithoutgivingitamoment'sthought,wearecapableofchangingourlanguage,music,manners,morals,entertainment,eventhewaywedress,allaroundtheearthinayear'sturning.Weseemtodothisbygeneralagreement,withoutvotingorevenpolling.Wesimplythinkourwayalong,passinformationaround,exchangecodesdisguisedasart,changeourminds,andtransformourselves.

Computerscannotdealwithsuchlevelsofimprobability,anditisjustaswell.Otherwise,wemightbetemptedtotakeoverthecontrolofourselvesinordertomakelong-rangeplans,andthatwouldsurelybetheendofus.Itwouldmeanthatsomegrouporother,marvelouslyintelligentandsuperblyinformed,undoubtedlyguidedbyacomputer,wouldbegindecidingwhathumansocietyoughttobelike,say,overthenextfivehundredyearsorso,andtherestofuswouldbepersuaded,onewayoranother,togoalong.Theprocessofsocialevolutionwouldthengrindtoastandstill,andwe'dbestuckintoday'srutforamillennium.

Muchbetterweworkourwayoutofitonourownwithoutgovernance.Thefutureistoointerestinganddangeroustobeentrustedtoanypredictable,reliableagency.Weneedallthefallibilitywecanget.Mostofall,weneedtopreservetheabsoluteunpredictabilityandtotalimprobabilityofourconnectedminds.Thatwaywecankeepopenalltheoptions,aswehaveinthepast.

Itwouldbenicetohavebetterwaysofmonitoringwhatwe'reuptosothatwecouldrecognizechangewhileitisoccurring,insteadofwakingupaswedonowtotheastonishedrealizationthatthewholecenturyjustpastwasn'twhatwethoughtitwasatall.Maybecomputerscanbeusedtohelpinthis,althoughIratherdoubtit.Youcanmakesimulationmodelsofcities,butwhatyoulearnisthattheyseemtobebeyondthereachofintelligentanalysis;ifyoutrytousecommonsensetomakepredictions;thingsgetmorebotchedupthanever.Thisisinteresting,sinceacityisthemostconcentratedaggregationofhumans,allexertingwhateverinfluencetheycanbringtobear.Thecityseemstohavealifeofitsown.Ifwecannotunderstandhowthisworks,wearenotlikelytogetveryfarwithhumansocietyatlarge.

Still,you’dthinktherewouldbesomewayin.Joinedtogether,thegreatmassofhumanmindsaroundtheearthseemstobehavelikeacoherent,livingsystem.Thetroubleisthattheflowofinformationismostlyone-way.Weareallobsessedbytheneedtofeedinformationin,asfastaswecan,butwelacksensingmechanismsforgettinganythingmuchback.IwillconfessthatIhavenomoresenseofwhatgoesoninthemindofmankindthan1haveofthemindofanant.Cometothinkofit,thismightbeagoodplacetostart.

1.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothefirstparagraph?

2.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysaying“computercannotdealwithsuchlevelsofimprobability,anditisjustaswell’’(Paragraph2)?

3.Whichoneofthefollowingoptionswouldtheauthorchoose?

4.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofsimulatedmodelsofcities?

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat（）.

問題1選項

A.Weregardcollectivethinkingasecretthatshouldn'tbeexposedtothepublic.

B.Manistheonlyspeciesthatisendowedwiththegiftforcollectivethinking.

C.Collectivethinkingisdoneinhumansocietysometimesunconsciously.

D.Weneedtoreachgeneralagreementtoconductcollectivethinking.

問題2選項

A.Computerscan’tdealwithsuchlevelsofimprobabilityaswellasthehumanmindscando.

B.Computerscan'tdealwithsuchlevelsofimprobability,whichisbetterthantheycan.

C.Whethercomputerscanorcan'tdealwithsuchlevelsofimprobabilitydoesn’tmeanmuch.

D.Computerscanjustaswelldealwithsuchlevelsofimprobability.

問題3選項

A.Thefuturebecomesmorepredictable.

B.Humanactivitiesandcollectivethinkingshouldbeundermorecontrol.

C.Commonsenseshouldbeappliedtomakepredictions.

D.Wepossesssomesensingmechanismsforinformationfeedback.

