PLANTBREEDING的實(shí)用學(xué)習(xí)課件第1頁/共27頁IntroductiontotheCourseNatureoftheCourseTeachingPlan(54hrslec.+18hrsexp.)LanguageoftheCourse(BilingualCourse)PREFACE

前言第2頁/共27頁SignificanceofPlantBreedingPresentWorldlyProblems:FoodInsufficiency(duetofastincreaseofpopulation)EnergyShortageEnvironmentDeteriorationAKeySolutiontotheseProblems:

Increaseinplantproduction

increaseinPlantProductivity(-PlantBreeding)improvementinCultivationMethods第3頁/共27頁第4頁/共27頁第5頁/共27頁TheImpactsofPlantBreedingonPlantAgricultureHigherproductivity(higheryieldpotential)BetterQualityDiverseUsesNewCrops(wildforms------cultivatedplants)ImprovementinCultivationtechnology第6頁/共27頁第7頁/共27頁RequirementsoftheCourseStudyHard,Seriously,andActivelyClasslectures:ComprehendWellandMakeNecessaryNotesOff-Classstudies:Timelyreview;Extra-Reading第8頁/共27頁（一）教材胡延吉主編，《植物育種學(xué)》，全國高等學(xué)校農(nóng)林規(guī)劃教材，高等教育出版社，2003。

（二）主要參考書1.

西農(nóng)、川農(nóng)主編，《作物育種學(xué)》總論、各論，農(nóng)業(yè)出版社，1992。2.

潘家駒主編，《作物育種學(xué)總論》，全國高等農(nóng)業(yè)院校教材，中國農(nóng)業(yè)出版社，1994年。3.

景士西主編，《園藝植物育種學(xué)總論》，面向21世紀(jì)課程教材，中國農(nóng)業(yè)出版社，2000年。4.

萬蜀淵主編，《園藝植物繁殖學(xué)》，全國高等農(nóng)業(yè)院校教材，中國農(nóng)業(yè)出版社，1996年。5.

趙梁軍主編，《觀賞植物生物學(xué)》，面向21世紀(jì)課程教材，中國農(nóng)業(yè)出版社，2002年。6.

盧慶善、孫毅等主編，《農(nóng)作物雜種優(yōu)勢》，中國農(nóng)業(yè)出版社，2001年。7.

鄭有良編著，《植物外源基因轉(zhuǎn)移育種》，四川科技出版社,1998.8.

許耀奎等編著，《作物誘變育種》，上?？萍汲霭嫔?1985.9.

沈煦環(huán)編著，《林木育種學(xué)》，全國高等林業(yè)院校使用教材，1990年。10.G.S.Chahal,S.S.Gosal,PrinciplesandProceduresofPlantBreeding,AlphaScience,Int’lLtd.UK,2002.11.HudsonHartmann,DaleKesteretal.,PlantPropagation,PrinciplesandPractices,5thed.,PrenticeHallCareer&Technology.NewJersey,1990.4.ReferanceBooks:第9頁/共27頁INTRODUCTION緒論第10頁/共27頁BasicconceptsinplantbreedingPrinciplesinplantbreedingMethodsinplantbreedingSeedproductionandplantpropagationGoalsoftheCourse:ToLearn:INTRODUCTION緒論第11頁/共27頁

§1.

EvolutionandGeneticImprovementinPlants植物進(jìn)化與遺傳改良１．NaturalEvolutionandArtificialEvolutionCultivatedplantsareCrops.Theyareallevolved,ordomesticated,fromnaturalwildplants.Thethreefundamentalelementsinplantevolution:VariationInheritanceSelectionINTRODUCTION緒論第12頁/共27頁２．NaturalSelectionandArtificialSelection

NaturalSelectionnewSpecies,Varieties,Landraces(Betterfittothechangedenvironments)

ArtificialSelectionnewCultivars(cultivatedvarieties)orNewcrops(Betterfittohumandemands)

