1、高三英語總復(fù)習(xí)語法系列訓(xùn)練,英語句子概論,英語句子概論,基本成分 附屬成分 獨(dú)立成分 省略成分 連接成分,簡(jiǎn)單句 并列句 復(fù)合句,句 子 的 種 類,一、 陳述句： She arrived quite early. (事實(shí)) / She may have arrived now. (看法) 二、疑問句： 1一般疑問句： Has the factory gone into production? Shall I turn on the TV? 2特殊疑問句： Which colour do you prefer? How much is this table-cloth? 3選擇疑問句： 一般疑

2、問句 + or + 第二個(gè)選擇: Are you an Englishman or an American? 特殊疑問句 + 選擇部分: Which do you prefer, red wine or white? 4反意（或附加）疑問句： You are not going out today, are you? Yes, I am. / No, Im not.,三、祈使句： Be sure to get here before nine. (You) Do it right now. 四、感嘆句： what + 感嘆句： What a noble-hearted man he was!

3、What good news it is! how + 感嘆句： How well she dances! How fast they are working!,(1) 主語+系動(dòng)詞+表語(S+V+P ) The weather is very cold. (2) 主語+不及物動(dòng)詞(S+Vi ) He laughed. (3) 主語+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(S + Vt +O ) I like Chinese food.,P,Vi,Vt,O,(4) 主語+及物動(dòng)詞+間接賓語+直接賓語 (S+V+IO+DO) She taught them physics. (5) 主語+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語(S

4、+V+O+C) We must keep the room warm.,IO,DO,C,雙賓語,復(fù)合賓語,主語 + 謂語 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語： She made herself a new dress. 注：這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的謂語動(dòng)詞一般只限于某些雙賓語及物動(dòng)詞，它們可以分為兩類： 第一類：give, show, send, bring, offer, read, pass, lend, leave, tell, hand, return, write, pay, throw, allow, wish, teach, promise, owe, refuse等。 第二類：make, buy,

5、 do, fetch, get, paint, play, save, reserve, spare, order, cook, sing, find等。 注：間接賓語有時(shí)可以改成一個(gè)由to或for引導(dǎo)的短語，這在意思上沒有什么差別： Ill return you the book tomorrow. Ill return the book to you tomorrow. She made a new dress for Mary. She made Mary a new dress.,注：第一類可以改為由 to 引導(dǎo)的短語；第二類可以改為由 for引導(dǎo)的短語。 注：間接賓語用介詞詞組表示的

6、場(chǎng)合： a. 對(duì)間接賓語加以強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)： Ive bought it for you, not for myself. Ill hand this letter to the secretary and not to the director. b. 當(dāng)直接賓語是一個(gè)人稱代詞時(shí)： Ill send it to you tomorrow. Youd better hand it directly to the headmaster. c. 當(dāng)直接賓語比間接賓語短時(shí)： She showed the picture to the students sitting near her. d. 當(dāng)間接賓語置于

7、句首時(shí)： Who did you send it to? To him I told the story, not to his brother. e. 當(dāng)間接賓語和直接賓語都是代詞時(shí)： He gave it to me. Ill lend them to you.,請(qǐng)說出下列句子類型。,1.Summer is coming. 2.They wont let me go. 3.He showed me a new TV set. 4.She knows what to do. 5.The weather is very cold.,S+Vi,S+V+C,S+V+IO+DO,S+V+O,S+V+

8、P,S+V+PS+ViS+V+OS+V+IO+DOS+V+O+C,主語 不及物動(dòng)詞 （ S + Vi ） 主語 及物動(dòng)詞 賓語 ( S + Vt + O) 主語 系動(dòng)詞 表 (S + LV + predicative) 主語雙賓動(dòng)詞+間賓+直賓(S +Vt +O.indir+O. dir) 主語 賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞 賓語 賓語補(bǔ)語 (S + Vt. + O + O. compl) There + be / stand/ lie / live.,簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本句型,主語、動(dòng)詞（不及物動(dòng)詞、及物動(dòng)詞、雙賓動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞、賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞)、賓語及補(bǔ)語可以稱為基本句子成分。 完整的句子一般至少包含2個(gè)基本成分，至多4

