1、,國(guó)際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)概述(International Trade Practice In Chinese and English),制作人：Stillwater Wang,貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ),Overview,Introduction to International Trade,1.1 The definition of international trade,International trade can be defined as the exchange of goods and services produced in one country (or district) with those pro

2、duced in another country(or district).,The reasons for international trade,The uneven distribution of natural resources,B. International specialization,C. Different Patterns of demand among nations,D. Economies of scale,E. Innovation or variety of style,$860,$625,73%,Even the IBM PC Isnt All-America

3、n,Total manufacturing cost: US$860,Portion made overseas: US$625,In u.s. owned plants $230,In foreign-owned plants $395,Distribution of Manufacturing Parts Monitor Korea Semiconductors Japan Power supply Japan Graphics Printer Japan Floppy Disk Drives Singapore Assembly of disk drives U.S Keyboard J

4、apan Case and final Assembly U.S,The suppliers come from U.S. ,Japan, France, Canada, Italy, Australia, South Korea, United Kingdom,Even the Boeing 777 Isnt All American,So it is increasingly difficult to say what is a “U.S.” product; what is “Japanese” product.,1.2. The history of international tra

5、de development,The first beginning of international trade,The development of international trade in different social period,In Chinas history, it has been among the first to trade with other countries. What the most famous trading channel in China, as we all know, is the Ancient Silk Road. In the Mi

6、ddle Ages, trading was important that merchants and producers began specializing in marking and selling goods and shops appeared in growing numbers. We should say that industrial revolution resulted in a boost in trading and stimulated the development of modern trading. As centuries progressed, many

7、 standard rules and practices came into being in order to meet the challenge.,1.3.1.Export Trade / Import Trade / Transit Trade,1.3. The different forms of international trade,Re-Export / Re-Import;,Net Export / Net Import,1.3.2. General Trade / Special Trade,General Trade: country territory. (Japan

8、,United Kingdom, Canada Australia, East Europe) General Import / General Export,Special Trade: Customs Territory.(German, Italy, Swiss),1.3.3. Visible Trade / Invisible Trade,1.3.4 Direct Trade / Indirect Trade / Entrepot Trade,1.3.5 Trade by Roadway / Trade by Seaway / Trade by Airway / Trade by Ma

9、il Order,1.3.6 Free-Liquidation Trade / Barter Trade,1.4 . Another basic concepts about international trade,1.4.1. amount of foreign trade total amount of import and export for a country in definite period.,1.4.2. amount of international trade total amount of export for all countries in definite per

10、iod.,1.4.3. trade balance favorable balance: export import (surplus) adverse balance: exportimport (deficit),1.4.4. commodity structure primary commodities Industry commodities (finished goods),1.4.5. factors of production capital, human resources or labor property resources including land,1.5 The d

11、ifference between domestic trade and international trade,1.5.1. different effect to economy development,1.5.2. different environment,social and culture /,law and economic policy,currency system,1.5.3. difficult movement for factors of production among nations,1.5.4. more risks when you do internatio

12、nal business,Credit; Business; Price;,exchange rate; Transportation; Politics.,1.6 國(guó)際商務(wù)環(huán)境,進(jìn)口商,生產(chǎn)廠家,海關(guān),稅務(wù)局,出口商,What is international trade?,International trade, also known as world trade, foreign trade or overseas trade, is the fair and deliberate exchange of goods and services across national bounda

13、ries. It concerns trade operations of both import and export and includes the purchase and sale of both visible and invisible goods. As import is an kind of opposite operation to export, since if we understand export administration, so does the import.,What is export?,Exporting is an extension of tr

14、ading with the customers living in another country. This extension of the traders domain is highly important, since it enables the buyers to make a choice between alternative goods in satisfying his needs. Not only are the goods of his own nation available to him but also those of other nations as w

15、ell. A major benefit of exporting is an enhanced opportunity to exploit the comparative advantages enjoyed by the procedures in domestic market. Some other advantages of exporting as a national objective are its contribution to better use of national resources, reducing unemployment, increasing fore

