CulturalIssuesinC-ETranslation--

Strategies

and

MethodsDr.LiChangjiangCultureand

itscomposition§

Edward

B.

Tylor:§

Culture

is

that

complex

whole

whichincludes

knowledge,

belief,

art,

morals,law,

custom,

and

any

other

capabilitiesand

habits

acquired

by

man

as

amember

of

society.

（Edward

B.

Tylor.1924.

[orig.

1871]

Primitive

Culture.

2vols.

7th

ed.

New

York:

Brentano's.)PeterNewmark§

The

way

of

life

and

its

manifestationsthat

are

peculiar

to

one

speechcommunity.

(Newmark

P.

2001.

ATextbook

of

Translation.

Shanghai:Shanghai

Foreign

Language

EducationPress.

)Characteristicsofculture1）社會(huì)習(xí)得，而非遺傳獲得；2）社會(huì)成員所共有；3）具有象征的特性；語(yǔ)言就是文化中最重要的象征系統(tǒng)；4）是一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的整體，其中每一方面都和其它方面相關(guān)聯(lián)。（柯平，1993：76）Characteristicsofculture

文化作為一種“原本性的存在”，具有其本體論特征：1）文化的民族性2）文化的傳承性3）文化的流變性4）文化的兼容性（劉宓慶，1999：15）EugeneNida§

1

.

Ecology§

2．

Material

Culture§

3．

Social

Culture§

4．

Religious

Culture§

5．

Linguistic

CultureStrataofculture文化系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)有四個(gè)層次：1）物質(zhì)形態(tài)層（materialstratum）2）典章制度層（institutionalstratum）3）行為習(xí)俗層（behavioralandcustomarystratum）4）心理或心智活動(dòng)層（mentalstratum）（劉宓慶，1999：33）中西文化對(duì)比§

思維差異§

語(yǔ)言差異§

信仰差異§

價(jià)值和態(tài)度差異（廖七一，2000：276）漢英思維方式對(duì)比(1)中國(guó)人注重倫理（ethics），英美人注重認(rèn)知（cognition）(2)中國(guó)人重整體（integrity）、偏重綜合性（synthetic）思維，英美人重個(gè)體（individuality）、偏重分析性（analytic）思維(3)中國(guó)人重直覺(jué)（intuition），英美人重實(shí)證（evidence）(4)

中國(guó)人重形象思維（

figurative

thinking

），英美人重邏輯思維（

logical

thinking

）（陳宏薇、李亞丹：2004：25－32）Translatabilityofculture文化的可譯性含有三層意思：（1）譯者可以理解作者原作所蘊(yùn)含的文化信息；（2）譯者可以用譯入語(yǔ)表達(dá)自己理解了的原作所蘊(yùn)含的文化信息；（3）譯入語(yǔ)讀者可以接受譯者所表達(dá)的文化信息。Translatabilityofculture譯者要做到三個(gè)把握：(1)把握兩種文化的異同，把握文化的地域性和超地域性；(2)把握作者的創(chuàng)作意圖、思路以及所要傳遞的文化信息；(3)把握譯入語(yǔ)讀者對(duì)自己表達(dá)原語(yǔ)文化信息的方式的認(rèn)同接受程度。Theimportanceof

theroleofcultureintranslation§

To

be

bilingual,

one

has

to

be

bicultural.§

For

truly

successful

translating,biculturalism

is

even

more

importantthan

bilingualism.（Nida,2001:82）§

It

is

not

surprising

that

the

most

seriousmistakes

in

translation

are

made

because

ofignorance

about

the

views

and

values

ofother

culture.（Nida,2001:286）Nida.E.A.2001

Language

and

Culture:

Context

inTranslating.

上外出版社/外教社Twostrategiesindealingwithculturalfactorsintranslation§

1

.

異化(foreignization;alienation)：以源語(yǔ)文化為中心，以源作者為中心，注意點(diǎn)在于將源語(yǔ)文化傳遞給譯語(yǔ)讀者，以促進(jìn)文化的交流。缺點(diǎn)：增加譯語(yǔ)讀者理解的難度，閱讀的速度、節(jié)奏也會(huì)受到影響?！?/p>

2.

