專業(yè)四級語法考點細說I.虛擬語氣if條件句當中，主從句都使用相應的虛擬形式。當if被省略時，從句當中的虛擬形式had,were,should要提到從句的主語前面，構(gòu)成倒裝。例：WereIyou,Iwouldtakeanumbrellawithme.ShouldIhavetime,Iwouldcallher.Hadthedamagebeenworse,theinsurancecompanywouldhavepaidmore.主從句的時間背景不一樣?；蛘咚硎镜氖桥c過去事實相反的假設(shè)。例：IfIhadhurried,Iwouldbeonthetrainnow.Wewouldhavedroppedbyifwehadhadtime.Iwouldn’thaveknownwhatthesewereforifIhadn’tbeentold.Itis(high,about,the)timethat "早該做某事而已經(jīng)有些晚了”例：It’shightimethatwefinishedallthetasks.It’sthetimethechildrenlearnedhowtobehaveproperly.if引導讓步狀語從句，從句當中可以用虛擬語氣?！凹词梗退恪?。還有表示讓步的一些表達法muchas"盡管，雖然”，grantedthat"即使”例：Wewon’tchangeoutplaniftherumorbetrue.MuchasIwouldhavelikedto,Icouldn’tlendhimthemoneybecauseIsimplydidn’thavethatmuchsparecash.Grantedthatyouhadbeendrunk,thereisnoexcuseforyoutodothat.與將來相反的虛擬的三種形式。例：Ifitweretosnowtomorrow,Ishould/wouldstayathome.(下雪的可能性較小)Ifitsnowedsnowtomorrow,Ishould/wouldstayathome. (最常用的)Ifitshouldsnowtomorrow,Ishould/wouldstayathome.(下雪的可能性較大)should加動詞原形，should可以省略的用法。與以下動詞有關(guān)的ask,advise,argue,beg,command.Consent,demand,desire,determine,decide,deserve,expect,insist,intend,maintain,move,orderprefer,propose,recommend,request,require,resolve,suggest,urge,vote.賓語從句部分上述動詞的名詞形式的同位語從句，表語從句(另necessity,pray,preference,plan,idea)主語從句(另Itisarrangedthat )例：?Inthepast,mengenerallypreferredthattheirwivesworkinthehome.Thisistheirresolutionthatextra-curriculumactivitiesbemadepartoftheirschoollife.Hissuggestionwasthatwe（should）takenoteswhilelisteningtothelecture.Itwasarrangedthatthey（should）leavethefollowingweek.2） 形容詞的關(guān)系從句。Advisable,adamant（堅定不移的），appropriate,better,desirable,essential,imperative,important,insistent,incredible,been,natural,necessary,obligatory,possible,preferable,probable,strange,urgent,vital.例：ItisdesirablethattheagreementbesignedbeforeMay.（主語從句）Idon9tthinkitadvisablethathe（should）beassignedtothejobsincehehasnoexperienceatall.（真正賓語從句）3） Itisapity/shame/nowonder/one’swish+that句型。表示主觀結(jié)果。例：Itisagreatpitythatheshouldbesoconceited他那么狂妄，真是可悲。4） Lest,incase,forfearthat"以免”這些詞引導的目的狀語從句。例：Youshouldnotgooutaloneinthedarklestyoushouldbekilled.Takeyourumbrellaincaseitshouldrain.由表示假設(shè)的連詞、介詞所構(gòu)成的短語或從句做狀語，主句或從句用should/would/could/might+v.或should/would/could/might+havedone.這些詞有：butfor,butthat,onconditionthat,supposing,provided,providing,unless,without,whether.例：Butforyourhelp,Iwouldn9thavefinishedthework.Thejuvenileoffenderwasreleasedformcustodyonconditionthatheshouldfindajobimmediately.Providingyouhadtheopportunitytogoabroad,wherewouldyougo?Whethersheberightorwrong,shewillhavemyunswervingsupport.asthough/asif表示假設(shè)。例：Alantalksasifhekneweverything.（當時的假設(shè)）Hespokeasthoughnothinghadhappened.（過去的假設(shè)）Somedaysgobymuchmorequicklythanothers,somehoursseemasiftheywouldneverend.（將來的假設(shè)）wish,ifonly,hadhoped（本來希望），wouldrather,hadrather,wouldsooner,wouldassoon等之后的從句用過去式，過去完成時或would加動詞原形。