大學(xué)跨文化交際第1頁/共91頁

Plan

1.Timeschedule:36periodsinoneterm4periods(2周）foreachunit2.EvaluationwillbebasedonAttendance,participationandhomework(20%)casestudyMidterm-exam(30%)paperFinal-exam(50%)2第2頁/共91頁Courseexpectations/tasks1.previewthetext:lookingupthenewwordsandexpressionsbeforeclass;preparewhattheteacherhasaskedyoutodo2.takeanactivepartinclassdiscussionsandperformances.3第3頁/共91頁Chooseandreadatleastonerecommendedtextbook

1.《跨文化交際英語教程

》主編/許力生，上海外語教育,2004

2.《Communication

Between

Cultures

》，Larry

A.

Samovar，外研社，2002年7月。

3.《跨文化交際學(xué)概論》，胡文仲，外語教學(xué)與研究出版社，1999年11月

4.《跨文化交際學(xué)》，賈玉新，上海外語教育出版社5.《跨文化交際研究:與英美人交往指南》，林大津，福建人民出版社，2008.4第4頁/共91頁CaseStudiesShowingConcernFirstOfferSamelanguage,differentbehavior第5頁/共91頁Showingconcern6第6頁/共91頁AbabyboomerisapersonwhowasbornduringthedemographicPost-WorldWarIIbabyboombetweentheyears1946and1959在二戰(zhàn)之前出生的美國人較為傳統(tǒng)，被稱為SilentGeneration（沉靜的一代）。二戰(zhàn)后的美國百廢待興，很多男性從戰(zhàn)場返鄉(xiāng)，結(jié)婚生子，創(chuàng)造了美國史無前例的babyboom（嬰兒潮），而在此期間出生的孩子則被稱為babyboomer（嬰兒潮世代）。人們將戰(zhàn)后新生活的希望寄托在babyboomers身上，因此他們從小就受到良好的教育，長大之后在美國諸多領(lǐng)域挑大梁。而目前babyboomers大都面臨退休，使社會養(yǎng)老負(fù)擔(dān)加重。7第7頁/共91頁而在babyboom之后，接踵而至的是babybust（生育低谷），在babybust這段時(shí)期出生的孩子被稱為GenerationX（被遺忘的一代，或X一代，20世紀(jì)60年代到70年代初出生的美國人）。這代人成長的過程，恰逢美國社會風(fēng)氣偏向于個人價(jià)值的體現(xiàn)和個人幸福的實(shí)現(xiàn)，因此他們身上有著不同程度的不負(fù)責(zé)任、冷漠和物質(zhì)主義等特點(diǎn)。GenerationY（Y一代）是在GenerationX之后出生的美國人，他們出生于20世紀(jì)七八十年代，伴隨著計(jì)算機(jī)以及互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的成長而成長。有人認(rèn)為Y一代有著更開放的文化價(jià)值觀，和新的消費(fèi)方式和行為方式，而也有些人認(rèn)為他們更加以自我為中心，缺乏同情心和責(zé)任感。8第8頁/共91頁第9頁/共91頁Whatisculture?ThreeIngredients:artifacts人造物品concepts(beliefs,values,worldviews…)behaviore.g.Whereasthemoneyisconsideredanartifact,thenvalueplacedonitisaconcept,theactualspendingandsavingofthemoneyisbehavior.第10頁/共91頁TheNatureofCultureThinkaboutthefollowingsimilesandmetaphors,howdoyouthinkcultureisrelatedtothereferences?1.Cultureislikeaniceberg.2.Cultureisoursoftware.3.Cultureislikethewaterafishswimsin.4.Cultureisthegrammarofourbehavior.第11頁/共91頁121.TheCulturalIceberg第12頁/共91頁第13頁/共91頁14

CultureLikeanIceberga.Objectiveculture:history,literature,andcustoms.(visible,observable,smallpart)b.Subjectiveculture:feelingsandattitudesaboutthings.(invisible,largepart)第14頁/共91頁15finearts,literature,drama,classicalmusic,popularmusic,folkdancing,games,cooking,dress(2)eyebehavior,contextualconversationpatterns,socialinteractionrate,facialexpressionsObjectiveCulture

