1、cancer,葉秋陽,what is cancer?,Cancer is a term used for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and are able to invade other tissues. Cancer cells can spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems. Cancer is not just one disease but many diseases. There are more

2、than 100 different types of cancer. Most cancers are named for the organ or type of cell in which they start - for example, cancer that begins in the colon is called colon cancer; cancer that begins in basal cells of the skin is called basal cell carcinoma.,How is cancer developed Clasification lung

3、 cancer liver cancer Gastric cancer Other cancers Cancer prevention,腫瘤的發(fā)生是基因突變逐漸積累的結(jié)果,一系列相關(guān)基因突變導(dǎo)致結(jié)腸癌發(fā)生,Proto-oncogenes,Tumor suppressor genes: Loss-of-function mutations,How is tumor developed?,Cancers result from somatic mutations and involve several rounds of mutations,Lung Cancer,Lung cancer is a

4、 disease that consists of uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. Lung cancer, the most common cause of cancer-related death in men and women, is responsible for 1.3 million deaths worldwide annually. The most common symptoms are shortness of breath, coughing (including coughing up blood),

5、and weight loss.,Causes,The most common cause of lung cancer is long-term exposure to tobacco smoke. The occurrence of lung cancer in nonsmokers, who account for as many as 15% of cases, is often attributed to a combination of genetic factors, radon gas(氡氣), asbestos(石棉), and air pollutionincluding

6、secondhand smoke.,Liver Cancer,Liver cancer is properly considered to be a cancer which starts in the liver, as opposed to a cancer which originates in another organ and migrates to the liver, known as a liver metastasis The liver is one of the largest organs in the body. It is located below the rig

7、ht lung and under the ribcage. Liver tumors(腫瘤) may be discovered on medical imaging, which may occur incidentally to imaging performed for a different disease than the cancer itself, or may present symptomatically, as abdominal(腹部的) pain, jaundice(黃疸), nausea(惡心) or some other liver dysfunction.,Th

8、e most frequent liver cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)(肝細(xì)胞癌癥) Treatment of liver canceer Liver transplantation Cryoablation(冷凍消融術(shù)) Chemoembolization(化療栓塞) Radiotherapy(放射療法) Radiofrequency ablation(射頻消融術(shù)),Gastric Cancer,Gastric cancer, commonly referred to as stomach cancer, can develop in a

9、ny part of the stomach and may spread throughout the stomach and to other organs. Stomach cancer causes about 800,000 deaths worldwide per year.,Stomach cancer is often asymptomatic or causes only nonspecific symptoms in its early stages. By the time symptoms occur, the cancer has often reached an a

10、dvanced stage. one of the main reasons is its poor prognosis. Treatment for stomach cancer may include surgery chemotherapy, radiationtherapy,leukemia,Leukemia is a type of cancer of the blood or bone marrow(骨髓) characterized by an abnormal increase of white blood cells. In 2000, approximately 256,0

11、00 children and adults around the world developed some form of leukemia, and 209,000 died from it. About 90% of all leukemias are diagnosed in adults.,Damage to the bone marrow, by way of displacing the normal bone marrow cells with higher numbers of immature（未成熟的） white blood cells, results in a la

12、ck of blood platelets（血小板）, which are important in the blood clotting (凝固)process. This means people with leukemia may easily become bleed excessively .No single known cause for all of the different types of leukemia exists. The known causes, which are not generally factors within the control of the

13、 average person, account for relatively few cases.The different leukemias likely have different causes.,Other Cancers,Coloretal Cancer (結(jié)腸癌) Breast Cancer Osteosarcoma(骨癌) Esophagus cancer（食道癌） Kidney cancer (腎癌) Cerebral cancer(腦癌) Endometrium cancer(子宮內(nèi)膜癌 ) Pancreatic cancer(胰腺癌),Prevent and Treat

14、 Cancer,How to prevent and treat cancer become increasingly concerned about the problem, the World Health Organization is back in the 1980s to control cancer of the three 1 / 3 strategy. That is, 1 / 3 of cancer can be prevented, 1 / 3 of cancer is through early detection and treatment of the recove

15、ry, and 1 / 3 of cancer patients can also measures to improve the existing health care patients quality of life. But more and more inclined to the views of: human beat cancer prevention is the fundamental way out.,Chinese Anti-cancer Association and the World Cancer Foundations “food, nutrition and

16、cancer prevention,” （食物、營養(yǎng)與癌癥預(yù)防） the Chinese launch and symposium was held in Beijing. At the meeting, eight countries from 16 renowned scientists gave us several recommendations.,Food Diversification,Diet should have adequate nutrition and food diversification, to plant-based foods, should occupy M

17、eidun Fan 2 / 3 of the above. Plant food should have more variety of vegetables, fruits, legumes and cereals such as rough. In the diet, we should pay attention to acid-base with reasonable food, catering to acid-base balance, to prevent the formation of Suanxingtizhi, thereby allowing the cancer Ch

18、enxuerru.,Physical Exercise,If the work or activities only slightly less, every day should be about one hour of brisk walking or similar exercise, the acidity of body fluids to the body through sweat from in vitro, to prevent the accumulation of garbage caused by acid Suanxingtizhi, at least a week

19、to carry out one hour out of physical exercise.,More Vegetables And Fruits,Adhere to eat every day 400 to 800 grams of vegetables, fruits, cancer can reduce the risk of 20 percent, such as vegetables in the ancient Qiama (turnip), sweet potato, Celery, such as fruit in lemon. In particular, oral can

20、cer（口腔癌 ）, nasopharyngeal cancer（鼻咽癌 ）, esophagus cancer（食管癌 ）, lung, stomach, colon and rectal cancer（肺癌、胃癌、結(jié)腸癌和直腸癌 ）, and so on.,Less Dringking,Recommends no alcohol. Even if we want to drink, to restrict the day not more than two glasses of men, women no more than a cup (a glass of wine equivalen

21、t to two 50 ml of beer, 100 ml of wine or 25 ml of liquor). Regular alcohol consumption will increase with mouth cancer, throat cancer, esophagus, primary liver cancer, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, breast cancer（口腸癌、咽喉癌、食道癌、原發(fā)性肝癌、結(jié)腸癌、直腸癌、乳腺癌 ） risk.,Limit Meat,If like meat, red meat intake of ev

22、ery day should be less than 90 grams, the best fish and poultry or red meat alternative game. Red meat will increase colon cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, renal cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer（結(jié)腸癌、直腸癌、胰腺癌、腎癌、前列腺癌、乳腺癌 ） risk.,Less Salt, Limit salt intake of food and cooking salt

23、and spices control the use of salt. High-salt diet will increase the risk of suffering from stomach cancer, the World Health Organization recommended daily salt intake per person in the following six grams.,Right cooking methods,Do not eat burned food, grilled fish, barbecue charred gravy should be

24、avoided. Directly on the barbecue fire in the fish, meat and only occasional consumption of bacon. The best boiled, steamed, fried food.,Others, Care about perishable food preservation. Do not eat nutritional supplements Avoid rediation Release pressure Periodic physical examination,Can we treat cancer?,1. Con