例：IwishthatIhadmoremoney.Bobwishesthathehadboughtthathouselastspring.Ifheonlyknewhowwemisshim.Hisfatherhadhopedthathewouldgointobusiness.I’dratheryoudidn’tdoanythingaboutitforthetimebeing.,I’dsoonertheydidn’tdeliverthenewfurnituretomorrow.II.從句than引導的方式狀語從句的省略。例：Don’teatmorethanisgoodforyou.NoleaderofapartyhaskepthimselfingreaterdetachmentformthesentimentofhisthanhasthelatePrimeMinister.Sheeatslessthanabird.Ilovehimmorethanher.TheboxisbiggerthanIwanted.Therewasnothinghedesiredmorethantoseethematterend.Hethinksthatdrivinghimselfissaferthanlettingmedrive.as引導的方式狀語從句的幾種情況?！耙浴姆绞?，如同……那樣”“像 一樣”as as “ 而 ”例：Theyhuntedhimasatigerstalkshisprey.他們象老虎追蹤獵物一樣去搜捕他.Heisasbraveaswise.=Heisasbraveasheiswise.Hewasasexperiencedashisbrotherwasgreen.他經(jīng)驗豐富而他的兄弟卻涉世未深.as的幾種搭配詞組asmuchas"達到與 一樣的程度”not..?somuchas/notsomuch....as"與其說是….倒不如說是"notsomuchas"甚至連 都不”例：Languagebelongstoeachmemberofthesociety,tothecleanerasmuchastotheprofessor.Heisnotapoliticiansomuchasacommonrogue.與其說他是一個政客，倒不如說他是一個普通的流氓.Shecannotsomuchaswriteherownname.她甚至連自己的名字都不會寫.句型AistoBwhatCistoD“A之于B就像C之于D”例：Wateristofishwhatairistoman.Twelveistothreewhatfouristoone.句型not anymorethan"…和…同樣都不…”nomore/lessthan“只不過/不亞于”nomore/lessthannotmore/lessthan"不比 強/弱”例：Idon’tlikesmokinganymorethanyoudo.Fatcannotchangeintomuscleanymorethanmusclechangesintofat.Ihavenomorethanfiveyuaninmypocket./Heisnolessdeterminedthanyou..他的決心決不亞于你.Heisnotlessdeterminedthanyou.他的決心不比你小unless(ifnot)/if/incase/otherwise(orelse)句型例：Don’tcallmeunlessyouneedhelp.Don’tcallmeifyouneedhelp.I’llcometomorrowincaseAnnwantsme.I’llcometomorrowifAnnwantsme.Hemustgiveusmoretime,otherwiseweshallnotbeabletomakeagoodjobofit.as/though/muchas表示讓步的關(guān)系.例：Failashedid,hewouldnevergiveup.(句子必須倒裝，名詞前不加定冠詞或不定冠詞)Thougheveryonedesertyou,Iwillnot.(though可以表示假設(shè)，此時不可以和although替換)MuchasIlikeeconomics,Ilikesociologymuchbetter.注-muchas在句中出現(xiàn)那么考點應該是虛擬語和口果其在選項中出現(xiàn)那么應該是考察這個詞組的讓步含義while引導讓步狀語從句,之于主句前，表示并列轉(zhuǎn)折.例：WhileIhadmetRooseveltatlargediplomaticreceptionsinWashington,mycontacthadbeenlimitedtoabriefhandshakeandanexchangeofafewwords.注-原句如果是讓步關(guān)系選項中沒有明顯的讓步副瑚while出現(xiàn)在選項之中那非他莫屬引導時間狀語從句的副詞有:when(as),while(as),when(andatthattime),eversine,(不能放在句首)till/until,before,after,nosooner...than.../hardly.??when.../scarcely.??when(倒裝),assoonas,themoment/theinstant/thesecond/theminute,immediately/instantly/directly,everytime,anytime,nexttime,thefirsttime,thelasttime,theday/week/morning/month 例：Shecametothescenethemomentsheheardoftheaccident.Nosoonerhadhegotoffthetrainthanhisdaughterrantowardshim.Untiltheyhadfinishedthework,theydidnotgohome.Shestoodtheretill/untilhehadpassedoutofsightIwaswalkingalongtheroadwhensuddenlysomeonepattedmeontheshoulderformbehind.定語從句中先行詞是all,much,few,little,some,any,none,anything,something,nothing,everything,anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,someone,somebody,時，關(guān)系代詞不能用which,而只能用that,如果表示人則用who/whom.