歸化(domesticatioin;adaptation)：以譯入語(yǔ)文化為中心，以讀者為中心，將源語(yǔ)文化經(jīng)過(guò)整理，然后以譯入語(yǔ)中較為現(xiàn)成的、熟悉的、易于接受的形式出現(xiàn)。缺點(diǎn)：?jiǎn)适Я嗽凑Z(yǔ)的異國(guó)特色。Venuti:§

In

this

vein,

the

deconstructionist

Venutidifferentiates

two

strategies

in

translation:domesticating

and

foreignizing.

He

stronglyadvocates

the

resistant

foreignizing

methodand

rejects

the

transparent

domestication

inopposition

to

the

Anglo-Americanhegemonic

cultural

stand§

“我認(rèn)為，譯文應(yīng)該力求透明，以至看起來(lái)不像是譯文。好的翻譯像一塊玻璃，只有玻璃上的一些小小的瑕疵—擦痕和氣泡。當(dāng)然，理想的最好什么也沒(méi)有。譯文應(yīng)該永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)引起讀者感到他們?cè)谧x譯作。(諾曼·夏皮羅)§

王夫人因說(shuō)道：“你舅舅今日齋戒去了，再見罷。……”§

‘Your

uncle

is

in

retreat

today,’

saidLady

Wang.

‘He’ll

see

you

anothertime.’

(Hawkes)§

Retreat:

retirement

for

a

time

forrelegious

meditation

(Chambers)§

“Your

uncle’s

observing

a

fast

today,”,said

Lady

Wang.”you

will

see

himsome

other

time.Ӥ

(the

Yangs)§

Fast:

a

period

during

which

someonedoes

not

eat

meat

or

fish

for

religiousreason巧婦難為無(wú)米之炊。§

1.

Even

the

cleverest

housewifecannot

make

a

meal

without

rice.(The

Yangs)§

2.

Even

the

cleverest

housewifecannot

make

bread

without

flour.(Hawkes)盛宴

必散。§

Even

the

best

party

must

have

an

end.(Hawkes)§

Even

the

grandest

feast

must

have

anend.

(The

Yangs)謀事在人，成事在天。§Man

proposes,

goddisposes.

(Hawkes)§Man

proposes,

heavendisposes.(the

Yangs)如何評(píng)價(jià)歸化、異化§

不能簡(jiǎn)單的說(shuō)歸化比異化好，或異化比歸化好，因?yàn)槊鎸?duì)不同的讀者要求、不同的文化態(tài)勢(shì)，出版商不同的要求，譯者需要考慮到很多因素?！?/p>

因此，很多情況下，是將二者綜合使用。處理文化因素的一般策略§一般而言，處理文化因素的策略是：文化存真(transmit

theauthentic

culture

to

thetarget

readership)，特別是在物質(zhì)文化層面和制度文化層面。文化存真的翻譯技巧§音(transliteration)；§直(literal

translation)；§音/直+解釋(explanation)；§增釋(amplification)；§腳注

(footnote)。音譯：§

人名、地名以及一些表示新概念

而本族語(yǔ)里又找不到對(duì)成詞來(lái)表示時(shí)，均可采用音譯法介紹到譯文語(yǔ)言中去，如:[漢譯英]

磕頭（kowtow），荔枝（litchi）；功夫kongfu§

如霍克斯譯《紅樓夢(mèng)》“餃子”譯為jiaozi，

“炕”譯為the

kang；陰陽(yáng)yin;

yang

；§

[英譯漢]engine（引擎），motor（馬達(dá)），sofa(沙發(fā))，logic（邏輯）直§

紙老虎paper

tiger，§

丟臉lose

face，§

百聞不如一見

Seeing

isbelieving.§

眼不見，心不煩out

of

sight

,

Outof

mind.《紅樓夢(mèng)》的一些例子§

“黃酒”譯為yellow

rice-wine，§

“果子”譯為fried

pastry-shapes,

或sweets，抑或cakes,

nuts

and

driedfruits

，§

貴妃：imperial

concubine音/直+增:§

chocolate

巧克力

糖，§

opium煙，§

golf高夫

球，§

rifle來(lái)福，§

nylon尼布§Long,

the

Chinese

totem§

元宵

Yuanxiao,

sweet

dumplings

made

ofglutinous

rice

flour§

清明Clear

and

Bright

Festival,

a

time

whenChinese

renew

their

late

ancestors’

tombs

tomourn

them腳注(footnote)§

Bright

red

costumes,

with

hats,

shoesand

stockings

to

match,

are

to

be

allthe

craze

in

the

Spring.