16、ign exchange earnings and improving the balance of payment.,Benefit of exporting (briefly) 1)Better use of national resources. 2)technological advance 3) reducing unemployment 4) foreign exchange earnings 5) balance of payment,第一章 國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ) 第二章 主要貿(mào)易條件 第三章 商品的價(jià)格 第四章 國(guó)際貨物運(yùn)輸 第五章 國(guó)際貨物運(yùn)輸保險(xiǎn) 第六章 國(guó)際貨款的收付 第七章 檢

17、驗(yàn)、索賠 、不可抗力與仲裁 第八章 合同的磋商 第九章 合同的履行 第十章 國(guó)際貿(mào)易方式,目錄,第一章 國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ) International Trade terms,貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)及國(guó)貿(mào)易際慣例 (trade terms and international customary practices),國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)的含義及作用 有關(guān)貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)的國(guó)際慣例,返回目錄,Case(案例)： One import and export company exported his goods under the CIF term. The seller delivered the goods on board th

18、e vessel on time and prepared all necessary documents. But the vessel stranded and sank in a few hours after departure. The next day, when the seller asked for payment with full set of documents in conformity with the contract, the buyer refused to accept the documents and rejected payment because h

19、is goods have been lost. Is it reasonable for the buyer to do so? Why?,返回目錄,、The definition of Trade Terms（貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)的定義）:,FOB LONDON,The trade terms refer to using a brief English concept or abbreviation to indicate the formation of the unit price and determine the responsibilities, expenses and risks bo

20、rne by two parties as well as the time of the passing of the property in the goods.,返回目錄,2、International customary practices (國(guó)際貿(mào)易慣例),Warsaw-Oxford Rules 1932 華沙牛津公約 Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941美國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易修訂本 International Rules For the Interpretation of Trade Terms國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則,返回目錄, INC

21、OTERMS 2000術(shù)語(yǔ)簡(jiǎn)介,適用于海運(yùn)和內(nèi)河運(yùn)輸方式的貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)： FOB, CFR, CIF, FAS, DES, DEQ 適用于各種運(yùn)輸方式的全能貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)： FCA, CPT, CIP, DDU, DDP,INCOTERMS 2000中所規(guī)定的貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)共有13種 按其順序分為E、F、C、D四組 E組（啟運(yùn)） EXW ex work 工廠交貨 F組（主運(yùn)費(fèi)未付）： FCA Free Carrier 貨交承運(yùn)人； FAS Free Alongside Ship 裝運(yùn)港船邊交貨； FOB Free on Board 裝運(yùn)港船上交貨。,C組（主要運(yùn)費(fèi)已付）： CFR Cost and Freig

22、ht 成本加運(yùn)費(fèi)； CIF Cost Insurance and Freight 成本加保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)和運(yùn)費(fèi)； CPT Carriage Paid to 運(yùn)費(fèi)付至、 CIP Carriage and Insurance Paid to 運(yùn)費(fèi)和保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)付至 D組(到達(dá)): DAF Delivered At Frontier 邊境交貨； DES Delivered Ex Ship 目的港船上交貨； DEQ Delivered Ex Quay 目的港碼頭交貨； DDU Delivered Duty Unpaid 未完稅交貨； DDP Delivered Duty Paid 完稅后交貨。,Selected Tr

23、ade Terms,EXW,FCA(Named Inland Carrier at Named Inland Point of Departure,FCA(Named Inland Carrier at Named Inland Port of Exportation,FAS(Named Portof Shipment),F.O.B.Vessel(Named Portof Shipment),Origin(Factory, Mine, Plantation, Warehouse),Inland Carrier,Dock at Port of Shipment,Vessel,Country of

24、 Origin,Selected Trade Terms,CFR,CIF(Named Port of Destination,DDU / DDP(Named Placeof Destination),Inland Carrier,Dock at Port of Destination,Vessel,Country of Destination,Destination,常用的貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ),FOB (Free on Board,named port of shipment)船上交貨(指定裝運(yùn)港) CFR (Cost and Freight，named port of destination)成本加運(yùn)費(fèi)