問題4選項

A.Simulatedmodelsofcitiescan’tbemade.

B.Arealcitywillexertgreaterininfluencethanasimulatedmodelofcity.

C.Simulatedmodelsofcitiesexertinfluenceontheirinhabitants.

D.Simulatedmodelsofcitiesaredifferentfromtherealonesinthatthelatterhavelifeoftheirown.

問題5選項

A.computerswouldonedaytakecontrolofthehumansociety

B.theworkingsoftheant’smindismorecomplicatedthattheworkingsofthehumanmind

C.socialevolutionwillcometoastopifcomputersareusedtosolveproblems

D.theauthorisn'tverypositiveastowhethercomputerscanmonitorwhatwe’reupto

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】第1題:細節(jié)事實題。A:我們認(rèn)為集體思維是一不應(yīng)該被公開的秘密。文章指出:我們不公開地承認(rèn)這個天賦，因此A項不符合原文所述。B:人類是唯一具有集體性思考天賦的物種。文章表明:我們?nèi)祟愊啾热魏纹渌鐣锓N可能進行更多的集體性思考，因此B項不符合原文所述。C:集體性思考在人類社會中有時是無意識地進行的。第一段第一句指出:Wedoalotofcollectivethinking,probablymorethananyothersocialspecies,althoughitgoesoninsomethinglikesecrecy(我們?nèi)祟愊啾热魏纹渌鐣锓N可能進行更多的集體性思考，但該思考卻是秘密地進行)。因此C項正確。D:我們需要達成一致意見才可進行集體思維。

第2題:語義題。對于該句句意的理解可參考第二段第二句:Otherwise,wemightbetemptedtotakeoverthecontrolofourselvesinordertomakelong-rangeplans,andthatwouldsurelybetheendofus(否則，我們?nèi)祟惪赡転榱酥贫ㄩL遠的計劃而被誘惑去控制自己，而那無疑意味著我們的結(jié)束)。由此推測B項“計算機不具備處理如此水平的不大可能的事情比具有更好”正確。A:計算機不能像人類大腦那樣處理這種不可能的程度，此項只是表達了題干中句子前半部分的意思，故排除。C:計算機能否處理此水平的不大可能的事情并不重要，這與第二段第二句表述不符，故排除。D:計算機也能處理好此水平的不大可能的事情，第二段第一句指出:computercannotdealwithsuchlevelsofimprobability(計算機不具備處理如此水平的不大可能的事情)。因此D項不符合原文所述。本題選B。

第3題:判斷推理題。A:未來會更能預(yù)測。B:人類的活動和集體性思考應(yīng)該受到更多的控制。C:應(yīng)用常識進行預(yù)測。D:我們有一些信息反饋的感知機制。第二段第二句指出:Otherwise,wemightbetemptedtotakeoverthecontrolofourselvesinordertomakelong-rangeplans,andthatwouldsurelybetheendofus(否則，我們?nèi)祟惪赡転榱酥贫ㄩL遠的計劃而被誘惑去控制自己，而那無疑意味著我們的結(jié)束)。因此B項錯誤。第四段指出:ifyoutrytousecommonsensetomakepredictions:thingsgetmorebotchedupthanever(如果你試圖用常識來預(yù)測:事情就會變得比以往任何時候都糟糕)。由此可知C項不正確。最后一段指出:butwelacksensingmechanismsforgettinganythingmuchback(但是我們?nèi)狈ψ屓魏涡畔⒒貋淼膫鞲袡C制)。因此D項不正確。本題選A。

第4題:細節(jié)事實題。A:城市模擬模型無法制作。B:真實的城市相比模擬的城市模型將施加更多的影響力。C:城市的模擬模型會對其居民施加影響。D:城市模擬模型與真實城市的區(qū)別是后者有自己的生活。第四段指出:Youcanmakesimulationmodelsofcities,butwhatyoulearnisthattheyseemtobebeyondthereachofintelligentanalysis;ifyoutrytousecommonsensetomakepredictions,thingsgetmorebotchedupthanever(你可以建立城市的模擬模型，但你會發(fā)現(xiàn)它們似乎超出了智能分析的范圍；如果你試圖用常識來做預(yù)測，事情就會變得比以往任何時候都糟糕)。第五段指出:Still,you’dthinktherewouldbesomewayin…(你仍然覺得有其他方式…)。由此可知A項正確。而其他三項并未被提及。故選A。

