鋼筋混凝土外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)PAGE1中英文資料翻譯1外文翻譯1.1ReinforcedConcretePlainconcreteisformedfromahardenedmixtureofcement,water,fineaggregate,coarseaggregate(crushedstoneorgravel),air,andoftenotheradmixtures.Theplasticmixisplacedandconsolidatedintheformwork,thencuredtofacilitatetheaccelerationofthechemicalhydrationreactionlfthecement/watermix,resultinginhardenedconcrete.Thefinishedproducthashighcompressivestrength,andlowresistancetotension,suchthatitstensilestrengthisapproximatelyonetenthlfitscompressivestrength.Consequently,tensileandshearreinforcementinthetensileregionsofsectionshastobeprovidedtocompensatefortheweaktensionregionsinthereinforcedconcreteelement.Itisthisdeviationinthecompositionofareinforcesconcretesectionfromthehomogeneityofstandardwoodorsteelsectionsthatrequiresamodifiedapproachtothebasicprinciplesofstructuraldesign.Thetwocomponentsoftheheterogeneousreinforcedconcretesectionaretobesoarrangedandproportionedthatoptimaluseismadeofthematerialsinvolved.Thisispossiblebecauseconcretecaneasilybegivenanydesiredshapebyplacingandcompactingthewetmixtureoftheconstituentingredientsareproperlyproportioned,thefinishedproductbecomesstrong,durable,and,incombinationwiththereinforcingbars,adaptableforuseasmainmembersofanystructuralsystem.鋼筋混凝土外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)全文共1頁(yè)，當(dāng)前為第1頁(yè)。Thetechniquesnecessaryforplacingconcretedependonthetypeofmembertobecast:thatis,whetheritisacolumn,abean,awall,aslab,afoundation.amasscolumns,oranextensionofpreviouslyplacedandhardenedconcrete.Forbeams,columns,andwalls,theformsshouldbewelloiledaftercleaningthem,andthereinforcementshouldbeclearedofrustandotherharmfulmaterials.Infoundations,theearthshouldbecompactedandthoroughlymoistenedtoabout6in.indepthtoavoidabsorptionofthemoisturepresentinthewetconcrete.Concreteshouldalwaysbeplacedinhorizontallayerswhicharecompactedbymeansofhighfrequencypower-drivenvibratorsofeithertheimmersionorexternaltype,asthecaserequires,unlessitisplacedbypumping.Itmustbekeptinmind,however,thatovervibrationcanbeharmfulsinceitcouldcausesegregationoftheaggregateandbleedingoftheconcrete.鋼筋混凝土外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)全文共1頁(yè)，當(dāng)前為第1頁(yè)。Hydrationofthecementtakesplaceinthepresenceofmoistureattemperaturesabove50°F.Itisnecessarytomaintainsuchaconditioninorderthatthechemicalhydrationreactioncantakeplace.Ifdryingistoorapid,surfacecrackingtakesplace.Thiswouldresultinreductionofconcretestrengthduetocrackingaswellasthefailuretoattainfullchemicalhydration.Itisclearthatalargenumberofparametershavetobedealtwithinproportioningareinforcedconcreteelement,suchasgeometricalwidth,depth,areaofreinforcement,steelstrain,concretestrain,steelstress,andsoon.Consequently,trialandadjustmentisnecessaryinthechoiceofconcretesections,withassumptionsbasedonconditionsatsite,availabilityoftheconstituentmaterials,particulardemandsoftheowners,architecturalandheadroomrequirements,theapplicablecodes,andenvironmentalreinforcedconcreteisoftenasite-constructedcomposite,incontrasttothestandardmill-fabricatedbeamandcolumnsectionsinsteelstructures.Atrialsectionhastobechosenforeachcriticallocationinastructuralsystem.Thetrialsectionhastobeanalyzedtodetermineifitsnominalresistingstrengthisadequatetocarrytheappliedfactoredload.Sincemorethanonetrialisoftennecessarytoarriveattherequiredsection,thefirstdesigninputstepgeneratesintoaseriesoftrial-and-adjustmentanalyses.Thetrial-and–adjustmentproceduresforthechoiceofaconcretesectionleadtotheconvergenceofanalysisanddesign.Henceeverydesignisananalysisonceatrialsectionischosen.Theavailabilityofhandbooks,charts,andpersonalcomputersandprogramssupportsthisapproachasamoreefficient,compact,andspeedyinstructionalmethodcomparedwiththetraditionalapproachoftreatingtheanalysisofreinforcedconcreteseparatelyfrompuredesign.鋼筋混凝土外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)全文共2頁(yè)，當(dāng)前為第2頁(yè)。1.2Earthwork鋼筋混凝土外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)全文共2頁(yè)，當(dāng)前為第2頁(yè)。Becauseearthmovingmethodsandcostschangemorequicklythanthoseinanyotherbranchofcivilengineering,thisisafieldwheretherearerealopportunitiesfortheenthusiast.In1935mostofthemethodsnowinuseforcarryingandexcavatingearthwithrubber-tyredequipmentdidnotexist.Mostearthwasmovedbynarrowrailtrack,nowrelativelyrare,andthemainmethodsofexcavation,withfaceshovel,backacter,ordraglineorgrab,thoughtheyarestillwidelyusedareonlyafewofthemanycurrentmethods.Tokeephisknowledgeofearthmovingequipmentuptodateanengineermustthereforespendtinestudyingmodernmachines.Generallytheonlyreliableup-to-dateinformationonexcavators,loadersandtransportisobtainablefromthemakers.Earthworksorearthmovingmeanscuttingintogroundwhereitssurfaceistoohigh(cuts),anddumpingtheearthinotherplaceswherethesurfaceistoolow(fills).Toreduceearthworkcosts,thevolumeofthefillsshouldbeequaltothevolumeofthecutsandwhereverpossiblethecutsshouldbeplacedneartofillsofequalvolumesoastoreducetransportanddoublehandlingofthefill.Thisworkofearthworkdesignfallsontheengineerwholaysouttheroadsinceitisthelayoutoftheearthworkmorethananythingelsewhichdecidesitscheapness.Fromtheavailablemapsahdlevels,theengineeringmusttrytoreachasmanydecisionsaspossibleinthedrawingofficebydrawingcrosssectionsoftheearthwork.Onthesitewhenfurtherinformationbecomesavailablehecanmakechangesinjissectionsandlayout,butthedrawinglfficeworkwillnothavebeenlost.Itwillhavehelpedhimtoreachthebestsolutionintheshortesttime.Thecheapestwayofmovingearthistotakeitdirectlyoutofthecutanddropitasfillwiththesamemachine.Thisisnotalwayspossible,butwhenitcanbedoneitisideal,beingbothquickandcheap.Draglines,bulldozersandfaceshovelsandothis.Thelargestradiusisobtainedwiththedragline,andthelargesttonnageofearthismovedbythebulldozer,thoughonlyovershortdistances.Thedisadvantagesofthedraglinearethatitmustdigbelowitself,itcannotdigwithforceintocompactedmaterial,itcannotdigonsteepslopws,anditsdumpinganddiggingarenotaccurate.Faceshovelsarebetweenbulldozersanddraglines,havingalargerradiusofactionthanbulldozersbutlessthandraglines.Theyareanletodigintoaverticalclifffaceinawaywhichwouldbedangeroustorabulldozeroperatorandimpossibleforadragline.Eachpieceofequipmentshouldbeleveloftheirtracksandfordeepdigsincompactmaterialabackacterismostuseful,butitsdumpingradiusisconsiderablylessthanthatofthesameescavatorfittedwithafaceshovel.鋼筋混凝土外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)全文共3頁(yè)，當(dāng)前為第3頁(yè)。Rubber-tyredbowlscrapersareindispensableforfairlyleveldiggingwherethedistanceoftransportistoomuchtoradraglineorfaceshovel.Theycandigthematerialdeeply(butonlybelowthemselves)toafairlyflatsurface,carryithundredsofmetersifneedbe,thendropitandlevelitroughlyduringthedumping.Forharddiggingitisoftenfoundeconomicaltokeepapushertractor(wheeledortracked)onthediggingsite,topusheachscraperasitreturnstodig.Assoonasthescraperisfull,thepushertractorreturnstothebeginningofthedigtoheoptohelpthenestscraper.鋼筋混凝土外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)全文共3頁(yè)，當(dāng)前為第3頁(yè)。Bowlscrapersareoftenextremelypowerfulmachines;manymakersbuildscrapersof8cubicmetersstruckcapacity,whichcarry10m3heaped.Thelargestself-propelledscrapersareof19m3struckcapacity(25m3heaped)andtheyaredrivenbyatractorengineof430horse-powers.Dumpersareprobablythecommonestrubber-tyredtransportsincetheycanalsoconvenientlybeusedforcarryingconcreteorotherbuildingmaterials.Dumpershavetheearthcontaineroverthefrontaxleonlargerubber-tyredwheels,andthecontainertipsforwardsonmosttypes,thoughinarticulateddumpersthedirectionoftipcanbewidelyvaried.Thesmallestdumpershaveacapacityofabout0.5m3,andthelargeststandardtypesareofabout4.5m3.Specialtypesincludetheself-loadingdumperofupto4m3andthearticulatedtypeofabout0.5m3.Thedistinctionbetweendumpersanddumptrucksmustberemembered.dumperstipforwardsandthedriversitsbehindtheload.Dumptrucksareheavy,strengthenedtippinglorries,thedrivertravelsinfrontlftheloadandtheloadisdumpedbehindhim,sotheyaresometimescalledrear-dumptrucks.1.3SafetyofStructuresTheprincipalscopeofspecificationsistoprovidegeneralprinciplesandcomputationalmethodsinordertoverifysafetyofstructures.The“safetyfactor”,whichaccordingtomoderntrendsisindependentofthenatureandcombinationofthematerialsused,canusuallybedefinedastheratiobetweentheconditions.Thisratioisalsoproportionaltotheinverseoftheprobability(risk)offailureofthestructure.Failurehastobeconsiderednotonlyasoverallcollapseofthestructurebutalsoasunserviceabilityor,accordingtoamoreprecise.Commondefinition.Asthereachingofa“l(fā)imitstate”whichcausestheconstructionnottoaccomplishthetaskitwasdesignedfor.Therearetwocategoriesoflimitstate:鋼筋混凝土外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)全文共4頁(yè)，當(dāng)前為第4頁(yè)。