1、from: The ACS Style Guide: A Manual for Authors and Editors,1st edition(1986), 2nd edition(1997),英語科技論文 語法和修辭（表達）概要,一點說明 不同來源的資料，說法不完全相同 氣象科技英文編輯曾曉梅：“信中談到的問題我也注意到了。不同的書、不同出版單位有自己的說法和做法，不同國家的英文，差異也很大。,我在中國科技期刊研究上文章根據(jù)的是幾本美國大學(xué)英語課常用教學(xué)參考書（已列作該文的參考文獻），我習(xí)慣遵守這幾本書的規(guī)定。實際上，一些權(quán)威的書和期刊上前后都不一致?，F(xiàn)在，我在改稿時的做法是，在兩者均有根據(jù)

2、（或范例）時，一般來說不改，除非文中內(nèi)容是指個體還是整體非常明顯。*” * 指主謂一致。,第1部分 幾個語法問題 科技英語寫作語法錯誤舉例 第2部分 修辭與表達 英語寫作表達的幾個問題,平山健三 英語化學(xué)論文寫作方法 市原 英語論文的寫作方法 孫嫻柔 實用英語科技論文寫作 周春暉 科技英語寫作 馮志杰 漢英科技翻譯指要 任勝利 英語科技論文撰寫與投稿 英文現(xiàn)刊以及英文學(xué)術(shù)專著,第1部分 幾個語法問題,科技英語寫作語法錯誤舉例 1Subject-Verb Agreements Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses Dangling Modifiers（垂懸

3、修飾語） 4 Awkward Omissions of Verbs and Auxiliary Verbs,1 Subject-Verb Agreements （1）在主語中含并列連詞“and”時，應(yīng)正確區(qū)分是單個主語還是并列主語。若屬前者，謂語動詞為單數(shù)形式，若屬后者，謂語動詞則為復(fù)數(shù)形式。 例1 Application of this technique to studies on phytoplankton biomass and its environments are described. 說明 The subject is “application”, which is singu

4、lar. Application of this technique to is described.,例2 Description of the experimental conditions and the results of the present investigation is made in detail in this paper. 此句中的主語為description, the experimental conditions and the results是并列的，與of 構(gòu)成介詞短語作定語，故謂語動詞用“is made”。,例3 The experimental condi

5、tion and the result of the present investigation are described in detail in this paper. 此句中的主語為the experimental condition and the result, 為并列主語，故謂語用are described.,Sometimes, two singular subjects joined by “and” cause this error. 例4 Growth and isolation of M13 virus was described, Growth and isolati

6、on of M13 virus were described.,Exception: A subject that is plural in form but singular in effect takes a singular verb. 例5 The name and address of each contributor is given on the title page. 例6 Research and development is attracting a growing number of young scientists. R in that case they are of

7、ten preceded by the word “the”. Collective nouns take a plural verb when individuals of the group are meant; in that case, they are often preceded by the word “a”. contents majority range couple number series dozen pair variety group,例13 The series is arranged in order of decreasing size. 說明 Refers

8、to the series as a unit. 例14 A series of compounds were tested. 說明 Refers to each compound.,例15 The number of metal amides synthesized was the largest to date. (Refers to the number as a unit.) A number of metal amides were synthesized. (Refers to each amide.) 例16 The series of compounds was prepare

9、d to test the hypothesis. (Refers to the series as a unit.) A series of compounds were tested. (Refers to each compound.),例17 A series of low molecular weight phenolphthalein epoxy resins ( Mn500-700) has been prepared from phenolphthalein and epichlorohydrin using K2CO3(Na2CO3)/H2O as catalysts ins

10、tead of NaOH/H2O., A series of low molecular weight phenolphthalein epoxy resins ( Mn500-700) heve been prepared from phenolphthalein and epichlorohydrin using K2CO3(Na2CO3)/H2O as catalysts instead of NaOH/H2O.,an average of + 數(shù)詞（意思為平均數(shù)量有之多）作主語，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式,An average of 100 kinds of reagents were in

