美式論文、報(bào)告寫(xiě)作技巧謝謝閱讀論文）等。研究生presentation及seminar的機(jī)會(huì)更是占很大的比重，有些甚至占學(xué)期成精品文檔放心下載精品文檔放心下載考的目的。謝謝閱讀精品文檔放心下載感謝閱讀謝謝閱讀報(bào)告的寫(xiě)作要領(lǐng)其實(shí)不難，只要把握技巧就可水到渠成。通常論文由篇首(Preliminaries)，本文(Texts)以及參考資料(References)精品文檔放心下載這三大部分各自?xún)?nèi)容如下：(一)篇首：封面(Title)序言(Preface)謝詞(Acknowledge)提要(Summary)目錄(TablesandAppendixes)(二)本文：引言(Introduction)主體，含篇(Part)、章(Chapter)、節(jié)(Section)、以及注釋(Footnotes)謝謝閱讀(三)參考資料：參考書(shū)目(ReferencesorBibliography)感謝閱讀附錄資料(Appendix)。謝謝閱讀目。題目可以提供研究者：一.研究的方向二.研究的范圍三.資料搜集的范圍四.預(yù)期研究成果感謝閱讀料來(lái)源可供參考引用。構(gòu)思為確定寫(xiě)作大綱或Proposal的先前步驟，大綱是論文、報(bào)告的謝謝閱讀骨干，Proposal是研究的架構(gòu)、流程及范圍的說(shuō)明書(shū)。如何構(gòu)思大綱或Proposal為論文、精品文檔放心下載謝謝閱讀感謝閱讀感謝閱讀感謝閱讀Seminar謝謝閱讀式的報(bào)告。就算是小報(bào)告，也至少應(yīng)含(一)TITLEPAGES：包含主題名稱(chēng)、作者、日期感謝閱讀(二)Summary：即主要的結(jié)論(三)Introduction：包括理論背景及內(nèi)容(四)TechnicalSections：是論文的主體，為最重要的部份應(yīng)再細(xì)分為幾個(gè)片斷。謝謝閱讀(五)Conclusions：即扼要的結(jié)論(六)Appendixes：復(fù)雜公式的導(dǎo)引及叁考資料和電腦程式的報(bào)表可附加在此項(xiàng)感謝閱讀感謝閱讀要用到電腦，如有計(jì)算數(shù)字統(tǒng)計(jì)圖表的需求，也常會(huì)用到程式軟體如PASCAL、LOTUS，統(tǒng)計(jì)感謝閱讀分析軟體如SAS，也是不可或缺的，電腦繪圖在今日已成為工商界及學(xué)術(shù)界的重要工具，文精品文檔放心下載書(shū)處理更是最基本的要求，因此WordforWindow、Powerpoint、Excel便成了頗受歡迎的工謝謝閱讀具。此外在英文語(yǔ)法、文法上的潤(rùn)飾與修改，如能請(qǐng)老美幫忙會(huì)比較好。精品文檔放心下載(Presentation)謝謝閱讀精品文檔放心下載精品文檔放心下載諱低頭拿著報(bào)告照念，需留意聽(tīng)眾的反應(yīng)，切中主題，避免太多數(shù)字的導(dǎo)引。精品文檔放心下載ThedifferencesbetweenChinesecultureandAmericancultureintermsoftheiret謝謝閱讀iquetteName:李金錦Number:071031228Major:商務(wù)英語(yǔ)Tutor:宋健Date:ThedifferencesbetweenChinesecultureandAmericancultureintermsoftheiret精品文檔放心下載iquetteAbstract:Sincedifferentcountrieshavedifferenthistoriesandcultures,there感謝閱讀arealotofdifferencesinthehabitofconductsandtheceremonies,especiallybe謝謝閱讀tweenChinaandtheAmerica,thejokesandthemistakescausedbymisunderstandin謝謝閱讀garenotunusual.Thisshowsthattheunderstandingofthedifferentetiquettesb感謝閱讀etweenChineseandtheAmericansisabsolutelynecessary.Ontheoneside,tounde謝謝閱讀rstandeachother’setiquettewillbeconducivetotheexchangesbetweenthecou感謝閱讀ntriesbothinpoliticsandbusiness.Ontheotherside,apersonwhounderstandso謝謝閱讀thers’ritualsandfolkcustomscanbeseenasrespectingforothersandcanbeeas感謝閱讀iertomakeagoodimpressiononthecounterparts.Alongwiththeconstantdevelop精品文檔放心下載mentofChinesecultureandtheAmericanculture,ChineseritualandtheAmerican精品文檔放心下載ritualhaveabsorbedalotfromeachother.Americanshaveacceptedthereasonabl感謝閱讀efactorsinChineseculture,suchasemphasizingonthehumanrelationship.Chin精品文檔放心下載esepeoplehavegraduallyacceptedtheadvancedcivilizationoftheAmericancul感謝閱讀tureandetiquettestyle.However,inreallife,theetiquette’simpactsduetoc感謝閱讀ulturaldifferencesbetweenChinaandAmericanstillexist.Thereforethispape精品文檔放心下載rtriestofindoutthedifferencesbetweenChinesecultureandAmericanculturei精品文檔放心下載ntermsoftheiretiquette,toexploretherootofthesedifferencesandthewaysto感謝閱讀dealwiththesedifferences..Itaimsatlettingpeopleunderstandandrespectth感謝閱讀edifferencebetweencountriesincross-culturecommunication;avoidingthecu精品文檔放心下載ltureconflicts,thenrealizingthesuccessfulcooperation;meanwhile,enhanc精品文檔放心下載ingoursensibilitytotheculturedifference,forecastingthecounterparts’r感謝閱讀eactionandthen,makingeffectiveandefficientcommunication.Moreover,ital謝謝閱讀sotriestoeliminatetheout-of-datepartofourcultureandenrichtheadvancedp謝謝閱讀art.KeyWords：Etiquette;Difference;Chineseetiquette;Americanetiquette精品文檔放心下載摘要由于各國(guó)的歷史和文化底蘊(yùn)不同，各國(guó)人民在進(jìn)行禮尚交往時(shí)的習(xí)慣也有不精品文檔放心下載感謝閱讀感謝閱讀精品文檔放心下載謝謝閱讀精品文檔放心下載精品文檔放心下載精品文檔放心下載感謝閱讀感謝閱讀謝謝閱讀精品文檔放心下載化中不合時(shí)宜的封建糟粕，結(jié)合時(shí)代變化發(fā)展的實(shí)際，豐富發(fā)展感謝閱讀關(guān)鍵詞：禮儀；差異；中國(guó)的禮儀；美國(guó)的禮儀ContentsAcknowledgements………...