9、個(gè)基本成分。,noun adj. / adv. infinitive V-ing V-ed etc.,主語,謂語,賓語,表語,Vt,V-l,Vi,Noun / Pronoun The + adj V-ing / Clause Infinitive,Noun / Pronoun / The + adj V-ing / Clause / Infinitive,英語句子基本成分示意圖,be / feel / seem / look appear / stand / lie become /get / grow / turn go / come / remain/ keep taste / smell

10、 etc.,noun pronoun adj. / adv. infinitive V-ing / V-ed clause etc.,附屬成分,基本成分的修飾語。可以是： 定語：即用來修飾名詞的單詞、短語或從句 狀語：即用來修飾名詞或代詞以外的詞的單詞、短語或從句。,定 語 Poor John tottered toward a hospital nearby She likes oranges imported from the USA. John gave Mary many books，which are full of illustrations Have you seen the b

11、ook on the desk? The boy playing over there is my brother. People there like sports.,John often came to chat with me John likes oranges very much Whenever he gets drunk，John makes Mary very angry Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. As he was ill, he didnt come to class yesterday. She is sitting at

12、 the desk, doing her homework. My father worked in this school ten years ago. Youd better stay here.,狀 語,Examples: Oh！What is that?。@嘆詞） He has，alas，failed again Come here，John（呼語） Roll on，Ocean，roll on,句中可以去掉的成分，去掉后不影響句子的完整性。這種成分和句子的其他詞沒有語法的關(guān)系。,獨(dú)立成分,（You） Come here （I wish you）Good luck！ Some gave

13、him praises，but others（gave him）rotten eggs He runs as fast as, if ( he does ) not ( run ) faster, than you. ( I ) Hope you like it. John should clean the room today and Peter ( should clean it ) tomorrow.,句中被省略的成分，雖然未說出來，卻在句中表示一定的意思：,省略成分,連接成分實(shí)際上是一個(gè)連詞，用來連接兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)平行的詞、短語和分句。這種連詞叫做并列連詞。 另一類連接成分是用來連接兩個(gè)句

14、子、且一個(gè)句子從屬于另一個(gè)句子（即從句）的連詞。這類連詞叫從屬連詞。從屬連詞主要用于引導(dǎo)各種從句。 一個(gè)完整的句子（主句或從句）必須包含2個(gè)到4個(gè)基本成分，此外，如果意思上有需要，還可包含一個(gè)或更多其他的句子成分。,連接成分,簡(jiǎn)單句,簡(jiǎn)單句只有一個(gè)限定動(dòng)詞（即只有一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)），它是最小的句子單位。主要起下列四種作用中的一種。 作一種陳述 提出一個(gè)問題 發(fā)出一種命令或請(qǐng)求 表示一種感嘆,Examples: The boy hit the dog. / The dog bit the boy. The girl read the books. / The books pleased the gi

15、rl. Stephen apologized at once. Does the shop close at 7 tonight? Shut the door. What a slow train this is!,簡(jiǎn)單句的基本詞序,主語動(dòng)詞部分賓語 狀語 （謂語） 方式地點(diǎn)時(shí)間 Iboughta hat yesterday. The children ran home. The taxi driver shouted at me angrily. We ate our meal in silence. The car stopped suddenly. A young girl walked

16、 confidently in the room. They drove him away in a police car.,簡(jiǎn)單句的擴(kuò)展成份,簡(jiǎn)單句的主語、賓語可以加上一個(gè)短語（如定語）來擴(kuò)展，及物動(dòng)詞或不及物動(dòng)詞也可以與其它短語（如狀語）連用進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展。 I bought a rain coat with a warm lining. The dog jumped through the window. He is saving up to buy a mobile phone. A bright little boy with rosy cheeks put three bottles o