第15頁/共91頁16(1)notionsofmodesty,conceptionofbeauty,idealofchildrearing,relationshipstoanimals(2)patternsofsuperior/subordinaterelations,definitionofsin,courtshippractices,conceptionofjustice,incentivestowork,notionsofleadership,tempoofwork,groupdecision-makingSubjectiveCulture第16頁/共91頁17(3)conceptionofcleanliness,attitudestowardsdependents,theoryofdisease,approachestoproblem-solving,conceptionofstatusmobility,statusdesignationsbasedonage,sex,class,occupation,kinship,etc.(4)natureoffriendship,orderingoftime,conceptof“self”,preferenceforcompetitionorcooperation,bodylanguage,notionsaboutlogicandvalidity,patternsofhandlingemotionsSubjectiveCulture第17頁/共91頁18CulturalIceberg1）美術(shù)、文學(xué)、戲劇、古典音樂、流行隱喻、民間舞蹈、飲食、服飾2）目光、語境談話方式、社交頻率、面部表情1）謙虛觀念、美的概念、子女撫養(yǎng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、與動物的關(guān)系2）上下級關(guān)系模式、罪惡的定義、求愛方式、工作的積極性、友誼的性質(zhì)、對領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的看法、工作節(jié)奏、集體決策3）整潔的概念、對依賴的態(tài)度、疾病理論、解決問題方法、地位變化看法、因年齡（性別、階級、職業(yè)、親屬關(guān)系等）社會地位的稱謂4）朋友的意義、時(shí)間觀念、、對“個人”的看法、對競爭和合作的偏愛、肢體語言、對邏輯和信度的概念、控制情感的模式第18頁/共91頁192.TheCulturalSoftware第19頁/共91頁201)Thebasicoperatingsystemthatmakesushuman.2)

Humansaroundtheworldarephysicallythesame,universal.3)Physicalselvesarethehardware.4)

Homecultureprogramsusandprovesusthesoftware.5)Aninfantisapotentialhumanatbirthandbecomearealhumanwithculture.6)Thecomputerstopsworkingasaresultofitsincompatibilitywithsomeoneelse’ssoftware.OperatingSystem第20頁/共91頁213.TheCulturalFish第21頁/共91頁22a.

Thefishnoticeseverythingexceptthewaterheisswimmingin.b.

Thefishtakesthewaterforgranted.c.

Wetakeeverythingaroundusforgranted.CultureLiketheWateraFishSwimsin第22頁/共91頁23Thesameistrueforus.Ourcultureissomuchapartofwhoweareandwhattheworldislikeforusthatwedonotnoticeit.Wetakeitforgranted.

FishSwimminginWater第23頁/共91頁244.TheCultureinourOwnStory第24頁/共91頁255)

Cultureisthestorywetellourselvesaboutourselves.a.Everyculturalgrouphasastoryforunderstandingwhotheyareandwhattheworldislike.b.Thestoryistoldintheirfolklorearts,inpoliticsandinintimateconversation.c.Whatissignificantisthatpeopletellthestorytoshowthemselvesandotherswhotheyare.TheCultureinourOwnStory第25頁/共91頁26TheCultureinourOwnStory第26頁/共91頁27ChineseDragonspowerful;brave;all-conqueringTheCultureinourOwnStory第27頁/共91頁28

WesternDragonFerocious;frightening;terribleTheCultureinourOwnStory第28頁/共91頁295.TheCultureUnderstoodbyChinese第29頁/共91頁30

TheCulturebyChinese

a.writerorspeakershowsherlearningbyquotingfamouspeoplefromthepast.

b.atreasureofgreatworksandculturalachievements第30頁/共91頁31第31頁/共91頁32TheAnalectsofConfucius