……………….………感謝閱讀……IContent……...……………….…..…感謝閱讀…….IIAbstractinEnglish…………………謝謝閱讀.IVAbstractinChinese……………………..感謝閱讀VI1.Introduction………………………感謝閱讀…..12.TheConceptofEtiquetteandValueofStudyingEtiquette…2感謝閱讀2.1TheDefinitionofEtiquette…………………….2精品文檔放心下載2.2TheImportantRoleofEtiquette………………3感謝閱讀2.3TheValueofStudyingtheChineseEtiquettes&AmericanEtiquettes.…..4謝謝閱讀3.TheDifferencesbetweenChineseEtiquettesandAmericanEtiquettes………….7謝謝閱讀3.1Addressing精品文檔放心下載7感謝閱讀3.2GreetingsandPartings感謝閱讀93.3ApologiesandResponses謝謝閱讀感謝閱讀..123.4ThanksandResponses感謝閱讀13謝謝閱讀3.5InvitationandSayingGood-Bye精品文檔放心下載14感謝閱讀4.TheReasonsofTheseDifferences感謝閱讀164.1TheoriginsofChineseEtiquetteand感謝閱讀AmericanEtiquette17精品文檔放心下載4.2TheImpactoftheAmericanCultureandChineseCultureonEtiquette精品文檔放心下載感謝閱讀18精品文檔放心下載4.3ComparisonofChineseEtiquetteEducationandAmericanEtiquetteEducation謝謝閱讀…………………2精品文檔放心下載25.HowtoDealwiththeDifference感謝閱讀27精品文檔放心下載5.1EstablishaRightAttitudetowardCulturalDifferences精品文檔放心下載275.2ReadingExtensivelyforCulturalInformation精品文檔放心下載275.3AttendLecturesonCulture謝謝閱讀28謝謝閱讀5.4CommunicateWithNativeSpeakers謝謝閱讀296.Conclusion………………..…………………...感謝閱讀30Bibliography……………..………精品文檔放心下載…31IntroductionEtiquetteistheprocessandmeanstoshowrespecttoeachotherininterper感謝閱讀sonalrelationshipbycertaincommonprocedures.Theetiquettecanbesaidtobea精品文檔放心下載person’sexternalappearanceofinwardcultivationandquality.Firstly,itca感謝閱讀nhelppeoplepromotetheirself-cultivation.Secondly,itwillpromotesociali謝謝閱讀nteractionandimprovepeople’sinterpersonalrelationship.Italsocanpurif感謝閱讀ythesociety.Sincedifferentcountrieshavedifferenthistoricalandcultural謝謝閱讀backgrounds,therearealotofdifferencesintheceremony,especiallybetweenC精品文檔放心下載hinaandAmerica,thereforetheunderstandingofthedifferencesbetweenChines精品文檔放心下載eetiquetteandtheAmericanetiquetteareabsolutelynecessary.Especiallyinm謝謝閱讀odernsociety,itseemsthattheworldisgettingsmallerandsmaller,peoplearev精品文檔放心下載eryactivewithfrequentexchanges.Manycountriesarepayingmuchattentiontoc謝謝閱讀ombineinternationaletiquettewithnationaletiquettecreatively.Etiquette精品文檔放心下載isthecommonwealthofChinesecivilizationandtheAmericancivilization.謝謝閱讀2.TheConceptofEtiquetteandValueofStudyingEtiquette感謝閱讀2.1Thedefinitionofetiquette精品文檔放心下載Whenasked“Whatisthedefinitionofetiquette?”,NaomiPolson,whoreceivedh謝謝閱讀eretiquettecertificateinWashingtonD.C.andisthefoundingdirectorofTh感謝閱讀eEtiquetteCompany,replies,“Etiquettehastodowithgoodmanners.It’sn感謝閱讀otsomuchourowngoodmanners,butmakingotherpeoplefeelcomfortablebythe謝謝閱讀waywebehave.Soit’smoreorlessthinkingofothersandhowothersperceiveu謝謝閱讀s,sothateveryoneknowstherulesfordoingthingsandeveryoneisinaverycom感謝閱讀fortablepositioninsociety.”Shecontinues,“That’swhatIdo;that’sm謝謝閱讀ybreadandbutter.IteachindividualsandIgointoverylargecompaniesandte感謝閱讀achingroups.”Therefore,hasetiquettechangedmuchovertheyears?Certainaspectsofityes,b精品文檔放心下載utthebasicdefinitionofitremainsunaltered.