25、(指定目的港) CIF (Cost，Insurance and Freight，named port of destination)成本加保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)、運(yùn)費(fèi)(指定目的港),返回目錄,FOB, Free on Board (Named port of Shipment) 指定裝運(yùn)港船上交貨,It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver the goods when they have passed over the ships rail at the named port of shipment. This means that

26、the buyer has to bear all expenses and risks of or damage to the goods from that point.,返回目錄,FOB（named port of shipment）,1、賣(mài)方的義務(wù),1）賣(mài)方的責(zé)任,A、提供符合合同規(guī)定的貨物,B、辦理出口手續(xù),C、按照合同規(guī)定的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)，將貨物裝到買(mǎi)方派來(lái)的船上,D、迅速發(fā)出裝船通知,E、移交有關(guān)的貨運(yùn)單據(jù)或電子數(shù)據(jù),2）賣(mài)方的費(fèi)用,貨物裝船前的一切費(fèi)用,3）賣(mài)方的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)*,貨物在裝運(yùn)港越過(guò)船弦前的一切風(fēng)險(xiǎn)（實(shí)際業(yè)務(wù)中以取得清潔提單為界）,2、買(mǎi)方的義務(wù),1）買(mǎi)方的責(zé)任,A、租船訂艙，

27、并及時(shí)通知賣(mài)方,B、辦理保險(xiǎn),C、接受貨運(yùn)單據(jù)，支付貨款,D、辦理進(jìn)口手續(xù)，收取貨物,2）買(mǎi)方的費(fèi)用,貨物裝船以后的一切費(fèi)用,3）買(mǎi)方的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),裝運(yùn)港越過(guò)船弦以后的一切風(fēng)險(xiǎn),3、采用FOB術(shù)語(yǔ)時(shí)應(yīng)注意的問(wèn)題,1）裝船費(fèi)用的問(wèn)題,（大宗貨物程租船運(yùn)輸）,A、在合同中訂明,Loading Charges to be Covered by the Seller (Buyer),FOB Under Tackle （吊鉤所及）,FOB Liner Terms （買(mǎi)方）,FOBS（理艙費(fèi)在內(nèi)）賣(mài)方 FOBT（平艙費(fèi)在內(nèi)）賣(mài)方 FOBST *變形不改變FOB的性質(zhì)。,B、FOB的變形,CFR (Cost an

28、d Freight，named port of destination)成本加運(yùn)費(fèi)(指定目的港),It means that the seller shall undertake the cost and freight necessary to carry the goods to the named port of destination, but the risks of, losses of, or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time th

29、e goods have been delivered on board the vessel, are transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods pass the ships rail at the port of shipment,返回目錄,CFR（named port of destination）,1、賣(mài)方的義務(wù),1）賣(mài)方的責(zé)任,A、提供符合合同規(guī)定的貨物,B、辦理出口手續(xù),C、租船訂艙,D、按合同規(guī)定時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)將貨物裝船,E、迅速發(fā)出裝船通知,F、移交有關(guān)貨運(yùn)單據(jù)或數(shù)字信息,2）賣(mài)方的費(fèi)用,裝船前的一切費(fèi)用、裝船費(fèi)

30、用、貨物從裝運(yùn)港至目的港的正常運(yùn)費(fèi),3）賣(mài)方的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)*,與FOB一樣,2、買(mǎi)方的義務(wù),1）買(mǎi)方的責(zé)任 A 承擔(dān)裝船后引起的額外費(fèi)用（包括保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)） B 接受貨運(yùn)單據(jù)，支付貨款 C 辦理進(jìn)口手續(xù)，收取貨物 2）風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 裝運(yùn)港越過(guò)船弦以后的一切風(fēng)險(xiǎn),3、采用CFR術(shù)語(yǔ)時(shí)應(yīng)注意的問(wèn)題,1)卸貨費(fèi)用的負(fù)擔(dān)問(wèn)題,A : 合同中明確規(guī)定,Unloading Charges to be covered by the Buyer.,B : CFR的變形,CFR Ex Ships Hold (買(mǎi)方),CFR Liner Terms (賣(mài)方或船方),CFR Landed (賣(mài)方),*CFR 變形只是說(shuō)明卸貨費(fèi)用的負(fù)擔(dān)問(wèn)

31、題，不改變本身的性質(zhì)。,2)關(guān)于裝船通知的問(wèn)題,賣(mài)方在貨物裝船后必須及時(shí)向買(mǎi)主發(fā)出裝船通知，以便買(mǎi)方辦理投保。 CFR下裝船通知有更重要的意義。（P89）,CIF (Cost，Insurance and Freight，named port of destination)成本加保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)、運(yùn)費(fèi)(指定目的港),It means that the seller has the obligation to procure marine insurance against the risks of, losses of, or damage to the goods during the carriage

32、.,返回目錄,CIF（named port of destination）和CFR不同，保險(xiǎn)由賣(mài)方負(fù)責(zé)辦理。,注意事項(xiàng)： 1、保險(xiǎn)問(wèn)題,保險(xiǎn)險(xiǎn)別：,如合同中未明確規(guī)定，賣(mài)方只可投保協(xié)會(huì)貨物條款（ICC）或類似條款中最低的保險(xiǎn)險(xiǎn)別 如買(mǎi)方要求也可加保，但費(fèi)用由買(mǎi)方承擔(dān)。,保險(xiǎn)金額,如合同中未明確規(guī)定，保險(xiǎn)金額最少應(yīng)按CIF價(jià)加成10%,2、到岸價(jià) CIF屬于裝運(yùn)港交貨，不是“到岸價(jià)” *賣(mài)方不承擔(dān)保證把貨送到約定目的港的義務(wù)。,3、核算運(yùn)費(fèi) 貨價(jià)中包括運(yùn)費(fèi)，應(yīng)認(rèn)真核算。 考慮因素：距離；運(yùn)價(jià)；轉(zhuǎn)船；方式。,4、關(guān)于象征性交貨,實(shí)際交貨規(guī)定的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)將規(guī)定的貨物交給買(mǎi)方或指定的人。 象征性交貨以

33、交單代替交貨。 賣(mài)方憑單交貨，買(mǎi)方憑單付款。 賣(mài)方交單只是買(mǎi)方付款的前提，還必須履行交貨義務(wù)。,5、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)劃分的問(wèn)題,與FOB、CFR完全相同,6、卸貨費(fèi)用的問(wèn)題與CFR相同,7、貨物特定化EG,Mode of transportation(運(yùn)輸方式),The formation of the unit price(價(jià)格構(gòu)成),The place of delivery/risk transfer（交貨地點(diǎn)/風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移點(diǎn)）,Responsibilities, expenses and risks borne by two parties（雙方責(zé)任、費(fèi)用和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的劃分）,返回目錄,1.The mode

34、 of transportation (運(yùn)輸方式),Suitable for sea or inland waterway transport.,2.The formation of the unit price(價(jià)格構(gòu)成),FOB: Cost(成本) CFR: Cost and Freight(成本和運(yùn)費(fèi)) CIF: Cost, Insurance and Freight(成本和運(yùn)費(fèi)和保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)),返回目錄,3.The place of delivery /risk transfer (交貨地點(diǎn)和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移點(diǎn)),On the ships rail at the named port of ship

35、ment (在裝運(yùn)港的船舷),4.The expenses and responsibilities borne by two parties (雙方費(fèi)用、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和責(zé)任的劃分),返回目錄,The seller The buyer,FOB,Deliver the goods on board the vessel交貨,Contract for the carriage of the goods 租船訂艙,Obtain export license 獲得出口許可證,Obtain import license,Cover cargo insurance 投保,Provide documents for