第32頁/共91頁33DaoDejing第33頁/共91頁34OutlawsoftheMarsh第34頁/共91頁35TheStoryoftheStone

第35頁/共91頁36TheRomanceofThreeKingdoms第36頁/共91頁37JourneytotheWest第37頁/共91頁The

first

president

of

the

United

States,

George

Washington,

is

often

referred

to

as

the

Father

of

America.386.TheCultureUnderstoodbyAmericansFightfordemocracyandfreedom第38頁/共91頁39第32任總統(tǒng)富蘭克林·D·羅斯福(FranklinD.Roosevelt)(1882.1.30—1945.4.12)，一直被視為美國歷史上最偉大的總統(tǒng)之一，是20世紀(jì)美國最受民眾期望和受愛戴的總統(tǒng)，也是美國歷史上惟一連任4屆總統(tǒng)的人，任職長達(dá)12年,是惟一一個坐在輪椅上領(lǐng)導(dǎo)美國的總統(tǒng)。他是身殘志堅(jiān)的代表人（因患脊髓灰質(zhì)炎，俗稱：小兒麻痹）致殘。,也受到世界人民的尊敬.Values:self-reliant，freedom,diversity,risk-takingandinnovative第39頁/共91頁40TheCulturebyAmericans

a.usinganout-of-datemetaphorrevealsyoutobeoutofdateb.

afastmovingtrain,keepingupwiththetrain第40頁/共91頁41CableNewsNetwork24小時(shí)全球報(bào)道。美國政府宣傳工具。在中國，民眾批評CNN網(wǎng)站在報(bào)道2008年西藏騷亂時(shí)“采用了裁剪照片”且認(rèn)為節(jié)目主持人發(fā)表不當(dāng)言論Fast-foodculture,culturalcolonizationBasketballculture做人不能太“CNN”BillGates:takingriskandinnovative.第41頁/共91頁42TheattitudesbyforeignerstowardsChinesePeople(generalization)SavingFace

Hardworking

Formal第42頁/共91頁43TheattitudesbyforeignerstowardsChinesePeopleInsensitivetotime

Tendingtomisunderstand

Beatingaboutthebush說話拐彎抹角第43頁/共91頁44TheattitudesbyforeignerstowardsChinesePeople

Beingdoubtful不明確表態(tài)，含糊其辭Beatingcontent第44頁/共91頁45TheattitudesbyforeignerstowardsChinesePeopleNeverkissedparents

Shanzaieverywhere第45頁/共91頁46TheattitudesbyChinesetowardsWesternersKissandhuganytimeandanywhere

GoingDutch第46頁/共91頁47TheattitudesbyChinesetowardsWesternersBeingpunctual

Mindyourownbusiness

Toofrank第47頁/共91頁48CulturesDefined第48頁/共91頁

SIMILAR?DIFFERENT?

Humanbeingsareuniquebutindividualswhoshareacommonculturetendtoperceiveandinterprettheworldsimilarlyordifferently?第49頁/共91頁1.DefiningCulturefromtheAnthropologicalPerspective“Cultureconsistsofpatterns,explicitandimplicit,ofandforbehavioracquiredandtransmittedbysymbols,constitutingthedistinctiveachievementofhumangroups,includingtheirembodimentsinartifacts;theessentialcoreofcultureconsistsoftraditionalideasandespeciallytheirattachedvalues”.

-----KroeberandKluckhohn

1952年，美國學(xué)者AlfredLouisKroeber與ClydeKluckhohn在他們的著作《文化，關(guān)于概念和定義的評述》中總結(jié)了164條文化定義.上述是他們自己對文化的定義。第50頁/共91頁Activity:TranslationTranslateKroeberandKluckhohn’sdefinitionofcultureintoChinese.文化由外顯和內(nèi)隱的行為模式構(gòu)成；這種行為模式通過象征符號而獲得和傳播；文化代表了人類群體的顯著成就，包括它們在人造器物中的體現(xiàn)；文化的核心部分是傳統(tǒng)觀念，尤其是它們帶來的價(jià)值觀念。_____________________________第51頁/共91頁2.DefiningCulturefromthePsychologicalPerspectivecultureis"thecollectiveprogrammingofthemindwhichdistinguishesthemembersofonecategoryofpeoplefromanother".---GeertHofstedeGeertHofstedeisaninfluentialDutch

socialpsychologistand

anthropologist.