Smart

womenwill

have

to

be

careful

not

yawn

in

thestreets

in

case

some

shortsightedperson

is

on

his

way

to

post

a

letter.§的衣服，再配上的帽子和是春日的流行裝束。不髦女得小心一點(diǎn)，在街打哈欠，要是碰上近眼準(zhǔn)寄信就大事不妙了?！?/p>

注：在英國(guó)，筒

?；艨怂箤?duì)“紅”的處理§在《樓夢(mèng)》霍克斯本中，怡公子被翻成了

“greenboy”，怡院，也被翻成了“the

House

of

GreenDelight（怡院）

”增釋(amplification)§

《樓夢(mèng)》第

3回林黛玉初母，一家人宴同，

“熙拉了黛玉在（母）左第一椅子上坐了，黛玉分推?！薄?/p>

Xi-feng

tried

to

seat

Dai-yu

in

the

leftnearer

to

her

grandmother

–

an

honourwhich

she

strenuously

resisted.§

心比干多一，病如西子三分。（《樓夢(mèng)》）§文

1：She

had

more

chambers

inher

heart

than

the

martyred

Bi

Gan;And

suffered

a

tithe

more

pain

in

itthan

the

beautiful

Xi

Shi.

(Tr.

DavidHawkes)§文

2：She

looked

more

sensitive

thanPikan

,

more

delicate

than

Hsi

Shih.§

1.

Pikan

:A

prince

noted

for

his

greatintelligence

in

the

end

of

ShangDynasty.§

2.

Hsi

Shih

:A

famous

beauty

of

theancient

kingdom

of

Yueh.§

(Tr.

The

Yangs)王佐良§

“翻者必是一個(gè)真正意的文化人。人全：他必掌握兩種言，確如此；但是，不了解言當(dāng)中的社會(huì)文化，也無(wú)法真正掌握言。

”，“真正的

等

是在各自文化里的、作用、范、情感色彩、影響等等都相當(dāng)”（王佐良，

1989）§

王佐良

.

1989.

翻：思考與筆.

外教學(xué)與研究出版社

.喜§

“翻中原文意思的理解，不是的言理解言是文化的成部分，它受著文化的影響和制?！诜讨?，者某文字理解的正確與否，在很大程度上取決于他有關(guān)文化的了解。

……于者來(lái)，沒(méi)有兩種文化的比知，就無(wú)言文字的正確理解與表。

”請(qǐng)看一些增補(bǔ)或腳注的例子§

“小李，什么時(shí)候請(qǐng)吃糖呀？”，王奶奶笑著問(wèn)道。§

“還沒(méi)定了”，她臉一紅?！?/p>

“XiaoLi”,

Granny

Wang

smiled,“when

can

I

eat

your

weddingcanddy?Ӥ

“I

don’t

know”,

she

blushed

withshyness.§Here

he

crossed

his

finger.§說(shuō)到這里，他交叉起手指，

祝我好運(yùn)?！霩e

is

a

Hercules.§他象海格里斯一樣力大無(wú)窮?！?/p>

(希臘羅馬神話)赫拉克勒斯（一位有超人力量和勇氣的英雄，他完成了強(qiáng)加于他的12項(xiàng)艱巨任務(wù)，死后被立為神）

)§三個(gè)臭皮匠，合成一個(gè)諸葛亮?！霻hree

cobblers

combinedmakes

Zhugeliang

themaster

mind.文化翻譯中的補(bǔ)償§

胡太太嘆了口氣；看見胡國(guó)光還是一肚子心事似的踱方步?！?/p>

“張鐵嘴怎么說(shuō)的？”胡太太惴惴地問(wèn)?！?/p>

"很好。不用瞎擔(dān)心事了。我還有委員的福份！”§

“么事的桂圓？”§

“是委員！從前行的是大人老爺，現(xiàn)在行委員了！你還不明白？”（茅盾《動(dòng)搖》）§

MadameHugaveasighandwatchedherhusbandanxiouslypacingaboutasbefore.§

“WhatdidChangTieh-tsuisay?”sheaskedtimidly.§

“Hegavemeverygoodnews.Weneednotlookfortrouble.Ihavethepossibilityofbeingamemberofa