第5題:判斷推理題。A:計算機終有一天會控制人類社會。B:螞蟻的思維比人類的思維更復(fù)雜。C:如果用計算機來解決問題，社會進化將停止。D:作者對計算機是否能監(jiān)視我們正在做的事情不是很肯定。第二段第二句指出:Otherwise,wemightbetemptedtotakeoverthecontrolofourselvesinordertomakelong-rangeplans,andthatwouldsurelybetheendofus(不然，我們?nèi)祟惪赡転榱酥贫ㄩL遠的計劃而被誘惑去控制自己，而那無疑意味著我們的結(jié)束)。因此A項不符合原文所述。B項并未被提及，故排除。文章只是說“控制人類自己的那些無意識思考”，并非C項所指的“問題”，故排除。第四段指出:Maybecomputerscanbeusedtohelpinthis,althoughIratherdoubtit(或許電腦能被用來幫助監(jiān)控我們?nèi)祟愒谧鍪裁?，但我卻非常懷疑這點)，因此D項正確。本題選D。

5.單選題

Despitedecadesofscientificresearch,nooneyetknowshowmuchdamagehumanactivityisdoingtotheenvironment.Humansarethoughttoberesponsibleforawholehostofenvironmentalproblems,rangingfromglobalwarmingtoozonedepiction.Whatisnotindoubt,however,isthedevastatingeffecthumansarehavingontheanimalandplantlifeoftheplanet.

Currently,anestimated50,000speciesbecomeextincteveryyear.Ifthiscarrieson,theimpactonalllivingcreaturesislikelytobeprofound,saysDrNickMiddleton,ageographeratOxfordUniversity."Allspeciesdependinsomewayoneachothertosurvive.Andthedangeristhat,ifyouremoveonespeciesfromthisverycomplexwebofinterrelationships,youhaveverylittleideaabouttheknock-oneffectsontheecosystem.So,ifyouloseakeyspecies,youmightcauseawholecascadeofotherextinctions."

Complicatingmattersisthefactthattherearenoobvioussolutionstotheproblem.Unlikeglobalwarmingandozonedepletion―which,ifthepoliticalwillwasthere,couldbereducedbycuttinggasemissionspreservingbiodiversityremainsanintractableproblem.

Thelatestideais"sustainablemanagement",whichisseenasapracticalandeconomicalwayofprotectingspeciesfromextinction.Thismeanshumansshouldbeabletouseanyspeciesofanimalorplantfortheirbenefit,providedenoughindividualsofthatspeciesareleftalivetoensureitscontinuedexistence.

Forinstance,insteadofdependingonlargelyineffectivelawsagainstpoaching,itgiveslocalpeopleagoodeconomicreasontopreserveplantsandanimals.InZimbabwe,thereisasustainablemanagementprojecttoprotectelephants.Foreigntouristspaylargesumsofmoneytokilltheseanimalsforsport.Thismoneyisthengiventotheinhabitantsoftheareawherethehuntingtakesplace.Intheory,localswillbeencouragedtoprotectelephants,insteadofpoachingthem―orallowingother；topoachthem-becauseoftheeconomicbenefitinvolved.

Thissoundslikeasensiblestrategy,butitremainstobeseenwhetheritwillwork.Withcorruptionendemicinmanydevelopingcountries,someobserversareskepticalthatthemoneywillactuallyreachthepeopleitisintendedfor.Otherswonderhoweffectivethelocalswillbeatstoppingpoachers.

Therearealsoquestionsaboutwhethersustainablemanagementispracticalwhenitcomestoprotectingareasofgreat-bio-diversitysuchastheworld'stropicalforests.Intheory,theprincipleshouldbethesameaswithelephants―allowloggingcompaniestocutdownacertainnumberoftrees,butnotsomanyastocompletelydestroytheforest.