PlantBreedingCropbreedingisascienceandanartofartificialevolutionforplants,which

ismuchfasterthannaturalplantevolution.第13頁/共27頁§２．TheMissionofPlantBreeding

植物育種學(xué)的任務(wù)Developingnewcropvarieties(cultivars),withhigheryield,betterquality,betterpestorstressresistance,betterfitnesstochangedcultivationsystems,etc.Introductionanddomesticationofnewcrops(cultivars)Domesticationofwildspeciesfornewcultivatedcrops–newcropsCreatingnovelplantspecies/cropsthroughartificialresynthesis(e.g.Triticale小黑麥)1.TheJobofplantbreeding

INTRODUCTION第14頁/共27頁2.TheContentsinthecourse(Seetextbook)Partsofknowledge:Basicknowledgeonplantbreeding（Chapters1-3）

Methodsforplantbreedong（Chapters4-12）

Breedingforspecialcharacteristics（Chapters13-14）

Seedproductionandpropagationinplants（Chapters15-16）第15頁/共27頁

INTRODUCTION§3.TheDevelopmentofPlantBreedingScience植物育種學(xué)的發(fā)展HowOldIsthePlantBreedingScience?Morethan10000yrs2.PlantbreedingintheOldtime(Bef.1900)UnconsciousandConsciousartificialselection第16頁/共27頁Selectionbasedonmodernsciencesandtechnologies—(Modernscience-basedplantbreeding)-TheoryofEvolution（Darwin）

Genetics(Mendelian,Quantitative,Population,Cytological,-Moleculargenetics)-ModernInstrumentalfacilities(儀器設(shè)備）Applicationofmodernbiotechnology-MolecularBreeding(geneengineering)-Cytologicalengineering（細(xì)胞工程）3.PlantBreedingincontemporarytime(Aft.1900)第17頁/共27頁WhatisCropVariety(Cultivars)?1)ThedefinitionofCropVariety2)Specialcharacteristicsofcropvarieties

§4.CropVarietiesanditsImpactsonCropProductionEconomicalclassification

經(jīng)濟(jì)上的分類Threecharacteristicrequirements三個(gè)重要特性

Distinct,Uniform,StableApplicationtoproduction

可在生產(chǎn)上應(yīng)用Timeandregionalspecific(specialecologicaltypes).

時(shí)間性和區(qū)域性第18頁/共27頁3)TypesofVarietiesConventionalVarieties(常規(guī)品種）

HybridVarieties（雜交種/雜交品種）

ClonalVarieties（無性系品種）4)Varietyandlines(品種與品系）第19頁/共27頁TheImpactsofCropVarietiesonAgriculturalProduction

品種在作物生產(chǎn)中的作用

P.5-7

1)Enhancingyield2)Improvingqualityofproducts3)increasingdisease&pestresistanceortolerance4)adaptingtonewcroppingorfarmingsystems5)Extendingthegrowingareasorregions6)Fittingtomechanizedagriculture第20頁/共27頁Salientachievementsinplantbreedinginthelastcentury

本世紀(jì)植物育種重大成就§4.AchievementsandProspectsinPlantBreeding

植物育種的成就與展望TheIncreaseinCropYieldinthe20thCentury.。TheGreenRevolution:

Dwarfbreeding:wheatandrice;

。HeterosisBreeding:Hybridmaize,rice,sorghum,

rapeseed,Vegetables,etc

。ResistanceBreeding:

Potatolateblight,riceblast,maizeleafblight,cottonleafblight,etc.Conservationoftheplantgermplasmresources

DevelopmentinbreedingmethodologyandTechnology第21頁/共27頁第22頁/共27頁P(yáng)rospectsinPlantBreeding

育種展望Useofmoleculartechnologyinplantbreeding(transgenicbreeding,MAS)-UseofgenesfromotherorganismsUseofcellengineeringtechnologyUseofMulti-disciplinarytechnology(IntegrationofConventionalmethodsandmoderngenetictechnology)ApplicationofComputersandothernovelHi-Tec’stoPlantbreeding第23頁/共27頁3.ImportantAchievem