Committee!Ӥ

“What’sa

common

tea?”askedthewife，whoonlyvaguelycaughtthesound.”§

“Acommittee!Lordsandesquiresareoutofdate，andtheprevailingnominationistoaCommittee.Don’tyoustillunderstand?”§

用“commontea”與“committee”的發(fā)音相似來(lái)模仿原文中“桂圓”與“委員”的諧音，可謂巧譯，兩種語(yǔ)言能有音形意俱似的表達(dá)方式只是偶然，可遇而不可求。§

節(jié)日的高潮是除夕，在舊年與新年交替之時(shí)，家庭全體成員要聚在一起吃年飯，菜中有道菜是魚，而且有人講就不能把它吃完，圖個(gè)“年年有余”的吉利?！?/p>

The

festival

reaches

its

climax

on

the

lunar

NewYear's

Eve,

when

the

past

lunar

year

gives

way

tothe

new

one.

All

the

family

members

are

together

tohave

this

yearly

sumptuous

supper

on

the

Eve.Among

the

dishes,

one

fish

course

should

beserved.

However,

the

fish

must

not

be

eaten

up,

assome

people

would

emphasize,

for

the

sake

of

“niannian

you

yu”①.§

①Note:

In

Chinese,

“nian

nian”

means

every

year,“youyu”

means

“having

fish”

and

“having

surplus”.The

phrase

indicates

an

auspicious

future.在不同文化中的隱喻意義(1)

紅(喜慶)一—red(暴力)(2)

白(喪服)——white(婚妙)(3)

藍(lán)(藍(lán)色)——blue(清高，憂郁，淫穢)(4)

黃(王權(quán)，淫穢)——yellow(怯懦)(5)

牧童(悠閑)

——cowboy(冒險(xiǎn))(6)

農(nóng)民（忠厚樸實(shí)）——Peasant(心胸狹窄)(7)

狗(鄙視)——dog(同情)§

(8)

龍(高貴)——dragon(兇惡)§

(9)

月亮(團(tuán)圓)——moon(虛幻)

cry

for

themoon

想做不可能的事情；想得到不可能得到的東西§

(10)

宣傳(中性詞)一—propaganda(貶義詞)§

(12)

喜鵲(善言，吉祥)——magpie(喋喋不休)§

(13)

貓頭鷹(兇兆)——owl(聰明)§

(15)

精神文明(政治)——spiritual

civilization(宗教)§

(16)

芭蕉葉(“扇子”)——leaf

of

a

palm(棕櫚，芭蕉，象征勝利)§

三個(gè)人品字式坐了，隨便談了幾句。§

The

three

sat

down

facing

each

otherand

began

casually

chatting.§

——我只會(huì)馬走日、象走田?！?/p>

——讓你車馬炮。§

－I

only

know

the

most

basic

moves.§

－Would

you

like

me

to

allow

you

ahandicap?§

我姓李，木子李?！?/p>

My

surname

is

Li.§

這是我們領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，陳科長(zhǎng)。§

This

is

Mr.

Chen,

our

section

chief.§

他砸了我的飯碗。§

He

has

taken

the

bread

out

of

mymouth.§

He

has

claimed

my

job.

(formal)§

瞎子死了兒——沒(méi)指（子）望了hopeless;

lose

all

one’s

hope§

農(nóng)民工

migrant

workers§

外甥打燈籠——照舊（照舅）get

into

theold

rut§

氣管炎（妻管嚴(yán)）——hen-pecked§

“您吃了嗎？”§