“Believeitornot,etiquett精品文檔放心下載eorgoodmanners,ifyoulikethatphrasebetter,isoneofthosebasicprincipl謝謝閱讀es.Rulesofgoodbehaviorhavebeenbuiltupoverhundredsofyears;worthless謝謝閱讀onesarecontinuallybeingdiscardedandthoseproventobeusefularekeptand謝謝閱讀improvedupon.”,whichwasquotedfromthebook“TheEmilyPostBookOfEtiqu感謝閱讀etteFromYoungPeople”writtenbyElizabethL.Post,andpublishedin1967by感謝閱讀Funk&Wagnall,:Manyexpertssaythatetiquetteissimplyshowingrespectforothersandyourself謝謝閱讀atthesametime.So,eventhoughaspectsofgoodmannersdovaryfromplacetopl精品文檔放心下載aceandsomerulesmaybeaddedor“tweaked”tokeepupwithtechnologyorlife謝謝閱讀styles,thefoundationofetiquette,itsmeaning,willforeverremainstrong謝謝閱讀.Needfurtherproof?Let’sexamthefirstfewparagraphsoftheprefacetoabooken精品文檔放心下載titled“Today’sEtiquette”,publishedin1941byDoubledayDoranandwrit精品文檔放心下載tenbyLillianRichler.Itreads:“Goodmannersarenotonlyindispensablein謝謝閱讀society,buttheyhaveaverypracticalvalueinthebusinessworld.Breedingi謝謝閱讀sanessentialpartoftheequipmentofanyonewhowishestogofarinhisparticu精品文檔放心下載larworkorprofession.Nodoubtmanyfailurescanbetracedtoboorishness,to謝謝閱讀lackofconsiderationforone’sfellows,toneglectofthecourtesiesessent精品文檔放心下載ialtocivilizedliving.Inbothsocialandbusinesslifeweseekthepeoplewit精品文檔放心下載hwhomwecanbeatease,thepeoplewhosemannersdonotoffendusandinwhosecom感謝閱讀panywefeelentirelycomfortable.Thereis,indeed,nothingthatcostslessa感謝閱讀ndatthesametimeisofmorevaluetoyouthangoodmanners.However,itmustber謝謝閱讀ememberedthatjustaswordsdiefromourlanguageandothersarebornintoit,j精品文檔放心下載ustasskirtssofartothekneesinoneseasonandtumbletotheanklesthenext,s謝謝閱讀odotheformalitiesandoutwardgesturesofetiquettevaryaccordingtotheti感謝閱讀mes.Althoughthespiritofetiquetteremainsalwaysessentiallythesame,th謝謝閱讀eexpressionofetiquette,therulesofconductwhichgovernsociallifeandou感謝閱讀rassociationswithoneanotherareforeveradjustingthemselvestonewcondi感謝閱讀tions.Therefore,inotherwords,learnthedefinitionofetiquetteearly.Ta謝謝閱讀keinallthebasicknowledgethatyoucannow,sothatyoutoocanadjusttoourev精品文檔放心下載erchangingworld,especiallyintoday’sworld.感謝閱讀2.2Theimportantroleofetiquette謝謝閱讀Asmentionedinthepreviouspart,etiquetteisanimportantpartofhumanlife;it精品文檔放心下載playsanimportantroleinhumansociety.謝謝閱讀Fromtheaspectofcommunication,interpersonaletiquettecanberegardedasaki謝謝閱讀ndofart,amethodofcommunication.Itisacommonrespectforpersonandafrie感謝閱讀ndlypracticeininterpersonalrelationships.謝謝閱讀Fromtheperspectiveoftransmitting,interpersonalritualscanberoughlydivi精品文檔放心下載dedintochiefetiquette,businessetiquette,serviceetiquette,socialeti謝謝閱讀quette,foreignetiquetteandseveralothermajorbranches.Firstly,itcanh精品文檔放心下載elppeopletoraisetheirself-cultivation.Secondly,itwillpromotesocial精品文檔放心下載interactionandimprovepeople’sinterpersonalrelationship.Italsocanp精品文檔放心下載urifytheethosofsociety.Fromthepointofviewofcollectivity,etiquettecancreatetheimage,improveth感謝閱讀ecustomsultimatelyandachievethepurposeofenhancingtheeconomyandsoci精品文檔放心下載albenefits.Etiquette,whichisanimportantpartofthecompany’sculturea感謝閱讀ndtheentrepreneur’sspirit,isamajorattachmentofgroup’simage.Almos謝謝閱讀tallinternationalenterpriseshaveahighstandardofetiquetteandregarde感謝閱讀tiquetteasanimportantpartofgroup’sculture.Atthesametime,italsocan感謝閱讀beregardedastheimportantsoftwaretoobtaininternationalfame.Therefor謝謝閱讀e,studyingetiquetteisthetrendofthetimesandtheactualneedofenhancing感謝閱讀thecompetition.2.3ThevalueofstudyingtheChineseetiquettes&Americanetiquettes感謝閱讀Sincedifferentcountrieshavedifferenthistoriesandcultures,therearealot感謝閱讀ofdifferencesinthehabitofconductandtheceremony,especiallybetweenCh感謝閱讀inaandtheWest,thejokesandthemistakescausedbymisunderstandingisnotu精品文檔放心下載nusual.Hereisatypicalexampletoshowtheembarrassmentandmisunderstandingcausedb謝謝閱讀yetiquettedifference.AnofficerofhighstatusinChinaandhiswifewenttotheairporttomeetaconsulta感謝閱讀ntfromtheUnitedStates.Afterthemeeting,theconsultantsaid“Yourwifei精品文檔放心下載sreallybeautiful!”Theofficerfeltembarrassedandreplied:“哪里，哪感謝閱讀里！