Heisawell-knownpioneerinhisresearchof

cross-cultural

groupsandorganizations第52頁/共91頁3.DefiningCulturefromtheSociologicalPerspectiveAccordingtothesocialscientists:“Cultureisdefinedasapatternoflearned,group-relatedperception—includingbothverbalandnonverballanguageattitudes,values,beliefsystem,disbeliefsystems,andbehavior”.第53頁/共91頁Activity:KeywordsFindoutthekeywordssharedbythethreedefinitionsabove.Writethemdownandtrytomakeupyourowndefinitionofcultureaccordingtothekeywords.Keywords:第54頁/共91頁4.DefiningCulturefromtheInterculturalPerspective“Cultureisasystemofsharedbeliefs,values,customs,behavioursandartifactsthataretransmittedfromgenerationtogenerationthroughlearning.” [BatesandPlog]第55頁/共91頁CONCLUSION:CULTUREIS

AMAN’SSECONDNATUREAWAYOFOVERCOMINGVULNERABILITYACQUIREDTHROUGHSOCIALIZATIONTHUS,MANISTHEPRODUCEROFCULTUREANDTHEPRODUCTOFCULTURE第56頁/共91頁TheCharacteristicsofCultureCultureisNotInnate,itisLearned.CultureisDynamicCultureispervasiveFacetsofCultureareInterrelatedCultureisEthnocentricCultureisadaptive第57頁/共91頁58Whenthechildrenaregrowinginthecommunity,theirculturaleducationisadvancedbywatchingsocialinteractions,takingpartinculturalactivitiesandritualsinthecommunity,formingtheirownrelationshipsandtakingtheirplaceintheculture.1)

Cultureislearned第58頁/共91頁59Itisnecessarytorecognizethatculturesaredynamicratherthanstatic.Theyareconstantlychangingandevolvingundertheimpactofeventsandthroughcontactwithothercultures.Cultureschangethroughthreemostcommonmechanisms:innovation,diffusion傳播andacculturation文化互滲(calamity).2)Cultureissubjectivetochange

E.g.1.China’spolicyofreformandopening-up2.TheUnitedStates’enteringWWII3.TheatomicbombinginJapaninWWII第59頁/共91頁3.CultureIsPervasive

Liketheairwebreathe,culturepenetratesintoeveryaspectofourlifeandinfluencesthewaywethink,thewaywetalk,andthewaywebehave.第60頁/共91頁4.CultureIsIntegratedWesometimesbreakdownandisolatevariouspartsofcultureandtalkaboutthemasiftheyareseparateparts.However,inreality,culturefunctionsasanintegratedwholeanditissystemic.第61頁/共91頁62Ethnocentrismisthe

beliefthatyourownculturalbackground,includingwaysofanalyzingproblems,values,beliefs,language,andverbalandnonverbalcommunication,iscorrect.Ethnocentristsbelievetheircultureisthecentralcultureandotherculturesareincorrect,ineffective,orquaint奇怪的.5)Cultureisethnocentric第62頁/共91頁63.Historyofferssomanyexamplesofhowcultureshavechangedasaresultoflaws,shiftsinvalues,naturaldisasters,wars,orcalamities.MoreandmorewomenworkasCEOsinmajorcompaniesandasofficialsingovernmentinsteadofremainingathomelookingafterchildren.Bothwomenandmenhavemadeadaptationtothisculturalchange.6)Cultureisadaptive第63頁/共91頁P(yáng)artIICommunicationThedefinitionofcommunicationComponentsofcommunication第64頁/共91頁WesternPerspectiveofcommunicationEasternperspectiveofcommunicationThedefinitionofcommunication

第65頁/共91頁WesternPerspectiveofcommunication

Inwesterncultures,communicationisstudiedasthe

meansoftransmittingideas.Westernculturesemphasizetheinstrumentalfunctionofcommunication;thatis,effectivenessisevaluatedintermsofsuccessinthemanipulationofotherstoachieveone’spersonalgoal.第66頁/共91頁Easternperspectiveofcommunication

DefinitionsofcommunicationfrommanyAsiancountriesstress:

harmony,whichismostnotableincultureswithaConfuciantradition.Easterncultures’understandingwoulddefinecommunicationasaprocesswhereallpartiesaresearchingtodevelopandmaintainasocialrelationship.第67頁/共91頁

PictureAnalysisWhatarethecomponentsofcommunication

reflectedinthefollowingpicture?第68頁/共91頁2.Componentsofcommunication

Asender/sourceisthepersonwhotransmitsamessage.