例：That’sallthatispossiblerightnow.Pleasesendusanyinformation(that)youhaveaboutthesubject.IsthereanyoneherwhocanspeakEnglish?Hesawthemanagertalkingwithsomebody(whom)hedidn’tknow.定語從句中先行詞被firs,last,only,very,no等表示唯一的詞修飾時，關(guān)系代詞只能用that.例：Heistheonlypersonthatwaspresentatthetime.Nosample(that)wehavereceivedissatisfactory.which引導的定語從句。先行詞是集體名詞需要與介詞搭配非限制性定語從句(which即可以修飾整個主句，又可以修飾主句的一部分)例：Thebasketballteam,whichisplayingverywell,willcomeoutfirst.Iranacrossmanywords,themeaningsofwhichIdidnotknow/ofwhichIdidnotknowthemeanings.Thisistheringonwhichshespent1,000dollars.Soundisatoolbymeansofwhichpeoplecommunicatewitheachother.Tenyearsofhardworkchangedhergreatly,forwhichreasonhecouldhardlyrecognizeheratfirstsight.Thebookcontains50poems,mostofwhichwerewritteninthe1930’s.Theactivitywaspostponed,whichwasexactlywhatwewanted.Hemayhaveacuteappendicitis(闌尾炎/盲腸炎),inwhichcasehewillhavetobeoperatedon.as同such,thesame和as(so)搭配使用，引導限定性定語從句。例：Suchpeopleaswererecommendedbyhimwerereliable.ThetownisaboutthesamedistanceformNanjingasYangzhouis.as和which的幾點區(qū)別：as引導的從句位置靈活，而which引導的從句只能放在主句后面。as后如果是被動語態(tài)，be動詞可省。而which不可以as在從句中作主語，謂語動詞一般都是系動詞。而which不限。習慣表達:aswe/youknow,asoftenhappens,asmaybeimagined,asiswellknown,asisoftenthecase,asisusualwithsb.asisthecustomwith,asisnatural,asisreported,asisshownin,asishoped,asissupposed,asisanticipated,ashasbeensaidbefore,ashasbeenpointedout,例:Asapoetpointsout,lifeisbutadream.Shehasgoneoutforawalk,asmaybeimagined.Thetelephone,asweknow,wastheinventionofAlexanderGranhamBell.Footballandbaseball,asplayedintheUnitedStatestoday,arebasicallymodificationsofgamesthatoriginatedinEngland.關(guān)系副詞where的用 當先行詞是conditions,situation,instance,case,policy,book等表示有一定的空間延展性的詞，有時定語從句用where引導。例:Therearesomecaseswherethisruledoesnotholdgood.Therearemanyinstanceswhereheiscoo-headed.Thiscompanyhasnowintroducedapolicywherepayrisesarerelatedtoperformanceatwork.theway做先行詞時，定語從句不用先行詞。原因是theway是表示方式的，而定語從句的關(guān)系副詞當中沒有表示方式的why.例:Thisisthewayhebehaves.Thisishowhebehaves.可以接同位語從句的名詞有：belief,fact,hope,idea,doubt,news,answer,decidion,discovery,conclusion,evidence,rumor,suggestion,problem,order,question,explanation,impression,information,knowledge,law,message,opinion,possibility,principle,truth,promise,report,thought,statement,certainty,probability,likelihood等等例：Ihavenoideawhathashappenedtohim.Thererosethequestionwherewecouldgettheloan.Thenewsthatweareinvitedtotheconferenceisveryencouraging.習慣用法：onconditionthat,onthesuppositionthat（猜想），onthegroundsthat（原因是），withtheexceptionthat,despitethefactthat,ontheunderstandingthat,ontheassumptionthat,onthepretencethat（自稱）例：Heleftonthegroundsthathewasill.IlenthimthedictionaryonconditionthathewouldreturnitbeforeFriday.Theyrentedtheoldhouseontheassumptionthatthelandlordwouldpaintit.固定搭配后接賓語從句inthat,butthat,exceptthat,savethat例：ThehigherincometaxisharmfulinthatitmaydiscouragepeoplefromtryingtoearnmoreThepaperwasperfectexcept/savethatthereweresomemisprints.IwouldhavecometoseeyoubutthatIhadsomethingurgenttodothen.