36、 the buyer and ask for payment 交單議付,Pay the price and take delivery of the goods,返回目錄,The seller the buyer,CFR,Contract for the carriage of the goods at his own expenses,On usual term 通常條件 By the usual route 慣常航線 In the proper vessel 適合的船舶,Usual freight 正常運(yùn)費(fèi),Additional Freight 額外運(yùn)費(fèi),返回目錄,The seller t

37、he buyer,CIF,Contract for the carriage of the goods,Cover cargo insurance on behalf of the buyer,Minimum insurance (F.P.A) 最低險(xiǎn)別,additional insurance premium 額外保險(xiǎn)費(fèi),返回目錄,CFR,賣(mài)方,在裝港船上交貨,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在船舷轉(zhuǎn)移,賣(mài)方承擔(dān)運(yùn)費(fèi),海運(yùn),賣(mài)方辦理出口手續(xù),買(mǎi)方負(fù)責(zé)保險(xiǎn)、 進(jìn)口手續(xù),鐵路,公路,買(mǎi)方,裝運(yùn)港,目的港,CIF,1.The expenses and risks are separated (風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和費(fèi)用分離),2.CIF t

38、erm is document transaction 單據(jù)交易 (Symbolic delivery) 象征性交貨,The seller fulfills his duty of delivering goods against the documents,The buyer shall pay the price against the documents,返回目錄,CIF,賣(mài)方,在裝船港上交貨,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在船舷轉(zhuǎn)移,賣(mài)方辦出口手續(xù),買(mǎi)方承擔(dān)運(yùn)費(fèi) 和保險(xiǎn)費(fèi),海運(yùn),買(mǎi)方負(fù)責(zé)辦理進(jìn)口手續(xù),鐵路 公路,買(mǎi)方,FOB、CFR、CIF的共同點(diǎn),都是用于水上運(yùn)輸方式； 都是裝運(yùn)港交貨的貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)； 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移的

39、界限：裝運(yùn)港船舷； 象征性交貨性質(zhì)；,FOB CFR CIF的差別,買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方承擔(dān)的責(zé)任費(fèi)用不同, 貨交承運(yùn)人的三個(gè)貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ),1)FCA(Free Carrier,named place) 貨交承運(yùn)人( 指定地點(diǎn)) 2)CIP(Carriage insurance Paid to，named place of destination)運(yùn)費(fèi)、保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)付至(指定目的地)。 3) CPT (Carriage Paid Tonamed place of destination)運(yùn)費(fèi)付至(指定目的地),返回目錄,目的地交貨的各種術(shù)語(yǔ),1)DAF (Delivered at Frontiernamed pla

40、ce) 邊境交貨(指定地點(diǎn)) 2)DES(Delivered Ex Shipnamed port of destination目的港船上交貨(指定目的港) 3)DEQ(Delivered Ex Quay，named Port Of destination)目的港碼頭交貨(指定目的港 ) 4)DDU(Delivered Duty Unpaid，named place of destination)未完稅交貨(指定目的地) 5)DDP (Delivered Duty Paid,named place of destination)完稅后交貨（指定目的地）,返回目錄,國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)一覽圖,A,W,C,

41、DDU,DEQ,DES,FOB,FAS,EXW,DAF,FCA,Buyer,Seller,CIP,CPT,CIF,CFR,DDP,Pricing objectives:,It can be divided into two kinds: long-term objectives and short term objectives. Both of them are oriented towards profit, towards sales, or toward maintaining the status quo.,Pricing Strategy:,Penetration pricing滲

42、透定價(jià)法：相對(duì)低價(jià)刺激需求，開(kāi)拓市場(chǎng) skimming strategy撇取定價(jià)法：目的在于從買(mǎi)主身上賺取高額利潤(rùn) Early cash recovery pricing資金速斯回收定價(jià)法：需求低高價(jià)策略；當(dāng)需求高低價(jià)策略；目的在迅速收回現(xiàn)金。,Useful Words concerned:,Terms of delivery 價(jià)格術(shù)語(yǔ) Terms of trade 貿(mào)易條件 Trading practice 貿(mào)易慣例 The revised American Trade Definitions 1941. 美國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易定義1941年修正本 INCOTERMS 國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則 源于Int