(1)Ultimatelimitsate,whichcorrespondstothehighestvalueoftheload-bearingcapacity.Examplesincludelocalbucklingorglobalinstabilityofthestructure;failureofsomesectionsandsubsequenttransformationofthestructureintoamechanism;failurebyfatigue;elasticorplasticdeformationorcreepthatcauseasubstantialchangeofthegeometryofthestructure;andsensitivityofthestructuretoalternatingloads,tofireandtoexplosions.鋼筋混凝土外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)全文共4頁(yè)，當(dāng)前為第4頁(yè)。(2)Servicelimitstates,whicharefunctionsoftheuseanddurabilityofthestructure.Examplesincludeexcessivedeformationsanddisplacementswithoutinstability;earlyorexcessivecracks;largevibrations;andcorrosion.Computationalmethodsusedtoverifystructureswithrespecttothedifferentsafetyconditionscanbeseparatedinto:(1)Deterministicmethods,inwhichthemainparametersareconsideredasnonrandomparameters.(2)Probabilisticmethods,inwhichthemainparametersareconsideredasrandomparameters.Alternatively,withrespecttothedifferentuseoffactorsofsafety,computationalmethodscanbeseparatedinto:(1)Allowablestressmethod,inwhichthestressescomputedundermaximumloadsarecomparedwiththestrengthofthematerialreducedbygivensafetyfactors.(2)Limitstatesmethod,inwhichthestructuremaybeproportionedonthebasisofitsmaximumstrength.Thisstrength,asdeterminedbyrationalanalysis,shallnotbelessthanthatrequiredtosupportafactoredloadequaltothesumofthefactoredliveloadanddeadload(ultimatestate).Thestressescorrespondingtoworking(service)conditionswithunfactoredliveanddeadloadsarecomparedwithprescribedvalues(servicelimitstate).Fromthefourpossiblecombinationsofthefirsttwoandsecondtwomethods,wecanobtainsomeusefulcomputationalmethods.Generally,twocombinationsprevail:(1)deterministicmethods,whichmakeuseofallowablestresses.(2)Probabilisticmethods,whichmakeuseoflimitstates.Themainadvantageofprobabilisticapproachesisthat,atleastintheory,itispossibletoscientificallytakeintoaccountallrandomfactorsofsafety,whicharethencombinedtodefinethesafetyfactor.probabilisticapproachesdependupon:(1) Randomdistributionofstrengthofmaterialswithrespecttotheconditionsoffabricationanderection(scatterofthevaluesofmechanicalpropertiesthroughoutthestructure);鋼筋混凝土外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)全文共5頁(yè)，當(dāng)前為第5頁(yè)。(2) Uncertaintyofthegeometryofthecross-sectionsandofthestructure(faultsandimperfectionsduetofabricationanderectionofthestructure);鋼筋混凝土外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)全文共5頁(yè)，當(dāng)前為第5頁(yè)。(3) Uncertaintyofthepredictedliveloadsanddeadloadsactingonthestructure;(4)Uncertaintyrelatedtotheapproximationofthecomputationalmethodused(deviationoftheactualstressesfromcomputedstresses).Furthermore,probabilistictheoriesmeanthattheallowableriskcanbebasedonseveralfactors,suchas:(1) Importanceoftheconstructionandgravityofthedamagebyitsfailure;(2)Numberofhumanliveswhichcanbethreatenedbythisfailure;(3)Possibilityand/orlikelihoodofrepairingthestructure;(4) Predictedlifeofthestructure.Allthesefactorsarerelatedtoeconomicandsocialconsiderationssuchas：(1) Initialcostoftheconstruction;(2) Amortizationfundsforthedurationoftheconstruction;(3) Costofphysicalandmaterialdamageduetothefailureoftheconstruction;(4) Adverseimpactonsociety;(5) Moralandpsychologicalviews.