賓語從句否定轉(zhuǎn)移：think,consider,suppose,believe,expect,fancy,guess,reckon,imagine.但出現(xiàn)以下情況不轉(zhuǎn)移。1） 該類動詞前有副詞或表示強調(diào)的助動詞2） 該類動詞與其他詞構(gòu)成并列謂語3） 該類動詞不是以一般現(xiàn)在時出現(xiàn)4） 該類動詞作插入語例：Idon’tbelievehetreatedthechildlikethat.Ireallyexpectshedidn’tsaythattohim.Ithinkandhopehewon’tbedeceivedbytheman.Heimaginedthatyouwouldn’tbegoingwithhim.Youwon’thaveanyobjection,Ireckon.III.非限定動詞含no,-less等否定詞的句子里，常用動名詞做主語，即句型“Itis+n./adj.+doing”.如：nouse,nogood,suchapity,awasteoftime,anawfuljob,notaneasytask,good,better,fun,foolish,enjoyable,useless,hard,odd,worthwhile.等o例：Itisnouselearningthetextbyheartwithoutunderstanding.Itisuselessspeaking.句型”Itis+adj./n.+todo.”這樣的名詞形容詞有：hard,easy,difficult,important,kind,nice,clever,foolish,wrong.Careless,considerate,rude,impolite,amistake,pleasure,pity,shame,honor.等等。例：Itiswiseforyoutoleaceearly.Ithasbeenapleasuretobeabletohelpyou.“Thereisnodoingsomething”意思相當于“Itisimpossibletodosomething”,例：Therewasnomistakingthesatisfactioninhervoice.Thereisnotellingwhatwilhappenatthemoment.只能以todo作賓語的動詞有：aim,arrange,ask,afford,agree,apply,beg,claim,choose,dare,decide,decline,demand,desire,determine,elect,endeavor,expect,fail,guarantee,hope,manage,offer,ought,plan,plot,prepare,presume.Pretend,proceed,profess,promise,refuse,request,resolve,seek,strive,swear,threaten,undertake,volunteer,wish.※※只能以doing作賓語的動詞有： acknowledge,admit,advise,advocate,allow,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,can’thelp,complete,confess,consider,contemplate,defer,delay,deny,detest,endure,enjoy,escape,evade,excuse,fancy,facilitate,forbid,favor,finish,grudge,imagine,include,involve,justify,mention,mind,miss,necessitate,pardon,permit,postpone,practice,prevent,quitrecall,renounce,report,require,resent,resist,resume,risk,stand,suggest,understand,warrant等等。既可以doing作賓語，也可以todo的動詞有：like,lovehate,prefer,dislike,begin,start,continue,cease,intend,attempt,can’tbear,want,require,need,remember,forget,regret,propose,try,stop,goon,deserve,can’tafford,neglect,例：Iforgetpostingtheletter.Iforgettoposttheletter.(IforgotthatIhaddoneit./Iforgotaboutdoingit)Iproposeleavingatmoon.我提議中午離開。Iproposetostayhereforafewdays.我打算在這再呆幾天。Alltheroomsherearedirty.Theyneedcleaning/tobecleaned.Suchbadbehaviordeservespunishing/tobepunished.不定式和動名詞都可以做真正賓語。例：Hefounditimpossibletogeteverythingreadyintime.HemadeitaruleonlytospeakEnglishinclass.Idon9tthinkitw3orthwihilegoingtosuchaplace.Shefoundituseless/nousearguingwithhim.“動詞+疑問詞+todo”這類動詞有：know,tell,decide,explainforget,learn,consider,remember,wonder.例：Thelittlegirlforgotwhattosay.Iwondertoinvitehimornot.todo和doing都可以做主補或賓補。例：---Didyouhearsomeoneknockingatthedoor?---Yes,Idid.Iheardhimknockthreetimes.Hewasabouttoenterthehallwhenheheardhisnamecalled.Weheardthewindowsrattleinthewind/weheardthewindowrattlinginthewind.todo和doing在句中作狀語。例：welivetoservethepeopleheartandsoul.Whenleavingtheairport,theywavedagainandagaintous.TheystoodthereforanhourwatchingthegameHerhusbanddiedin1942,leavingherwithfivechildren.Absorbedinthework,ehneglectedfoodandsleep.