感謝閱讀headdressed.Buttheclumsyinterpretertranslated:“哪里，哪謝謝閱讀里！精品文檔放心下載ught“Ijustpraisedhiswife,andwhyheaskedmewherehiswifeisbeautiful”.T精品文檔放心下載hen,hesaid:“sheisbeautifulfromheadtotoe.”感謝閱讀ThisjokeisduetothelackofetiquetteknowledgeaboutthedifferencesbetweenC感謝閱讀hinaandtheAmerica.Thisshowsthattheunderstandingofthedifferencesoft謝謝閱讀heAmericanetiquettesandChineseetiquettesisdefinitelynecessary.Toth謝謝閱讀eofficials,tounderstandeachother’scustomswillbeconducivetotheexch感謝閱讀angesbetweenthedifferentcountries.Apersonwhounderstandsothers’rit謝謝閱讀ualsandfolkcustomscanbeseenasrespectingforothersandcanbeeasiertoma感謝閱讀keagoodimpressionontheotherside.AlongwiththeconstantdevelopmentofC謝謝閱讀hineseandtheAmericancultures,ChineseritualsandtheAmericanritualsha感謝閱讀veabsorbedalotfromeachother.Americanshaveacceptedthereasonablefact感謝閱讀orsinChinesecultureChinesepeoplehavegraduallyacceptedtheadvancedci精品文檔放心下載vilizationoftheAmericancultureandetiquettestyle.However,inreallife,t謝謝閱讀heetiquette’simpactsduetoculturaldifferencesbetweenChinaandAmeric精品文檔放心下載anstillexist.Therefore,thispapertriestofindoutthedifferencesbetwee謝謝閱讀nChinesecultureandAmericancultureintermsoftheiretiquetteandtoexplo精品文檔放心下載retherootofthisdifference.Ourpurposeistoletpeopleunderstandandresp精品文檔放心下載ectthedifferencebetweencountriesincross-culturecommunication;toavo精品文檔放心下載idthecultureconflicts,thentorealizethesuccessfulcooperation;meanwh謝謝閱讀ile,toenhanceoursensibilitytotheculturedifference,toforecastthecou感謝閱讀nterparts’reactionandthentomakeeffectiveandefficientcommunication.M謝謝閱讀oreover,itaimsateliminatingtheout-of-datepartofourcultureandenrich感謝閱讀ingtheadvancedpart.3.TheDifferencesbetweenChinaEtiquetteandAmericanDailyEtiquette謝謝閱讀Etiquetteistheproductofsocialcivilization.Itisthenormcreatedby感謝閱讀humanbeingstoformulatethesocialbehaviors.Aslongasthereishumanconne謝謝閱讀ctionandcommunicationactivities,peopleneedetiquettestoexpresstheir謝謝閱讀feelingsandrespect.Chinaiswellknownforherrichculturesinceancientti感謝閱讀mes,hospitalityandcourtesyarethetraditionalvirtuesofourcountry.Ast精品文檔放心下載hedevelopmentofglobalization,especiallyafterChinasuccessfullyholdi精品文檔放心下載ngtheOlympicGamesaswellastheupcomingShanghaiExposition,Chinaisexpo感謝閱讀sedtotheoutsideworldmoreandmore,andtheworldalsobeginstounderstandC謝謝閱讀hinainanewway,therefore,notknowingtheculturaldifferencebetweencoun謝謝閱讀trieswillcausemisunderstandingandhinderthecommunicationandconnecti謝謝閱讀on.Sometimes,therearesomebehaviorswedonotmind.However,theyappearto感謝閱讀berudeandoffensiveintheeyesoftheforeigners,thusknowingtheculturald謝謝閱讀ifferencebetweenAmericansandChineseisveryimportant.精品文檔放心下載3.1AddressingBothAmericansandChinesepeoplehavetwokindsofpersonalnames:asurn感謝閱讀ameandagivenname.Buttheorderandtheuseofthesenamesinthetwolanguages謝謝閱讀aresomewhatdifferent.InChinese,thesurnamecomesfirstandthenthegiven謝謝閱讀name.Andpeopleliketoadd“小小感謝閱讀王”(XiaoWang)、“小鄭”(XiaoZheng)、“小李”(XiaoLi)、“小精品文檔放心下載徐”(XiaoXu)andsoon.WhileAmericannamesarewrittenandspokenwiththegivennamefirstandt感謝閱讀hefamilynamelast.SoJohnSmith’sfamilynameisSmith,notJohn.Inaformal精品文檔放心下載setting,addressmenas“Mister”(abbreviatedas“Mr.”),marriedwomena精品文檔放心下載s“Misses”(abbreviatedas“Mrs.”),andunmarriedwomenas“Miss”(abb感謝閱讀reviatedas“Ms.”).Thesedaysmanywomenprefertobeaddressedusingtheab謝謝閱讀breviations“Ms.”or“M.”,pronounced“miz.”