Sustainablemanagementofforestsrequirescontrolsonthenumberoftreeswhicharecutdown,aswellasinvestmentinreplacingthem.Butbecausealmostalltropicalforestsarelocatedincountrieswhichdesperatelyneedrevenuefromlogging,therearcfewregulationstodothis.Moreover,unrestrictedloggingissomuchmoreprofitablethatwoodpricesfrommanagedforestswouldcostuptofivetimesmore―anincreasethatconsumers,nomatterhow"green",areunlikelytopay.

Forthesereasons,sustainablemanagementoftropicalforestsisunlikelytobecomewidespreadinthenearfuture.Thisisdishearteningnews.It'sestimatedtheseforestscontainanythingfrom50to90percentofallanimalandplantspeciesonEarth.Inonestudyofafive-square-kilometerareaofrainforestinPeru,forinstance,scientistscounted1,300speciesofbutterflyand600speciesofbirD.IntheentirecontinentalUnitedStates,only400speciesofbutterflyand700speciesofbirdhavebeenrecorded.

ScientistProfessorNormanMyersseesthissituationasagigantic"experimentwe'reconductingwithourplanet"."Wedon'tknowwhattheoutcomewillbe.Ifwemakeamessofit,wecan'tmovetoanotherplanet."It'sacaseofoneplanet,oneexperiment."

1.Whatdamagedoweknowforsureishumanactivitydoingtotheenvironment?

2.Whatisaneffectivewaytopreservebiodiversity?

3.WhatisNOTtrueabouttheideaofsustainablemanagement?

4.Whatfactor(s)mightaffectthepracticalityofsustainablemanagement?

5.Whyissustainablemanagementoftropicalforestsunlikelytobeusedinthenearfuture?

問題1選項

A.Globalwarming.

B.Ozonedepletion.

C.Speciesextinction.

D.Alloftheabove.

問題2選項

A.Reductionoftheimpactofspeciesextinctiononothers.

B.Sustainablemanagementoftheworlds'tropicalforests.

C.Encouragementofpoliticalwilltoreducegasemission.

D.Noneoftheabove.Noeffectivewayhasbeenfoundyet.

問題3選項

A.Itbansanyformofpoachingandloggingtoprotectplantsandanimals.

B.Itallowshumanstocutplantsandkillanimalsforeconomicbenefits.

C.Itensuresthesurvivalofeachspeciesbyleavingenoughindividualsalive.

D.Itencourageshumanstoprotectspeciesfromextinctionforeconomicgain.

問題4選項

A.Whetherthereiscorruptioninthegovernment.

B.Whethertherearecorrespondingregulations.

C.Whetherproducedgoodshaveattractiveprices.

D.Alloftheabove.

問題5選項

A.BecausetropicalforestscontainamajorityofanimalandplantspeciesonEarth.

B.BecausewehavetowaituntiltheexperimentinPeruandtheU.S.isfinished.

C.Becausewehavenoideaaboutilseffect,andifitfails,ourplanetwillbedestroyed.

D.Becausebesidestropica!forests,otherareassuchastheU.S.alsohavebiodiversity

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】1.根據(jù)第一段的二三句可知，選項A，B，C三項都是人類活動對環(huán)境所產(chǎn)生的影響，所以選項D正確。

2.根據(jù)第三段的最后一句“preservingbiodiversityremainsanintractableproblem.”保護生物多樣性仍然是一個棘手的問題。也就是說目前還沒有找到有效的方法。所以選項D符合原文。

3.根據(jù)第四段對“可持續(xù)管理”的描述可知，人類能夠為了自己的利益而使用任何物種的動物或植物，前提是該物種中有足夠的個體存活下來，以確保其繼續(xù)存在。再根據(jù)第五段的第一句：它為當(dāng)?shù)厝嗣癖Ｗo動植物提供了一個很好的經(jīng)濟理由，而不是依靠基本上無效的反偷獵法。所以選項A不正確。

4.根據(jù)第六段的一二句（對應(yīng)選項A）以及第八段的內(nèi)容（對應(yīng)選項B和C）可知，A，B，C三項均是影響“可持續(xù)管理”的因素，所以選項D正確。

5.根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段的第三句“It'sestimatedtheseforestscontainanythingfrom50to90percentofallanimalandplantspeciesonEarth.”據(jù)估計，這些森林包含了地球上所有動植物物種的50%到90%。所以選項A符合原文。

6.單選題

Whenprehistoricmanarrivedinnewpartsoftheworld,somethingstrangehappenedtothelargeanimals.Theysuddenlybecameextinct.Smallerspeciessurvived.Thelarge,slow-growinganimalswereeasygame,andwerequicklyhuntedtoextinction.Nowsomethingsimilarcouldbehappeningintheoceans.

Thattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.WhatresearcherssuchasRansomMyersandBorisWormhaveshownisjusthowfastthingsarechanging.Theyhavelookedathalfacenturyofdatafromfisheriesaroundtheworld.Theirmethodsdonotattempttoestimatetheactualbiomass(theamountoflivingbiologicalmatter)offishspeciesinparticularpartsoftheocean,butratherchangesinthatbiomassovertime.AccordingtotheirlatestpaperpublishedinNature,thebiomassoflargepredators(animalsthatkillandeatotheranimals)inanewfisheryisreducedonaverageby80%within15yearsofthestartofexploitation.Insomelong-fishedareas,ithashalvedagainsincethen.

Dr.Wormacknowledgesthatthesefiguresareconservative.Onereasonforthisisthatfishingtechnologyhasimproved.Today’svesselscanfindtheirpreyusingsatellitesandsonar,whichwerenotavailable50yearsago.Thatmeansahigherproportionofwhatisintheseaisbeingcaught,sotherealdifferencebetweenpresentandpastislikelytobeworsethantheonerecordedbychangesincatchsizes.Intheearlydays,too,longlineswouldhavebeenmoresaturatedwithfish.Someindividualswouldthereforenothavebeencaught,sincenobaitedhookswouldhavebeenavailabletotrapthem,leadingtoanunderestimateoffishstocksinthepast.Furthermore,intheearlydaysoflonglinefishing,alotoffishwerelosttosharksaftertheyhadbeenhooked.Thatisnolongeraproblem,becausetherearefewersharksaroundnow.

Dr.MyersandDr.Wormarguethattheirworkgivesacorrectbaseline,whichfuturemanagementeffortsmusttakeintoaccount.Theybelievethedatasupportanideacurrentamongmarinebiologists,thatofthe“shiftingbaseline”.Thenotionisthatpeoplehavefailedtodetectthemassivechangeswhichhavehappenedintheoceanbecausetheyhavebeenlookingbackonlyarelativelyshorttimeintothepast.Thatmattersbecausetheorysuggeststhatthemaximumsustainableyieldthatcanbecroppedfromafisherycomeswhenthebiomassofatargetspeciesisabout50%ofitsoriginallevels.Mostfisheriesarewellbelowthat,whichisabadwaytodobusiness.

1.Theextinctionoflargeprehistoricanimalsisnotedtosuggestthat______.

2.WecaninferfromDr.MyersandDr.Worm’spaperthat______.

3.Bysayingthesefiguresareconservative(line1,inparagraph3),Dr.Wormmeansthat______.

4.Dr.Myersandotherresearcherholdthat______.

5.Theauthorseemstobemainlyconcernedwithmostfisheries’______.

