1、The Influences of Langue and Parole on Linguistics,Yan Xudong,Langue and Parole,The Proposal Definition The Influences Conclusion,Proposal,“Langue” and “parole” are put forward by Saussure who actually started a revolution in Linguistics. Before Saussure, although Linguistics had been long-term stud

2、ied by many scholars, it was still in traditional way and almost had no advance; Linguistics had been in a disorder. Saussure lived in the period that Historical Comparative Linguistics was in its heat. But he did not follow the herd. At that time, he sensitively pointed out the weakness of Linguist

3、ics in his Course in General Linguistics (普通語言學(xué)教程）that the subject of Linguistics is something curious and without any relationship. In order to explain what is the subject of Linguistics, Saussure put forward the concept “l(fā)angue” and “parole”.,Definition,langue refers to the abstract system of rule

4、s and conventions of a signifying system-it is independent of, and pre-exists, individual users. Parole refers to concrete instances of its use. - Encyclopedia of Linguistics,Influences,The influence on linguistics as an independent science,The distinction of the two terms started a new leaf in Ling

5、uistics. The subject of Linguistics study became more clear. The situation that speech acts being as the study subject of Linguistics was changed. Saussure believed that speech is personal random that Linguistics can not perfectly deal with. He insisted that scientific Linguistics should study the s

6、table language not the speech. Linguists are always faced with indefinite speech acts. In order to study this facts systematically, linguists must abstract a language system to justify those facts. The distinction of langue and parole helps linguists to determine the study field and find the general

7、 rules behind the mass language phenomenon. From this point of view, the distinction of langue and parole makes Linguistics more scientific, and improves the disordered linguistics study before. It helps to generalize language systems from concrete speeches, so it brings convenience to language stud

8、y. Thus Linguistics has become an independent science since the distinction.,The influence on linguistics as an independent science,將語言和言語區(qū)分開來至少有兩方面的意義 一、有助于語言科學(xué)的精密化，有助于從具體個別的言語中概括出一般的語言體系 二、可以帶來研究和論述上的方便 -潘慶云 只有再言語體系中區(qū)分了語言和言語，才有可能建立真正的語言學(xué)理論，語言學(xué)才能成為一門獨立的科學(xué) -裴文,The influence on future linguistic scho

9、ols,The Prague School practiced a special style of synchronic linguistics which is started by Saussures idea of synchrony and diachrony. Chomskys proposal of linguistic competence and performance are influenced by Saussures langue and parole.,The influence on future linguistic schools,The influence

10、on Chomskys theory (1) The distinction of competence and performance Competence refers to the ideal users knowledge of the language: that is the abilities all native speakers have of being able to understand and produce sentences. Performance refers to the actual realization of this knowledge in lin

11、guistic communication. Competence and performance are quite similar with Saussures langue and parole. They differ in different perspectives of studying languages. Saussure took a social linguistically view of language. Language is a matter of social conventions. Chomsky looked at language from a psy

12、chological point of view, and competence is a property of the mind of each individual.,The influence on future linguistic schools,The influence on Chomskys theory (2)Chomskys innateness hypotheses and LAD theory They two are certain getting the thoughts from Saussure langue and parole. Chomsky belie

13、ves that children are born with a language acquisition device and with knowledge of this basic grammatical relations and categories, and this knowledge is universal. He named it universal grammar. Langue, as the abstract system of rules, actually exists in peoples mind since they were born, which ca

14、n be explained in an alternative view in Chomskys term the LAD.,The influence on the closely connection of Linguistics and Philosophy,Saussures proposal of langue and parole connected Linguistics with philosophy. Modern western philosophy study involves the metaphysics. The cause of metaphysics in p

15、hilosophy is believed not the philosophy itself but the language problem. Because of the ill expression of philosophy language, the philosophy problems are in a mass. The problem should be solved through the explanation of language. The distinction of langue and parole stimulate the production of li

16、nguistic philosophy. Linguistics has gradually become an interdisciplinary subject.,The influences on the FLT,FLT is the short form of the foreign language teaching. The distinction of langue and parole gives foreign language teachers some inspiration on second language teaching. In classroom teachi

17、ng both the “l(fā)angue” and “parole” should be taught to students. On the one hand, foreign language teaching must teach students “l(fā)anguage” that is: phonetics, vocabulary, grammar and meaning. The abstract systems of rules which is correspondence to Saussures langue must be known to students. On the o

18、ther hand, langue exists in the concrete “parole”, in order to study a language well; the utterance must be often practiced. That is to speak more.,The influences on the FLT,The western culture study and the situation-based teaching method got the theory from Saussures distinction of langue and paro

19、le, which helps to continually improve the FLTM (foreign language teaching methodology) Take the communicative approach as an example, the learning theories are: 1、follow the natural acquisition 2、language is best learned through use in social context; 3、learning is a process of meaning negotiation.

20、,The influences on the FLT,The communicative approach In terms of the three theories, it is clear that Saussures langue and parole are through them. The emphasis on the natural acquisition refers to the importance of the langue which is to learn the abstract linguistic system. The use of social context has some relationship on parole which is the realization of language in actual use.,The influences on the FLT,Teaching syllab