謝謝閱讀IfthepersonhasanM.D.orPh.D.,theywilloftenbeaddressedas“Doctor感謝閱讀”(abbreviatedas“Dr.”).Facultyisaddressedas“Professor”(abbrevi精品文檔放心下載atedas“Prof.”).Inaninformalsituation,Americanswillintroduceeachotherbyfirstna謝謝閱讀me,withouttitles,andoccasionallybyjustthelastname.Ifyouareintroduc感謝閱讀edtosomebodybyfirstname,youcanaddresshimorherbyfirstnamethenexttim感謝閱讀eyoumeet.Theonlyexceptionwouldbeforsomeonewhoholdsanimportantposit感謝閱讀ion,suchastheuniversitypresidentorprovost.Unlesstheytellyouotherwi精品文檔放心下載se,facultyshouldbeaddressedusingtheirtitleandlastname(e.g.,“Profe感謝閱讀ssorSmith”).Whenindoubt,usetheformalmannerofaddress.Itisalsoappro感謝閱讀priatetoaskhowtheyprefertobeaddressed.精品文檔放心下載Anotherdifferenceisabouttheformofaddressing.Fromtheviewpointof感謝閱讀sociolinguistics,formsofaddressingcanserveasanindicationoftherelat感謝閱讀ionshipofpowerandsolidarityinthesociety.Incallingtheirsuperiorsore精品文檔放心下載lders,theChineseareaccustomedtothenon-reciprocalorasymmetricaladdr精品文檔放心下載essing,inotherwords.Theyuse“title+surname”toaddresstheirsuperior感謝閱讀oreldersratherthancallthemsurnames,whilethesuperiororelderscallthe謝謝閱讀addresserstheirnames.TheChinesetendtoabidebythepoliteprincipleofde精品文檔放心下載preciatingoneselfandrespectingotherstoshowappropriaterespectstowar精品文檔放心下載dsthepersonsbeingaddressed,otherwise,theaddressermaybeconsideredas精品文檔放心下載illmannered,illeducatedorrude.ButinAmericancountries,peoplehaveate謝謝閱讀ndencytofollowthereciprocalorsymmetricaladdressing.Althoughtheyare謝謝閱讀differentinageandstatus,theycancalltheotherdirectly,namely,theirna謝謝閱讀mes,evenfirstnamesexceptwhentheycallthedoctors,notarousingoffenceb精品文檔放心下載etweenthem,butdemonstratingthesenseofintimacyandtheconceptionof“e精品文檔放心下載veryoneiscreatedequal”.ChinesepeoplefeelunnaturaladdressinganAmericanbyhisgivenname,f精品文檔放心下載eelingthatitindicatestooclosearelationship,andAmericans,ontheother謝謝閱讀hand,mayfeelthatifaChineseinsistsonusinghissurname,itindicatesanun謝謝閱讀willingnesstobefriendlyandmaintainsagapbetweenthem.Sotheuseofforms謝謝閱讀like”MissMary”or“Mr.Smith”maybeaChineseformsofcompromise.WithM謝謝閱讀issMary,theuseofthegivennameindicatesfriendliness,buttheadditionof精品文檔放心下載thetitleindicatestherespecttheyfeeltheyoughttoshow.AndwithSmith,th精品文檔放心下載elackofatitleindicatesfriendliness,buttheuseofthesurnamepreventsif感謝閱讀soundingtoointimate.However,bothaddressingusedbytheChinesesoundver精品文檔放心下載ystrangeanduncomfortabletothewesterner.謝謝閱讀3.2GreetingsandPartingsWhenpeoplemeetacquaintancesorfriends,peopleusuallygreeteachoth精品文檔放心下載er.Thepurposeofgreetingistoestablishormaintainsocialcontact.Soform感謝閱讀ulaicexpressionsareoftenused,butsuchformulaicexpressionsoftencause感謝閱讀conflictbecauseofthegreatculturaldifferencesbetweenChineseandAmeri感謝閱讀canspeakers.InAmerica,peopleoftenemploythefollowingexpressionstogr精品文檔放心下載eeteachother“Goodmorning/evening/afternoon.”“Fineday,isn’tit?謝謝閱讀”“|Howiseverythinggoing?”WhileinChinese,wealwayssay“你吃了感謝閱讀嗎？你上哪里去？你干什么精品文檔放心下載去？精品文檔放心下載realquestions.Therefore,theyreallydisgustthiskindofquestions.