鋼筋混凝土外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)全文共6頁(yè)，當(dāng)前為第6頁(yè)。Thedefinitionofalltheseparameters,foragivensafetyfactor,allowsconstructionattheoptimumcost.However,thedifficultyofcarryingoutacompleteprobabilisticanalysishastobetakenintoaccount.Forsuchananalysisthelawsofthedistributionoftheliveloadanditsinducedstresses,ofthescatterofmechanicalpropertiesofmaterials,andofthegeometryofthecross-sectionsandthestructurehavetobeknown.Furthermore,itisdifficulttointerprettheinteractionbetweenthelawofdistributionofstrengthandthatofstressesbecausebothdependuponthenatureofthematerial,onthecross-sectionsandupontheloadactingonthestructure.Thesepracticaldifficultiescanbeovercomeintwoways.Thefirstistoapplydifferentsafetyfactorstothematerialandtotheloads,withoutnecessarilyadoptingtheprobabilisticcriterion.Thesecondisanapproximateprobabilisticmethodwhichintroducessomesimplifyingassumptions(semi-probabilisticmethods)。鋼筋混凝土外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)全文共6頁(yè)，當(dāng)前為第6頁(yè)。中文翻譯1.1鋼筋混凝土素混凝土是由水泥、水、細(xì)骨料、粗骨料（碎石或；卵石）、空氣，通常還有其他外加劑等經(jīng)過(guò)凝固硬化而成。將可塑的混凝土拌合物注入到模板內(nèi)，并將其搗實(shí)，然后進(jìn)行養(yǎng)護(hù)，以加速水泥與水的水化反應(yīng)，最后獲得硬化的混凝土。其最終制成品具有較高的抗壓強(qiáng)度和較低的抗拉強(qiáng)度。其抗拉強(qiáng)度約為抗壓強(qiáng)度的十分之一。因此，截面的受拉區(qū)必須配置抗拉鋼筋和抗剪鋼筋以增加鋼筋混凝土構(gòu)件中較弱的受拉區(qū)的強(qiáng)度。由于鋼筋混凝土截面在均質(zhì)性上與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的木材或鋼的截面存在著差異，因此，需要對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的基本原理進(jìn)行修改。將鋼筋混凝土這種非均質(zhì)截面的兩種組成部分按一定比例適當(dāng)布置，可以最好的利用這兩種材料。這一要求是可以達(dá)到的。因混凝土由配料攪拌成濕拌合物，經(jīng)過(guò)振搗并凝固硬化，可以做成任何一種需要的形狀。如果拌制混凝土的各種材料配合比恰當(dāng)，則混凝土制成品的強(qiáng)度較高，經(jīng)久耐用，配置鋼筋后，可以作為任何結(jié)構(gòu)體系的主要構(gòu)件。澆筑混凝土所需要的技術(shù)取決于即將澆筑的構(gòu)件類型，諸如：柱、梁、墻、板、基礎(chǔ)，大體積混凝土水壩或者繼續(xù)延長(zhǎng)已澆筑完畢并且已經(jīng)凝固的混凝土等。對(duì)于梁、柱、墻等構(gòu)件，當(dāng)模板清理干凈后應(yīng)該在其上涂油，鋼筋表面的銹及其他有害物質(zhì)也應(yīng)該被清除干凈。澆筑基礎(chǔ)前，應(yīng)將坑底土夯實(shí)并用水浸濕6英寸，以免土壤從新澆的混凝土中吸收水分。一般情況下，除使用混凝土泵澆筑外，混凝土都應(yīng)在水平方向分層澆筑，并使用插入式或表面式高頻電動(dòng)振搗器搗實(shí)。必須記住，過(guò)分的振搗將導(dǎo)致骨料離析和混凝土泌漿等現(xiàn)象，因而是有害的。鋼筋混凝土外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)全文共7頁(yè)，當(dāng)前為第7頁(yè)。水泥的水化作用發(fā)生在有水分存在，而且氣溫在50°F以上的條件下。為了保證水泥的水化作用得以進(jìn)行，必須具備上述條件。如果干燥過(guò)快則會(huì)出現(xiàn)表面裂縫，這將有損與混凝土的強(qiáng)度，同時(shí)也會(huì)影響到水泥水化作用的充分進(jìn)行。鋼筋混凝土外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)全文共7頁(yè)，當(dāng)前為第7頁(yè)。設(shè)計(jì)鋼筋混凝土構(gòu)件時(shí)顯然需要處理大量的參數(shù)，諸如寬度、高度等幾何尺寸，配筋的面積，鋼筋的應(yīng)變和混凝土的應(yīng)變，鋼筋的應(yīng)力等等。因此，在選擇混凝土截面時(shí)需要進(jìn)行試算并作調(diào)整，根據(jù)施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)條件、混凝土原材料的供應(yīng)情況、業(yè)主提出的特殊要求、對(duì)建筑和凈空高度的要求、所用的設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范以及建筑物周圍環(huán)境條件等最后確定截面。