問題1選項

A.largeanimalwerevulnerabletothechangingenvironment

B.smallspeciessurvivedaslargeanimalsdisappeared

C.largeseaanimalsmayfacethesamethreattoday

D.slow-growingfishoutlivefast-growingones

問題2選項

A.thestockoflargepredatorsinsomeoldfisherieshasreducedby90%

B.thereareonlyhalfasmanyfisheriesastherewere15yearsago

C.thecatchsizesinnewfisheriesareonly20%oftheoriginalamount

D.thenumberoflargepredatordroppedfasterinnewfisheriesthanintheold

問題3選項

A.fishingtechnologyhasimprovedrapidly

B.thencatch-sizesareactuallysmallerthanrecorded

C.themarinebiomasshassufferedagreaterloss

D.thedatecollectedsofarareoutofdate

問題4選項

A.peopleshouldlookforabaselinethatcan’tworkforalongertime

B.fisheriesshouldkeeptheyieldbelow50%ofthebiomass

C.theoceanbiomassshouldrestoreitsoriginallevel

D.peopleshouldadjustthefishingbaselinetochangingsituation

問題5選項

A.managementefficiency

B.biomasslevel

C.catch-sizelimits

D.technologicalapplication

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】1.【試題解析】細節(jié)推斷題。題干意思是“大型史前動物的滅絕暗示什么？”。第一段最后一句Nowsomethingsimilarcouldbehappeningintheoceans（現(xiàn)在類似的事情可能正在海洋中發(fā)生），由此推斷，文中提到史前動物的滅絕是暗示海洋生物也會面臨同樣的問題。A項“大型動物很容易受到環(huán)境的影響”，B項“小物種幸存下來而大物種消失了”和D項“生長緩慢的魚比生長迅速的魚更長壽”都不是大型動物滅絕暗示的現(xiàn)象，所以該題C項正確。

2.【試題解析】細節(jié)推斷題。題干意思是“我們從Dr.MyersandDr.Worm’s的論文中可以推測出什么？”。根據(jù)本題關(guān)鍵詞“Dr.MyersandDr.Worm’spaper”定位到本文第二段最后一句AccordingtotheirlatestpaperpublishedinNature,thebiomassoflargepredators(animalsthatkillandeatotheranimals)inanewfisheryisreducedonaverageby80%within15yearsofthestartofexploitation.Insomelong-fishedareas,ithashalvedagainsincethen（根據(jù)他們在《自然》雜志上發(fā)表的最新論文，在新漁場開始捕撈的15年內(nèi)，大型捕食動物（殺死并吃掉其他動物的動物）的生物量平均減少了80%。在一些長期捕魚的地區(qū)，從那時起，它又減少了一半），由此推斷，文中提到大型捕食動物平均減少80%，所以可以推測出在一些老的漁場，已經(jīng)減少了90%。B項“這里的漁場數(shù)量只有15年前的一半”說法錯誤，文中沒有漁場數(shù)量15年之間的對比；C項“新漁場的漁獲量只有原來的20%”說法錯誤，是指平均下降80%，沒有說就只有20%，該說法過于絕對；D項“新漁場的大型捕食者的數(shù)量比舊漁場下降得更快”說法錯誤，根據(jù)第二段最后一句可知，應(yīng)該是舊漁場下降得更快。所以該題A項正確。

3.【試題解析】細節(jié)事實題。題干意思是“通過說這些數(shù)字是保守的（第三段第一行），Worm博士的意思是？”。根據(jù)本題直接定位到本文第三段第四句Thatmeansahigherproportionofwhatisintheseaisbeingcaught,sotherealdifferencebetweenpresentandpastislikelytobeworsethantheonerecordedbychangesincatchsizes（這意味著更高比例的海洋生物正在被捕撈，所以現(xiàn)在和過去之間的真正差異可能比捕撈規(guī)模變化所記錄的更糟糕），由此可知因為科技的進步給捕魚帶來的巨大的方便，但是這些數(shù)字是保守估計是因為海洋生物遭受了更大的破壞。A項“捕魚技術(shù)進步很快”是給捕魚帶來了方便，但不符合本題題意；B項“捕魚量實際上比記錄的要小”該說法沒有原文依據(jù)，原文只提到海洋生物遭受了更大的破壞；D項“到目前為止收集到的日期已經(jīng)過時了”與本題無關(guān)。所以該題C項正確。

4.【試題解析】判斷推理題。題干意思是“邁爾斯博士和其他研究人員認(rèn)為？”。根據(jù)本題關(guān)鍵詞“Dr.Myers”定位到本文最后一段第一句Dr.MyersandDr.Wormarguethattheirworkgivesacorrectbaseline,whichfuturemanagementeffortsmusttakeintoaccount（邁爾斯和沃姆博士認(rèn)為，他們的工作給出了一個正確的基線，未來的管理工作必須加以考慮），由此可知應(yīng)該要調(diào)整捕魚的基線來改變當(dāng)前的狀態(tài)。A項“人們應(yīng)該尋找一個長期不起作用的基準(zhǔn)”說法錯誤，是要尋找一個有效的基線；B項“漁業(yè)應(yīng)將產(chǎn)量保持在生物量的50%以下”，該說法錯誤，根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二句可知應(yīng)當(dāng)是保持在50%，而不是50%之下；C項“海洋生物量應(yīng)該恢復(fù)到原來的水平”說法不全面，是要恢復(fù)到原始水平的50%。所以該題D項正確。