精品文檔放心下載Asforpartings,itmaybedividedintotwosteps.Beforethefinalparting,t謝謝閱讀hereisusualaleave-taking.AmericanandChinesecultureshavediverseways精品文檔放心下載todealwithleave-takings.Firstly,inAmericansociety,duringtheclosing感謝閱讀phaseofanencounter,from“I”perspective,reasonsforterminatingtheen感謝閱讀countersarepresentedinmitigatorycomments.Typicalcommentsareassocia精品文檔放心下載tedwithexpressionsofapology,suchas“I”amafraidImustbeoff,Ihavetor感謝閱讀elievethebaby-sitter”andothers.Americanpeoplebelievethattobewilli感謝閱讀ngtovisitandconversewithsomeoneistohaverespectforhim;toterminateth精品文檔放心下載evisitingisnotofone’sownfreewill,butbecauseofsomeotherarrangement精品文檔放心下載s,thereforetheyalwaystrytomaketheirleavingsoundreluctantbyfindings精品文檔放心下載omereasonsandapologizeforittomaketheleavingacceptableforbothpartie感謝閱讀s.Americanspeakersoftensignalseveraltimesbeforeleaving.“Well,it’謝謝閱讀sbeennicetoseeyouagain.Idoenjoyourtalkandthelovelydinner,butImustb謝謝閱讀egoingsoon”.“Thankyouverymuchforaskingmeover.Ihopewe’llbeableto謝謝閱讀gettogetheragainbeforelong…”Consolidationinawiderrangeofcommonac感謝閱讀quaintancesalsooccurs,inexpressionssuchas“SayhellotoJackforme”or感謝閱讀“RemembermetoJohn”.InChinesesociety,duringtheclosingphaseofanenc精品文檔放心下載ounter,usually,froma“you”perspective,reasonsforendingtheencounte感謝閱讀raresetforthinmitigatoryexpressions.Suchexpressionsinclude“你挺忙謝謝閱讀的，我就不多打擾了?！?Youareverybusy,soIwillnotbotheryouanylonger.)“你一定累了早謝謝閱讀點(diǎn)休息吧，我要告辭了。精品文檔放心下載ymaystandupfromtheirseats.Chineseleave-takingisveryshortandquick.A謝謝閱讀mericanpeoplethinkitsoabruptthattheyhavenotpreparedforit.Whilemovi感謝閱讀ngtothedoor,Chineseemployexpressionsofapologylike“對(duì)不起，打擾謝謝閱讀了?！?Iamsorrytobotheryou.)“對(duì)不起，占用你不少時(shí)謝謝閱讀間。感謝閱讀employedbyChinesegueststoshowconcernfortheirhostscanonlybeappropri感謝閱讀ateforbusinessvisitsintheAmericanenvironment.精品文檔放心下載3.4ApologiesandResponsesIfwrongthingsaredone,theremustbeapologies.Astohowtoofferapolog精品文檔放心下載ies,bothAmericanandChinesepeoplemaysay“Iamsorry….”,“Iapologize精品文檔放心下載for…”etc.ButChinesewouldliketoapologizeforthecrowdedstateoftheir謝謝閱讀dwellingsandforsmallnumbersofdishes,althoughtheroomisbigenoughandt感謝閱讀herearemanydishes.Chinesesaythesetoexpressself-depreciationonlyout精品文檔放心下載ofcourtesy,nothavingotherimplication.ButtheAmericanswouldwonder,si精品文檔放心下載ncetheroomissolargeandtherearesomanydishes,whydotheysayso.Maybethe精品文檔放心下載ydonotwelcomeourvisits,ortheydon’tlikeustoeatmore.WhenChinesecont謝謝閱讀actAmericans,iftheydonotknowthesedifferences,itwillleadtomisunders感謝閱讀tanding.Thewaystorespondtoapologiesaredifferent,too:精品文檔放心下載A:Oh,I’msorry.Iforgetit.B1:Itdoesn’tmatter.B2:That’sallright.B2isAmerican.B1isaChineseperson.“Itdoesn’tmatter”isatransla精品文檔放心下載tionof“沒(méi)關(guān)系”fromChinese,whichisacommonpatterninChinesetorespondtoapologies.I精品文檔放心下載faChineseusesthistorespondtoapologies,Americanswillthinkthatheisas謝謝閱讀harpperson,whosimplycannotforgiveaverylittlewrongthing.感謝閱讀3.5ThanksandResponses“Thankyou”iswidelyusedinEnglishtoshowgratitudeinsuchcasesasb謝謝閱讀einginvited,helped,givenagift,etc.CulturaldifferencesexistbetweenC謝謝閱讀hineseandAmericansinhowtoexpressthanksandresponses.Infact,“Thanky感謝閱讀ou”isutteredinEnglishformorethanacknowledgingfavororgratitude,and精品文檔放心下載itisoftenameanstoshowpoliteness.Onmanyoccasions,theAmericanusethis感謝閱讀utterancewhiletheChinesemaysay“有勞您感謝閱讀了。感謝閱讀teroffact,“Thankyou”isusedmorewidelybyAmericanthanChineseuse“謝感謝閱讀謝”,forminorfavorslikeborrowingpencil,askingdirections,requesting精品文檔放心下載someonetopassonamessage,receivingatelephone,etc.