帶邏輯主語的不定式和分詞。例：Wedividedthework,hetocleanthewindowandItosweepthefloor.Hegroanedandfelltothefloor,bloodstreamingfromhisnose.Theshowerbeingover.Wecontinuedtomarch.淤Weatherpermitting,we’llhaveanoutingtomorrow.不定式表示結(jié)果的結(jié)構(gòu)So.??asto,...,such.??asto...,enoughto..,onlyto...,too...to等結(jié)構(gòu)例：Thehouseissohighandnarrowastoresembleatower.Hisindifferenceissuchastomakeonedespair.Hehasmoneyenoughtospare.Heliftedarockonlytodropitonhisownfeet.13.不帶to的不定式。⑴在ratherthan,soonerthan,hadbetter,otherthan后⑵在cannothelp/choosebut,donothingbut后⑶當介詞but,besides,except,save的前面是實意動詞do時例：Idecidedtowriteratherthantelephone.Icannothelpbutrealizethatsomethingwaswrong.Theycoulddonothingbutwaitforthedoctortoarrive.Whatdoyouliketodobesidesclimbthemountain?Thereisnothingtodobutrepeattheexperiment.Whathadshedoneforherfathersaveleavehimatfirstopportunity?IV其它needn’thavedone/didn’tneedtodo/couldhavedone.例：Youneedn’thavebroughtyourumbrella,forwe’regoingbycar.Ididn’tneedtogotothestation.Ineedn’thavegonetothestation.Youneedn’thavetypedittwice.Youcouldhaveusedacarbon.canhavedone/couldhavedone/can’t/couldn’thavedone例：Herinterferencecanhavedoneagreatdealofharm.Shecan’thavewrittenthisbecauseitisinFrenchandshedoesn'tknowFrench.Couldhehavemadeamistake? （一般性推測）Canhehavemadeamistake? （他不可能搞錯的）Hecan’thavemadeamistake. （他肯定不會弄錯）Hecouldhavejoinedus,buthedidn’tgetourinvitationintime.may/mighthavedone例：Youshouldn’thavedrunkthewine.Itmayhavedrugged.你不該喝了那酒，或許酒里有麻醉藥呢。Youshouldn’thavedrunkthewine.Itmighthavebeendrugged.你不該喝了那酒，要是酒里被人下了麻醉藥呢。musthavedone例：Tomwasabsentyesterday.Hemusthavebeenill.You’reontime.Youmusthavegotupveryearlytoday.情態(tài)動詞表示推測。MustCanShouldCouldMayMightCan’t現(xiàn)在完成進行時例：Wherehaveyoubeenworkingallthetime?Ihavebeenreading“Hamlet”thisweek.We’vehadbeenhavingalotofrainrecently. 最近老是下雨?，F(xiàn)在進行時與頻度副詞連用，表示現(xiàn)階段習慣性的動作，帶有不滿，厭惡或贊揚的情緒。例：Youarecontinuallyfindingfaultwithme.Heisconstantlythinkingofhowhecoulddomoreforothers.WeliveinNanjing.WearelivinginNanjingatthemoment.在時間、條件、方式、讓步等狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來的動作。例：Ifanythinghappens,I9llgetintouchwithyou.Whenweleave,we’lltakeJohnwithusandleaveMarybehindtokeepyoucompany.Comeandseemewheneveritisconvenienttoyou?/itwillbeconvenienttoyou一般過去時/過去完成時/過去進行時例：--“Iboughtthisshirtfor35Yuanyesterday?--“It’sonsaletodayforonly29.Youshouldhavewaited.”--“Ohreally?ButhowIknow?”A.couldB.canC.didD.doWhenIarrivedatthemeeting,thefirstspeakerhadfinishedspeaking,andtheaudiencewereclappinghere,there,down,up,out,away,now,then,next,等置于句首,句子全倒裝.例：NextcamethePremier.Inthewest,upgopricesovernight.強調(diào)例：Behindhimhanghisphotograph.Invinciblearetheforcesofthepeople.Veryimportantinthepeasants9lifeistheTVweatherreport.Bright,verybrightwerethestarsoverthewild,darkhills.Tiredasheis,hegoesonwithhiswork.Muchashelikesher,hedoesgetirritat