11、regular supply from the company each year.,the average of + 數(shù)詞 意思為平均數(shù)（值） 作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。,The average of a series of values is obtained simply by adding all the individual values and dividing the sum by the number of values. （= The average of a series of values is obtained simply by adding all the ind

12、ividual values and dividing the sum by the measurement times.）,（4） “Data” can be a singular or plural noun. 例18 Experimental data that we obtained are compared with previously reported results. 說明 Refers to the data as individual results. 例19 After the data are distributed, we can meet to discuss th

13、em., After the data is distributed, we can meet to discuss it. 說明 Refers to the whole collection of data as one unit.,（5）Units of measurement are treated as collective nouns and therefore take a singular verb. 例20 The mixture was stirred, and 5 mL of diluent were added., The mixture was stirred, and

14、 5 mL of diluent was added.,例21 Five grams of NaCL were added to the solution., Five grams of NaCL was added to the solution.,例22 Three weeks are needed to complete the experiment., Three weeks is needed to complete the experiment.,例23 None of the samples was soluble. None of the samples were solubl

15、e. 說明 Refers to individuals. 例24 This group of workers are well aware of their responsibilities., This group of workers is well aware of its responsibilities. 說明 Refers to the group as a unit.,（6）某些特殊變化的復(fù)數(shù)名詞切不可誤認為是單數(shù)名詞，這樣的詞（如analyses, bacteria, criteria, formulae, phenomena, spectra，data等）作主語時，謂語動詞用

16、復(fù)數(shù)形式。 例25 Extensive data on the thermodynamical properties of the elements are available. 例26 The IR absorption spectra provide significant information regarding functional groups.,（7）Nouns ending in ics and denoting a scientific discipline are usually singular. dynamics mechanics kinetics physics m

17、athematics thermodynamics Mechanics involves the application of Newtons three laws of motion. The kinetics of electron transfer to and from photogenerated radicals was examined by laser flash photolysis. The thermodynamics is governed by the positions of the valence and conduction bands.,（8）Compound

18、 subjects containing the words “each”, “every”, and “everybody” may take singular verbs. 例27 Each flask and each holder was sterilized before use.,Both components of the compound subject must contain the words in question. Otherwise, the verb must be plural. 例28 Each student and all of the professor

19、s were invited.,（9）Sometimes, one of these words is implicit; such cases take a singular verb. 例29 Each name and address is entered into the database.,（10）Indefinite pronouns themselves (or adjectives combined with the indefinite pronoun “one”) can be the subject of the sentence. Those that take a s

20、ingular verb are “each”, “either”, “neither”, “no one”, “every one”, “anyone”, “someone”, “everyone”, “anybody”, “somebody”, and “ everybody”.,例 30 Each was evaluated for its effect on metabolism. 例 31 Neither disrupts the cell membrane. 例 32 Regarding compounds 1-10, every one reacts with the contr

21、ol agent. 例 33 Someone measures the volume every day., Those that take a plural verb are “several”, “few”, “both”, “and “many”. 例34 Several were evaluated for their effects on metabolism. 例35 Few disrupt the cell membrane. 例36 Regarding compounds 1 and 2, both react with the control agent. 例37Many w

22、ere chosen to be part of the study., Those that take either a singular or plural verb, depending on context, are “some”, “any”, “none”, “all”, and “most”. The number of the object of the preposition determines the number of the indefinite pronoun related to it. 例38Some of the money was stolen. 例39 S

23、ome of the books were lost. 例40Not all the disks are here; some were lost.,（11）When a fraction is the subject of the sentence, the number of the attendant object of the preposition determines the number of the subject. 例41 Onethird of the precipitate was dissolved. 例42 Onefourth of the electrons are