“Thankyou”notonl感謝閱讀yshowspolitenessbutalsocarriesaperson’sgratefulfeelingforthosewho謝謝閱讀offerhelp.Withoutusingexpressionsofgratitude,misunderstandingsmaya謝謝閱讀risebecausethehelpseemstobetakenforgrantedandismotappreciated,ForA謝謝閱讀mericans,eachpersonisanequalindividual,whetherheisafamilymemberorn感謝閱讀ot.InChinese,“謝謝精品文檔放心下載eitmayimplyacertaindistancebetweentheaddresserandtheaddressee.Nati謝謝閱讀vespeakersmayrespondto“Thankyou”bysaying:Youarewelcome/It’sa/my精品文檔放心下載pleasure/Notatall/don’tmentionit/That’sallright.WhileChinesepeop感謝閱讀lemaysay:“這是我應(yīng)該做的”，謝謝閱讀(Itismyduty.)whichmayconveytoAmericansthemessagethattheChinesedidn精品文檔放心下載otreallywanttodoit,orthathe/shediditonlybecauseitwashis/herduty.Th謝謝閱讀ismessageisquitedifferentfromwhattheChinesespeakerintendedtoexpres感謝閱讀s.4.TheReasonsofTheseDifferences謝謝閱讀TherearethreemainreasonsthatcausethedifferencesbetweenChineseetiqu精品文檔放心下載etteandAmericanetiquette.ThefirstoneisdifferentoriginsofChineseeti精品文檔放心下載quetteandtheAmericanetiquette.Thesecondoneisthedifferencesofcultur精品文檔放心下載albackgrounds.Thethirdoneisthedifferencesofetiquetteeducation.感謝閱讀4.1TheOriginsofChinaEtiquetteandAmericanEtiquette感謝閱讀4.1.1TheOriginofChineseEtiquette感謝閱讀InChina,etiquetteisequaltocourtesyandceremony.Theessenceofetiquett謝謝閱讀eembodiesthemethodofdealingwithpeopleandthebeliefinghostsandspirit精品文檔放心下載s.Peopleconsiderthatallthingsarecontrolledbytheghostswhichcannotbe謝謝閱讀seen.Therefore,theetiquetteoriginatedfromthebeliefinghostsandspiri精品文檔放心下載ts,aswellasaspecialformofbeliefinghostsandspirits.Chinaisastatebei感謝閱讀ngfondofceremonies.Backtofivethousandyearsago,etiquetteusedtobethe感謝閱讀coreoftraditionalculture.Uptonow,theetiquettehasbeenreallyreformed.T感謝閱讀husitbecomesritualsofmoderncivilization.ChineseetiquetteinChinesec精品文檔放心下載ultureplaysa“quasi-legal”role.Etiquette’soriginscanbetracedback謝謝閱讀totheearlytimeofhumanbeings.Itshouldbesaidthatattheverybeginningof謝謝閱讀thehistoryoftheChinesenation,etiquettewasgeneratedalongwiththehuma謝謝閱讀nactivitiesandwithaprimitivereligion.Etiquetteisthesystemtodealwit謝謝閱讀hthethreerelationshipsamongpeople,Godandghosts.Itissaidthattherewe感謝閱讀re“fiveceremonies”inancientChina.Infactetiquettecanbedividedinto謝謝閱讀twomainparts,oneispolitics,andtheotherislife.Chineselegalsystemwas精品文檔放心下載bredduringtheestablishmentandimplementationoftheprotocol.Theessenc謝謝閱讀eofetiquetteishowtodealwithpeopleandthebeliefinghostsandspirits.謝謝閱讀4.1.2TheOriginoftheAmericanEtiquette謝謝閱讀IntheWesterncountries,theword“etiquette”usedtomean“keepoffthegr謝謝閱讀ass”.LouisXIV’sgardenernoticedthatthearistocratswerewalkingthrou謝謝閱讀ghhisgardensandthenheputupsigns(etiquette)towarnthemoff.Thedukesan謝謝閱讀dduchesseswalkedrightpastthesesigns.Duetothisblatantdisregard,thek感謝閱讀ingofVersaillesdecreedthatnoindividualwastogobeyondtheboundsofthee謝謝閱讀tiquettes.Themeaningofetiquettewouldlaterincludethetickettocourtfu精品文檔放心下載nctionsthatlistedtheinstructionsonwhichapersonwouldstandandwhatwas謝謝閱讀tobedone.Etiquette,likelanguage,hasevolved,butitstillmeansliterall感謝閱讀y“keepoffthegrass”.Untilthe1960’s,theimportanceofgoodmannerswas謝謝閱讀taughtwithoutquestion,butwiththeliberated70’s,itcameadeclineinthe謝謝閱讀popularityofteachingproperetiquette.In2004,anewemphasishasbeenplac感謝閱讀edonreturningtotraditionalvalues.Properetiquetteandprotocolhavebee精品文檔放心下載ngivenchildrenandadultsavitaltoolthatprovidesnotonlyacompetitiveed精品文檔放心下載ge,butasenseofconfidence.4.2TheImpactoftheAmericanCultureandChineseCultureonEtiquette謝謝閱讀ChineseandtheAmericanshavedifferentculturalbackgrounds.Chineseetiqu精品文檔放心下載etteandtheAmericanetiquetteareaffectedbytheirculturedeeply.