43、ernational Commercial Terms.全稱是：International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms. 由國(guó)際商會(huì)于1936年制定通則，1974年和1980年修改補(bǔ)充。在1980年版中包括14個(gè)貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)，規(guī)定了買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方的權(quán)利和義務(wù)。,第二章 主要貿(mào)易條件 The Quality of Goods The Quantity of Goods Packing and Marking,返回目錄,nit1 Quality of Goods 商品的品質(zhì),表示品質(zhì)的方法,(1)用文字說(shuō)明表示商品的品質(zhì)(Sale by Descr

44、iption),憑規(guī)格、等級(jí)或標(biāo)準(zhǔn)買(mǎi)賣(mài)(Sale by Specification, Grade or Standard) 商品規(guī)格(Specification)：The specification of the goods refers to certain main indicators which indicate the quality of the goods, such as composition, content, purity, size, length, etc.,返回目錄,商品的等級(jí)(Grade)The grade of the goods refers to the c

45、lassifications of the commodity of the goods which is indicated by words, numbers or symbols. The classifications are usually decided by different qualities, weights, compositions, appearances, properties, etc.,商品的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（Standard）The standard refers to the specifications or grades which are stipulated a

46、nd announced by the government or the chambers of commerce, etc.,返回目錄,憑牌號(hào)或商標(biāo)買(mǎi)賣(mài)（Sale by Brand Name or Trade Mark） As to the goods whose quality is stable, reputation is sound and with which the customers are quite familiar, we may sell it by brand name or trade mark.,憑產(chǎn)地名稱買(mǎi)賣(mài)(Sale by Name of Origin) I

47、t is suitable for some agricultural products and by-products whose origins are well- known all over the world.,返回目錄,憑說(shuō)明書(shū)和圖樣買(mǎi)賣(mài)(Sale by Description and Illustration),The quality of some commodities, such as technological instruments, electric machines, etc. can not be simply indicated by quality index

48、es, instead it is quite necessary to explain in detail the structure, material, performance as well as method of operation. If necessary, pictures, photos, etc. must also be provided.,返回目錄,（2）以實(shí)物表示商品的品質(zhì)（Sale by Actual Quality or Sample,看貨買(mǎi)賣(mài) (Sale by Actual Quality) In this case, the buyer or his age

49、nt examine the goods at sellers place at first. After they conclude a deal, the seller shall deliver the goods according to the goods examined.,憑樣品買(mǎi)賣(mài)（Sale by Sample） The sample refers to the article which can be used to represent the quality of the whole lot. Sale by sample includes two cases, i.e.,

50、 sale by the sellers sample and sale by the buyers sample.,返回目錄,a. 憑賣(mài)方樣品(Sale by Sells Sample)： b.憑買(mǎi)方樣品(Sale by Buyers Sample)： c.對(duì)等樣品成交（Sale by Counter Sample）： 也有的稱之為確認(rèn)樣品（Confirming Sample）。日后賣(mài)方交貨以對(duì)等樣品品質(zhì)為準(zhǔn)。,返回目錄,Unit2 商品的數(shù)量 The Quantity of Goods,1、商品數(shù)量的計(jì)量單位 按重量(Weight)計(jì)算。常用的單位有公噸(Metric ton/kilo t

51、on)、長(zhǎng)噸（Long Ton）、短噸（short tonnet ton）、公斤(kilogram）等,返回目錄,按數(shù)量計(jì)算。常見(jiàn)的計(jì)數(shù)單位有件（Piece）、雙(Pair)、套 （Set）、打(dozen)、卷（roll）、箱(case)、籮（gross）、 袋(bag)、包（bale）等,長(zhǎng)度(length)計(jì)算。常用單位有米(meter/m.)、英尺(foot ft)、碼（yardyd）等。絲綢、布疋、鋼管、電線電纜、 金屬繩索等常用長(zhǎng)度單位計(jì)量。,返回目錄, 按面積（Area）計(jì)算。有平方米（Square metersqm）、平方英尺(square footsq. ft)、平方碼（sq