24、 excited. 例43 The remainder of the compounds are yet to be described.,（12）Most of （plenty of , a lot of）+ 復(fù)數(shù)名詞 作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式； Most of （plenty of , a lot of）+ 不可數(shù)名詞 作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式 Most of the better-known organic solvents are all suitable for these tests. There is plenty of distilled water in the b

25、ottle.(其中的 water是不可數(shù)名詞。),There are plenty of test tubes on test table. There is plenty of food. There are plenty of apples. Is there a lot of support for the idea? There are a lot of tourists here.,（13）When a subject and its predicative disagree in number, the verb takes the number of the subject. 例

26、44 The preparation and structure determination of these three compounds are the topic of paper. 例45 The topic of this paper is the preparation and structure determination of these three compounds.,Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses 當(dāng)復(fù)合句的某一從句是限制性從句，則該從句對句子的含義是必須的，如無該從句句子便失去意義。最好以“that”（而非“which”）

27、引出限制性從句。 When a clause in a compound sentence is restrictive, the clause is necessary to the sense of the sentence, the sentence would become pointless without the clause. Restrictive clauses are best introduced by “that”, not “which”.,例46 It was necessary to fined a blocking group which would react

28、 with the amino group but not with the hydroxyl. It was necessary to fined a blocking group that would react with the amino group but not with the hydroxyl.,A phrase or clause is nonrestrictive if it adds information but is not essential ; that is, the sentence does not lose its meaning if the phras

29、e or clause is deleted. Nonrestrictive phrase and clause are set off by commas. 如短語或從句只是給句子增添信息，但并非根本性的，則為非限制性短語或從句，即如刪去這類短語或從句，句子并不失去其意義。非限制性短語或從句前后用逗號分隔。,例47 The current-voltage curves, which are shown in Figure 6, clearly demonstrate the reversibility of all four processes.,例48 Melvin Calvin, who

30、 won the Nobel Prize in 1961, elucidated the biochemical pathways in photosynthesis. 例49 Here, the Total signal, which is the analog of standard DSC, makes it very hard to find the polymer Tg.,3Dangling Modifiers （垂懸修飾語） 也稱垂懸短語 (Dangling phrases) One form of a dangling modifier is a verbal phrase th

31、at not refer clearly and logically to another word or phrase in the sentence., The understood subject is usually the same as in the main clause. Walking across the field, we saw a plane fly past. (= As we were walking , we saw ) 與句子主語沒有聯(lián)系的短語修飾語，即動詞短語的邏輯主語（隱含主語）與主句主語不一致。 短語的隱含主語和主句中的主語應(yīng)保持一致。,懸垂修飾語或稱懸

32、垂短語（Dangling phrases）是指對句子中的另一詞或短語關(guān)系不清晰并不合邏輯非謂語動詞短語。人們所理解的這類短語的邏輯主語通常與主句的主語是一致的。 下面列舉懸垂修飾語的幾種情形：,（1）If a modifier precedes the subject of a sentence, it must modify that subject and be separated from it by a comma. Otherwise, it is a dangling modifier. 如果一個修飾語是在句子的主語之前，它必須修飾那個主語，并以逗號分隔。否則就是懸垂修飾語,例 5

33、0 Splitting the atom, many new elements were discovered by Seaborg. 此句中的 splitting the atom 為現(xiàn)在分詞短語，其邏輯主語應(yīng)與句子主語一致，故需改成, Splitting the atom, Seaborg discovered many new elements.,或?qū)?splitting the atom考慮為動名詞短語,在其前加 on 或 upon 變成介詞短語： Upon Splitting the atom, many new elements were discovered by Seaborg

34、. Upon Splitting the atom, Seaborg discovered many new elements.,例51 When confronted with these limitations, the experiments were discontinued. When confronted with these limitations, we discontinued the experiments. In light of these limitations, the experiments were discontinued.,例52 Understanding