精品文檔放心下載4.2.1TheImpactofDifferentModesofSocialInteractiononEtiquette精品文檔放心下載ChineseculturesandtheAmericancultureshaveattachedgreatimportancetoi精品文檔放心下載nterpersonalrelationship.However,theywereclearlydifferentinexchangi謝謝閱讀ngideas.Chineseareverywarmandhospitable,whichiscontainedinrelations謝謝閱讀hips,beingnotseemedtobepreserved.Itisgrantedtounderstandtheage,occu感謝閱讀pation,income,maritalstatus,childrenandotherissueswitheachother.The精品文檔放心下載Americanswillgenerallynotdolikethat.Chinesewillaskthepriceofgoodswh謝謝閱讀ichisboughtbyothersdirectly.IntheeyesofChinesepeople,thepriceisonly感謝閱讀foritemsorrank.Itistosaythequalityofgoods.InAmericans’eyes,ifyoudo謝謝閱讀thesamething,itmayberegardedastheinquiryofother’seconomiccondition感謝閱讀s.ItisalsotheprivacyoftheAmericanswhichshouldnotbeaskeddirectly.Ify謝謝閱讀ouwanttoknowthepriceindetails,youcanonlytactfullypraisetheachieveme精品文檔放心下載ntofthegoods.Undersuchcircumstances,theAmericanswilltellyouifitisch感謝閱讀eaporexpensiveingeneral,buttheynormallydonottellyoutheprice.Chinese謝謝閱讀prefertoask“whereareyougoing?”whentheymeetothers.Thisisjustaformo謝謝閱讀fcallinginChina.AndifithappensintheUnitedStates,itmightmaketheother感謝閱讀feelembarrassed,becauseitbelongstoother’sprivacyyoushouldnotinterf謝謝閱讀erein.Inaddition,thedistanceoftheinteractionbetweenpeoplecanbedivid感謝閱讀edintofourtypes.Thereareclosedistance,individualdistance,socialdist精品文檔放心下載anceandpublicdistance.Chinesepeoplerelativelybelongtoclosedistance.謝謝閱讀WeoftenseetwoChinesegirlswalkingonthestreetarm-in-armwhichisraretos謝謝閱讀eeinAmerica.TheAmericanthinksthatChinesearetooclose.Onthecontrary,C謝謝閱讀hinesefeelthatAmericansareverycold,arrogant,distantwithothers,andun謝謝閱讀friendly.IfChinesepeoplefindthatthereisabuginother’sclothes,theywi感謝閱讀llnaturallypickitoff.ItisabadbehaviorintheeyesofAmericans.WhenChine精品文檔放心下載semeetafriendwhowearsveryprettyclothes,hewillstroketheclothesbefore精品文檔放心下載askingpriceortexture.TheAmericanswillnotdolikethatbutdirectlypraise感謝閱讀hisfriendsandhisbeautifulclothes.謝謝閱讀4.2.2TheDifferencesbetweenthePersonalPhilosophiesofEtiquette謝謝閱讀hineseandtheAmericanshavedifferencesbetweenthepersonalphilosophieso精品文檔放心下載fetiquette.（1）IndividualismoftheAmericaandmodestyofChina.感謝閱讀Americansareproudoftheachievementsofindividuals.Theynevercoverupthe謝謝閱讀irself-confidence,andarealwaysproudoftheaccomplishmentandtheecstasy精品文檔放心下載ofthemselves.Conversely,thepromotionofChineseculturedoesnotflauntpe精品文檔放心下載rsonalhonor.Generally,Chinesepeopleusuallyopposeordefythepeoplewhoa謝謝閱讀reproudofthemselves.However,AmericansaredissatisfiedwiththeChineses謝謝閱讀elf-denialorself-modesty.“YourEnglishisverygood!”“No,myEnglishis精品文檔放心下載poor.”ForChinesepeople,itisamodestresponse.ButforAmericans,itisnot謝謝閱讀onlydenyinghimselfbutalsodenyingpeoplewhoappreciatehim.Thisshowstha感謝閱讀tthemodestyofChinesestyleisnotfeasibleintheUSA.感謝閱讀(2)Self-centerednessandSelflessEducation感謝閱讀Americanshaveastrongsenseofindependenceandself-centeredness.Oneshou謝謝閱讀ldberesponsibleforhimself.IntheAmericansociety,everyone’squalityof謝謝閱讀lifeandsurvivaldependsontheirability.Therefore,eachpersonmustbeself謝謝閱讀-supportingandputpersonalintereststothefirstplace.Theyarenotaccusto感謝閱讀medtocaringforothers,helpingothersortalkingabouttheaffairsofothers.精品文檔放心下載Itpreciselycanbeseenfromtheabovethathelpingothersorbeinghelpedbyoth精品文檔放心下載ersinAmericaissomeembarrassingincidents.Beinghelpedbyo