鋼筋混凝土通常是現(xiàn)場(chǎng)澆注的合成材料，它與在工廠中制造的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)梁、柱等不同，因此對(duì)于上面所提到的一系列因素必須予以考慮。對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)體系的各個(gè)部位均需選定試算截面并進(jìn)行驗(yàn)算，以確定該截面的名義強(qiáng)度是否足以承受所作用的計(jì)算荷載。由于經(jīng)常需要進(jìn)行多次試算，才能求出所需的截面，因此設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)第一次采用的數(shù)值將導(dǎo)致一系列的試算與調(diào)整工作。選擇混凝土截面時(shí)，采用試算與調(diào)整過(guò)程可以使復(fù)核與設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)合在一起。因此，當(dāng)試算截面選定后，每次設(shè)計(jì)都是對(duì)截面進(jìn)行復(fù)核。手冊(cè)、圖表和微型計(jì)算機(jī)以及專用程序的使用，使這種設(shè)計(jì)方法更為簡(jiǎn)捷有效，而傳統(tǒng)的方法則是把鋼筋混凝土的復(fù)核與單純的設(shè)計(jì)分別進(jìn)行處理。1.2土方工程由于和土木工程中任何其他工種的施工方法與費(fèi)用相比較，土方挖運(yùn)的施工方法與費(fèi)用的變化都要快得多，因此對(duì)于有事業(yè)心的人來(lái)說(shuō)，土方工程是一個(gè)可以大有作為的領(lǐng)域。在1935年，目前采用的利用輪胎式機(jī)械設(shè)備進(jìn)行土方挖運(yùn)的方法大多數(shù)還沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)。那是大部分土方是采用窄軌鐵路運(yùn)輸，在這目前來(lái)說(shuō)是很少采用的。當(dāng)時(shí)主要的開挖方式是使用正鏟、反鏟、拉鏟或抓斗等挖土機(jī)，盡管這些機(jī)械目前仍然在廣泛應(yīng)用，但是它們只不過(guò)是目前所采用的許多方法中的一小部分。因此，一個(gè)工程師為了使自己在土方挖運(yùn)設(shè)備方面的知識(shí)跟得上時(shí)代的發(fā)展，他應(yīng)當(dāng)花費(fèi)一些時(shí)間去研究現(xiàn)代的機(jī)械。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，有關(guān)挖土機(jī)、裝載機(jī)和運(yùn)輸機(jī)械的唯一可靠而又最新的資料可以從制造廠商處獲得。土方工程或土方挖運(yùn)工程指的是把地表面過(guò)高處的土壤挖去（挖方），并把它傾卸到地表面過(guò)低的其他地方（填方）。為了降低土方工程費(fèi)用，填方量應(yīng)該等于挖方量，而且挖方地點(diǎn)應(yīng)該盡可能靠近土方量相等的填方地點(diǎn)，以減少運(yùn)輸量和填方的二次搬運(yùn)。土方設(shè)計(jì)這項(xiàng)工作落到了從事道路設(shè)計(jì)的工程師的身上，因?yàn)橥练焦こ痰脑O(shè)計(jì)比其他任何工作更能決定工程造價(jià)是否低廉。根據(jù)現(xiàn)有的地圖和標(biāo)高，道路工程師應(yīng)在設(shè)計(jì)繪圖室中的工作也并不是徒勞的。它將幫助他在最短的時(shí)間內(nèi)獲得最好的方案。鋼筋混凝土外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)全文共8頁(yè)，當(dāng)前為第8頁(yè)。費(fèi)用最低的運(yùn)土方法是用同一臺(tái)機(jī)械直接挖方取土并且卸土作為填方。這并不是經(jīng)常可以做到的，但是如果能夠做到則是很理想的，因?yàn)檫@樣做既快捷又省錢。拉鏟挖土機(jī)。推土機(jī)和正鏟挖土機(jī)都能做到這點(diǎn)。拉鏟挖土機(jī)的工作半徑最大。推土機(jī)所推運(yùn)的圖的數(shù)量最多，只是運(yùn)輸距離很短。拉鏟挖土機(jī)的缺點(diǎn)是只能挖比它本身低的土，不能施加壓力挖入壓實(shí)的土壤內(nèi)，不能在陡坡上挖土，而且挖。卸都不準(zhǔn)確。鋼筋混凝土外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)全文共8頁(yè)，當(dāng)前為第8頁(yè)。正鏟挖土機(jī)介于推土機(jī)和拉鏟挖土機(jī)的之間，其作用半徑大于推土機(jī)，但小于拉鏟挖土機(jī)。正鏟挖土機(jī)能挖取豎直陡峭的工作面，這種方式對(duì)推土機(jī)司機(jī)來(lái)說(shuō)是危險(xiǎn)的，而對(duì)拉鏟挖土機(jī)則是不可能的。每種機(jī)械設(shè)備應(yīng)該進(jìn)行最適合它的性能的作業(yè)。正鏟挖土機(jī)不能挖比其停機(jī)平面低很多的土，而深挖堅(jiān)實(shí)的土壤時(shí)，反鏟挖土機(jī)最適用，但其卸料半徑比起裝有正鏟的同一挖土機(jī)的卸料半徑則要小很多。在比較平坦的場(chǎng)地開挖，如果用拉鏟或正鏟挖土機(jī)運(yùn)輸距離太遠(yuǎn)時(shí)，則裝有輪胎式的斗式鏟運(yùn)機(jī)就是比不可少的。它能在比較平的地面上挖較深的土（但只能挖機(jī)械本身下面的土），需要時(shí)可以將土運(yùn)至幾百米遠(yuǎn)，然后卸土并在卸土的過(guò)程中把土大致鏟平。在挖掘硬土?xí)r，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)在開挖場(chǎng)地經(jīng)常用一輛助推拖拉機(jī)（輪式或履帶式），對(duì)返回挖土的鏟運(yùn)機(jī)進(jìn)行助推這種施工方法是經(jīng)濟(jì)的。一旦鏟運(yùn)機(jī)裝滿，助推拖拉機(jī)就回到開挖的地點(diǎn)去幫助下一臺(tái)鏟運(yùn)機(jī)。斗式鏟運(yùn)機(jī)通常是功率非常大的機(jī)械，許多廠家制造的鏟運(yùn)機(jī)鏟斗容