35、 the effect of substituents on the parent molecules, the ortho hydrogens could be assigned to the high-frequency peak.,Understanding the effect of substituents on the parent molecules, we could assign the ortho hydrogens to the high-frequency peak.,例53 Using the procedure described previously, the p

36、artition function can be evaluated. the partition function can be evaluated by using the procedure described previously. Or, Using the procedure described previously, we can evaluate the partition function.,這種懸垂結(jié)構(gòu)（例50、51、53）可修改為介詞短語 upon, in light of , by using 但由于主句的主語并非介詞短語中的行為執(zhí)行者，有時仍視為懸垂結(jié)構(gòu),(2) Ph

37、rases starting with “based on” must modify a noun or pronoun that usually immediately precedes or follows the phrase. Use phrases starting with “on the basis of” to modify a verb. 短語 based on 在句中修飾一個名詞或代名詞，通常該短語緊跟被修飾的名詞或代名詞之后。應(yīng)以 “On the basis of ” 開頭的短語去修飾一個動詞。即一個句子可以 On the basis of 開頭，而不是以Based on

38、開頭。,例54 Based on resonance enhancement and frequency shifts, changes in the interring separation were calculated., On the basis of resonance enhancement and frequency shifts, changes in the interring separation were calculated.,例55 Based on extensive study, this genetic deficiency was attributed to

39、the loss of one isozyme. (“Based on extensive study” modifies the noun “deficiency”, but this not the meaning.), On the basis of extensive study, this genetic deficiency was attributed to the loss of one isozyme. (“On the basis of extensive study” modifies the verb “was attributed”.),例56 Style guide

40、lines based on authoritative sources are included in this book. 例57 Figure 8 shows the analysis of a drug delivery system based on amorphous, biodegradable polymer microspheres.,（3）“Due to” means “attributable to”; use it only to modify a noun or pronoun directly preceding it in the sentence or foll

41、owing a form of the verb “to be”. “Due to” 意思是 “attributable to” （歸因于）; 用它只是去修飾一個名詞或代名詞，在句中直接將其前置；或在動詞 “to be” 的某種形式之后 。,例58 Delays resulted due to equipment failure., Delays due to equipment failure were unavoidable. The delays were due to equipment failure.,Dangling phrases 包括懸垂分詞短語、 懸垂不定式短語和懸垂介詞短

42、語3種 a. 懸垂分詞短語 (Dangling participle phrases) Having reviewed the technical report, several mistakes were found in it., Having reviewed the technical report, we found several mistakes in it.,Based on the biological and geographical characters, lakes in China can be divided into five major groups., On

43、the basis of the biological and geographical characters, lakes in China can be divided into five major groups. Lakes in China can be divided into five major groups according to their biological and geographical characters.,b.懸垂不定式短語 (Dangling infinitive phrases) In order to realize sustainable devel

44、opment of society, it needs to consider the protected area construction as an important component of regional developmental planning and , In order to realize sustainable development of society, we should consider the construction of protected area as an important component of regional developmental

45、 planning and ,c.懸垂介詞短語 (Dangling preposition phrases) After removing the outmost leaves, the material was rubbed with 70% ethanol for surface sterilization. The materials were cleansed with 70% ethanol for surface sterilization, after their outmost leaves were removed. 主句和介詞短語均為被動態(tài)，their 是指代 materi

46、als,下面幾種情形不是dangling modifiers: (4) Absolute constructions are words, phrases, or clauses that are grammatically unconnected with the rest of the sentence in which they appear. They are sometimes called “sentence modifiers” because they qualify the rest of the sentence. They may occur anywhere in th

47、e sentence, and they are always set off by commas. They are not dangling modifiers.,在句中出現(xiàn)的與句子的其余部分在語法上無聯(lián)系的詞、短語和從句。由于它們是修飾句子的其余部分，有時將其稱作句子修飾語 “sentence modifiers” 。這種獨立結(jié)構(gòu)可出現(xiàn)在句子的任意處，并以逗號分隔，它們不是垂懸修飾語。 例59 Contrary to the excitedstate situation, metalbonding interactions in the ground states are weak.,例