Amessageisanysignalthattriggerstheresponseofareceiver.

Encodingreferstotheactivityduringwhichthesendermustchoosecertainwordsornonverbalmethodstosendanintentionalmessage.

Encoding

（編碼）Channel/Medium

（渠道）Channel/Medium

isthemethodusedtodeliveramessage.Message（信息）Sender/Source

（信息源）第69頁/共91頁Decoding（解碼）Decodingistheactivityduringwhichthereceiverattachesmeaningtothewordsorsymbolshe/shehasreceived.Receiver（信息接收者）Areceiverisanypersonwhonoticesandgivessomemeaningtoamessage.Feedback（反饋）Theresponseofareceivertoasender’smessageiscalledfeedback.Noise（干擾）Noiseisatermusedforfactorsthatinterferewiththeexchangeofmessages,includingexternalnoise，physiologicalnoise,psychologicalnoiseand

semanticnoise.Noiseisinevitable.第70頁/共91頁(1)ExternalNoise

Soundsthatdistractcommunicators:voicesinthenextroom;annoyingringofsomeone’scellphoneinameeting;etc.Othertypesofexternalnoisethatdon’tinvolvesound:anovercrowdedroomorasmellycigar

(2)PhysiologicalNoise

illnessesanddisabilities(3)PsychologicalNoiseforceswiththesenderorreceiverthatinterferewithunderstanding:egotism;hostility;preoccupation;fear;etc.(4)SemanticNoisecausedbyusing

differentlanguages;theuseofjargon;differentunderstandingofthemessagedelivered;etc.第71頁/共91頁

CharacteristicsofCommunication

a.

Communicationisdynamicb.Communicationissystematicc.Communicationissymbolicd.Communicationis

irreversiblee.Communicationistransactionalf.Communicationis

self-reflectiveg.Communicationiscontextual.第72頁/共91頁a.CommunicationisdynamicCommunicationisanongoingactivity.Itisnotfixed.Awordoractiondoesnotstayfrozenwhenyoucommunicate;itisimmediatelyreplacedwithyetanotherwordoraction.

第73頁/共91頁b.Communicationissystematic

（系統(tǒng)性的）Communicationdoesnotoccurinisolationorinavacuum,butratherispartofalargersystem.Wesendandreceivemessagesnotinisolation,butinaspecificsetting.Settingandenvironmenthelpdeterminethewordsandactionswegenerate.Dress,language,topicselection,andthelikearealladaptedtocontext.

第74頁/共91頁c.Communicationissymbolic

（符號性的）Symbolsarecentraltothecommunicationprocessbecausetheyrepresentthesharedmeaningsthatarecommunicated.Asymbol

isaword,action,orobjectthatstandsfororrepresentsaunitofmeaning.People'sbehaviorsarefrequentlyinterpretedsymbolically,asanexternalrepresentationoffeelings,emotions,andinternalstates.第75頁/共91頁d.Communicationisirreversible

（不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的）Communicationisanirreversibleprocess.Wecanneverundowhathasalreadybeendone.Althoughwemaytrytoqualify,negate,orsomehowreducetheeffectsofourmessage,onceithasbeensentandreceived,themessageitselfcannotbereversed.第76頁/共91頁e.Communicationistransactional

（交互式的）Atransactionalviewholdsthatcommunicatorsaresimultaneouslysendingandreceivingmessagesateveryinstantthattheyareinvolvedinconversations.第77頁/共91頁f.Communicationisself-reflectiveHumanbeingshaveauniqueabilitytothinkaboutthemselves,towatchhowtheydefinetheworld,andtoreflectontheirpast,present,andfuture.第78頁/共91頁g.Communicationiscontextual

（情境的）Allcommunicationtakesplacewithinasettingorsituationcalledacontext.Bycontext,wemeantheplacewherepeoplemeet,thesocialpurposeforbeingtogether,andthenatureoftherelationship.Thusthecontextincludesthephysical,social,andinterpersonalsettings.第79頁/共91頁CultureandCommunication第80頁/共91頁81