52、uare yard/sqyd）等。木板、皮革、地毯、玻璃板等用面積單位計(jì)量。, 按體積（Volume）計(jì)算。有立方米（cubic metercum.）、立方尺（cubic footcuft）、立方碼(cubic yardcuyd)等。木材、天然氣、化學(xué)氣體等常以體積作計(jì)景單位。, 按容積（capacity）計(jì)算。常見(jiàn)的容積單位有升literl.、加侖(gallon/gal)、蒲式耳(bushel/bu)等。各類谷物和液體商品常以容積為單位。,返回目錄,、商品重量的計(jì)算方法 1) 按毛重（Gross Weight）計(jì)算 2)按凈重(Net Weight)計(jì)算，凈重指商品本身的重量。,Actual

53、 tare: 實(shí)際皮重 Average tare: 平均皮重 Customary tare: 習(xí)慣皮重 Computed tare: 約定皮重,返回目錄,3) Conditioned Weight：按公量計(jì)算。 his kind of calculating method is suitable to those cargos whose water contents are not stable, such as wool, silk, etc.,公量=商品干凈重x (1+標(biāo)準(zhǔn)回潮率) 公量=商品凈重x （1+標(biāo)準(zhǔn)回潮率 / 1+實(shí)際回潮率） 式中商品干凈重是指用科學(xué)方法抽去商品中的水分后商

54、品的重量。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)回潮率是交易雙方約定的貨物中的水分與商品的干量之比。,4）Theoretical weight:按理論重量 5）Legal weight and net weight:按法定重量,返回目錄,商品數(shù)量條款的確定 商品數(shù)量條款，由成交商品的數(shù)量和計(jì)量單位組成。對(duì)以重量成交的商品還要訂明計(jì)算重量的方法。,1.Dont use such words as about or circa or approximate before the quantity of the goods. 2.To stipulate the quantity latitude: It means that th

55、e seller may deliver the goods with a certain percentage more or less in quantity.,返回目錄,Useful Words concerned,American pound 美國(guó)磅約453.592克 European pound 歐洲磅 Short ton 短噸 約2000克 Metric ton 公噸1000公斤2204磅 Long ton 長(zhǎng)噸2240磅 FAQ : fair average Quality 大路貨，中等平均品質(zhì) GMQ: good merchantable quality 良好可銷品質(zhì) Hard

56、 currency 硬貨幣 To lodge a claim 索賠,Unit 3 商品的包裝 Packing,在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中，除少量商品難以包裝，或不值得包裝而采取裸裝 （Nude Packed）或散裝(In Bulk)方式外，絕大多數(shù)商品均需要有適當(dāng)?shù)?包裝。商品的包裝(Package of Goods)是國(guó)際商品交換不可缺少的重要環(huán) 節(jié)，是聯(lián)系生產(chǎn)與消費(fèi)的橋梁。包括不僅起到保護(hù)、宣傳、美化商品的 作用，還可使商品增值。商品包裝條款也是合同的要件之一。,返回目錄,The kinds of packing(包裝的種類),、Shipping packing: 運(yùn)輸包裝 According to t

57、he method of packing: single piece packing and collective packing. According to style of packing: Cases, drums, bags, bales, bundles, etc. According to the material of packing: Cartons, wooden cases, iron drums, wooden casks, paper bags, gunny bags, plastic bags, etc.,返回目錄,According to the softness

58、of packing: softness packing and hardness packing as well as half-hardness packing. According to the extent of packing: full packed and part packed,、Marketing packing: 銷售包裝,Piling-up pattern: Hanging-up pattern: Spreading-up pattern: Pattern for carryingabout:,Pattern for easily opening: Pattern for spraying out: Pattern for showing off a gift.,返回目錄,Packing Mark（包裝標(biāo)志）,Shipping mark: 運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志,It is usually made up of geometrical diagrams, letters, figures and simple words. The contents of shipping mark are as follows: Consignees