48、60 The constructions were premature, considering the lack of available data. 例61 judging from the spectral changes, exhaustive photolysis of compound 4 had occurred. 例62 The conformations about the ReRe bond, in addition, are different for all three complexes.,Absolute constructions often begin with

49、 one of the following words: 獨立結(jié)構(gòu)常以下列各詞之一開頭： considering provided given providing judging regarding concerning failing,（5）In mathematical papers, absolute phrases beginning with the words “assuming” and “taking” are often used as sentence modifiers. 例63 Assuming that distance d is induced by the nor

50、m, M is a symmetrical and positively defined matrix. 例64 Taking this value as an upper limit, the two shortest distances are sometimes too long for incipient hydrogen bonds.,（6）A subordinate or elliptical clause may be used as a sentence modifier. 例65 The compound is stable in air, as we concluded f

51、rom the experiment evidence. 例66 The Mo 5s orbitals, as expected, interact strongly with the ligands. （7）An introductory infinitive or infinitive phrase may be a sentence modifier. 例67 To prepare compound 2, the method of Garner was followed.,4 Awkward Omissions of Verbs and Auxiliary Verbs Be sure

52、that each subject in a compound sentence has the proper verbs and auxiliary verbs. 例68 The eluant was added to the column, and the samples collected in 10-mL increments., The eluant was added to the column, and the samples were collected in 10-mL increments.,小結(jié) 1 主謂一致 以 and 連接的兩個單數(shù)主語 通常，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù) 有些主語

53、形式上是復(fù)數(shù)，實際上是單數(shù) 這時謂語動詞用單數(shù) 并列主語前后均含有“each”，“every”， “everybody” 之類的詞，用單數(shù)謂語動詞, 兩個主語以“or”連接，謂語與最靠近的主語 一致 集合名詞 The series (to be) 視為整體，謂語 用單數(shù) A series of 視為分別的，謂語用復(fù)數(shù) 度量單位，單數(shù) 由分數(shù)作主語，由隨之的介詞賓語的數(shù)決 定主語的數(shù),2 限制性和非限制性從句 that ,which , 3 懸垂修飾語 與句子主語沒有聯(lián)系的短語修飾語。 由On the basis of 開頭 , 不是 Based on due to 后跟名詞或代名詞， 或(to

54、 be) due to,Sentence modifiers 獨立結(jié)構(gòu) 數(shù)學(xué)論文，以assuming, taking 開頭 的句子 從句或省略句 不定式短語 4 動詞與助動詞的不合理省略 如助動詞“to be”的省略,Language,The language must aid the understanding of your work. Poor use of language will discourage editors from accepting your work. Spend time on perfecting the language. Communicating the

55、science is as important as the science itself. Ask a skilled writer or someone fluent in English to check your manuscript before submission.,Language,Spare the reader the trouble of guessing what you mean! Complaint from an Editor: “I refuse to spend time trying to understand what the author is tryi

56、ng to say. They cannot expect us to correct a poorly written manuscript.If there are more than 6 grammatical errors in the abstract, then I do not waste my time reading the rest. ”,Language,Clarity, objectivity, accuracy, brevity Use scientific English. Practice writing English whenever you can. Kee

57、p records in English during research. Pay attention to the following: Consistency of the sentences Logic of expression Grammar, spelling and punctuation should be correct,Language long sentences,Direct and short sentences are preferred! Avoid long sentences. The average length of sentences in scient

58、ific writing is about 12 to 17 words. The Chinese language can express more complicated meaning with fewer words than English. Change your style when writing in English. One piece of information per sentence is sufficient, avoid multiple pieces in one sentence.,第2部分 修辭與表達,科技英語寫作表達 的幾個問題,1 簡明 2 富于變幻 3 辨析近義詞 4 語法修辭及其他