5.【試題解析】判斷推理題。題干意思是“作者似乎主要關(guān)注大多數(shù)漁業(yè)的什么？”。A項“管理效率”；B項“生物量水平”；C項“捕獲的大小限制”；D項“技術(shù)應(yīng)用”。整篇文章都是圍繞海洋生物的量展開的，而且文章中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)了“biomass”，所以可知，作者大多關(guān)注海洋生物總量的變化。所以該題B項正確。

7.單選題

Thegoalofcommunicationisto（

）thoughtsandideasclearlyandeffectivelythroughvariousmodesofcommunication,includingspeakingandwriting,telecommunicationsandothertechnology.

問題1選項

A.promote

B.articulate

C.generate

D.brainstorm

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞辨析。promote意為“促進，推進”；articulate意為“明確表達，發(fā)音清晰”；generate意為“形成，造成”；brainstorm意為“具體討論”。

句意：溝通的目的是通過各種交流方式，包括說話和寫作、電信和其他技術(shù)，清晰有效地表達思想觀念。

8.單選題

Lastyear,thecrimerateinChicagohassharply（

）.

問題1選項

A.descended

B.slipped

C.lessened

D.declined

【答案】D

【解析】動詞詞義辨析。descend“下降，下傾（數(shù)量）”；slip“使滑動”；lessen“使變小，使減輕”；decline“下降，拒絕”。句意：去年，芝加哥的犯罪率急劇下降。因此選項D符合題意。

9.單選題

Therearebothadvantagesanddisadvantagesintheschemeproposed,but（）Ithinkweshouldbenefitbyadoptingit.

問題1選項

A.inbalance

B.offbalance

C.onbalance

D.outofbalance

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定結(jié)構(gòu)。inbalance“保持”；onbalance“總的來說”；outofbalance“失去平衡”。本句意為“總的來說，我認(rèn)為采用它對我們有好處”，用“總的來說”順承“提出的方案有優(yōu)點也有缺點”。C選項符合題意。

10.單選題

Atmosphericpressurecansupportacolumnofwaterupto10metershigh.Butplantscanmovewatermuchhigher:thesequoiatreecanpumpwatertoitsverytop,morethan100metersabovetheground.Untiltheendofthenineteenthcentury,themovementofwaterintreesandothertallplantswasamystery.Somebotanistshypothesizedthatthelivingcellsofplantsactedaspumps.Butmanyexperimentsdemonstratedthatthesteinsofplantsinwhichallthecellsarekilledcanstillmovewatertoappreciableheights.Otherexplanationsforthemovementofwaterinplantshavebeenbasedonrootpressure,apushonthewaterfromtherootsatthebottomoftheplant.Butrootpressureisnotnearlygreatenoughtopushwatertothetopsoftalltrees.Furthermore,theconifers,whichareamongthetallesttrees,haveunusuallylowrootpressures.

Ifwaterisnotpumpedtothetopofatalltree,andifitisnotpushedtothetopofatalltree,thenwemayask:Howdoesitgetthere?Accordingtothecurrentlyacceptedcohesion-tensiontheory,waterispulledthere.Thepullonarisingcolumnofwaterinaplantresultsfromtheevaporationofwateratthetopoftheplant.Aswaterislostfromthesurfaceoftheleaves,anegativepressure,ortension,iscreated.Theevaporatedwaterisreplacedbywatermovingfrominsidetheplantinunbrokencolumnsthatextendfromthetopofaplanttoitsroots.Thesameforcesthatcreatesurfacetensioninanysampleofwaterareresponsibleforthemaintenanceoftheseunbrokencolumnsofwater.Whenwaterisconfinedintubesofverysmallbore,theforcesofcohesion(theattractionbetweenwatermolecules)aresogreatthatthestrengthofacolumnofwatercompareswiththestrengthofasteelwireofthesamediameter.Thiscohesivestrengthpermitscolumnsofwatertobepulledtogreatheightswithoutbeingbroken.

1.Howmanytheoriesdoestheauthormention?

2.Th