17、f milk quietly on my doorstep before seven oclock. He worked like a madman in the garden on Saturday. The young girl with long black hair seems to be very happy.,兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句的主語可以 由連詞and、but、both.and、eitheror、neithernor、not onlybut also等連詞連接組成一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句，但應(yīng)注意主語和謂語動(dòng)詞的一致性。 The boss is flying to Paris. His secretar

18、y is flying to Paris. The boss and his secretary are flying to Paris. Both the boss and his secretary are flying to Paris. The boss is flying to Rome. His secretary is not flying to Rome. The boss but not his secretary is flying to Rome. The boss may be flying to Berlin. His secretary may be flying

19、to Berlin. Either the boss or his secretary is flying to Berlin. The boss is not flying to York. His secretary isnt flying to York. Neither the boss nor his secretary is flying to York.,主語、謂語、賓語的合并,兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句的賓語可由and、bothand等連詞連接組成一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。 I met Jane. I met her husband. I met Jane and her husband. I met bo

20、th Jane and her husband. It was cold. It was wet. It was cold and wet. I didnt meet Jane. I didnt meet her husband. I didnt meet either Jane or her husband. I met neither Jane nor her husband. 兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上限定動(dòng)詞也可合并為一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。 We sang all night. We danced all night. We sang and danced all night.,主語、謂語、賓語的合并,并列

21、句,需把幾個(gè)意思連接在一起時(shí)，可用分號(hào)或把兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句用并列連詞連接起來，這種結(jié)構(gòu)即構(gòu)成一個(gè)并列句。,用分號(hào)： We fished all day; we didnt catch a thing.,用分號(hào)，后跟一個(gè)連接副詞： We fished all day; however, we didnt catch a thing.,用并列連詞（如and、but、so、yet等） We fished all day, but (we) didnt catch a thing.,并列句,常用并列連詞coordinating conjunctions,平行并列連詞: 轉(zhuǎn)折并列連詞： 因果并列連詞:

22、選擇并列連詞:,and, bothand, not onlybut also, neither nor,but, however, while, yet,for, so,or, eitheror,并列句,并列句的詞序：并列句基本上保留了簡(jiǎn)單句的詞序。,主語 謂語 賓語 連詞 主語 動(dòng)詞 表語 Jimmy fell off his bike but (he) wasnt hurt.,五種簡(jiǎn)單句型可用并列連詞連接起來組成并列句。,主 謂 狀（方式） 連 主 謂 表 Frank worked hard and (he ) became an architect. 主 謂 賓 連 主 謂 地點(diǎn) I v

23、e got a cold, so I m going to bed. 主 謂 賓 賓補(bǔ) 連 主 謂 賓 They made him chairman, but (they) didnt increase his salary.,Exercise: 請(qǐng)用合適的并列連詞把每組句子合并為一個(gè)并列句。,He was tired, so he went to bed.,1. He was tired. He went to bed.,2. The child hid behind his mothers skirt. He was afraid of the dog.,3. He made a prom

24、ise. He didnt keep it.,He made a promise, but he didnt keep it.,The child hid behind his mothers skirt, for he was afraid of the dog.,4.Mary is opening the door. John is greeting her guests.,Mary is opening the door , and John is greeting her guests.,5. I like volleyball. My brother likes basketball

25、.,I like volleyball, while my brother likes basketball.,由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或者一個(gè)以上從句所 構(gòu)成的句子。在英語書面語中應(yīng)用廣泛。 主句是一個(gè)完整的句子,它可以獨(dú)立存在。 從句是一個(gè)不完整的句子,它必須和一個(gè) 主句連用，不能獨(dú)立存在。 復(fù)合句可以通過把兩個(gè)以上簡(jiǎn)單句連接 在一起構(gòu)成,但復(fù)合句的各組成部份并非 同等重要，其中一個(gè)句子由從屬連詞引 導(dǎo)（從句），用以修飾另一句子（主句）。 復(fù)合句 = 主句 + 從句,復(fù)合句,復(fù)合句:主句+從句 主句是一個(gè)完整的句子(independent sentence),它可以獨(dú)立存在。 從句是一個(gè)不完整的句

26、子,它必須和一個(gè)主句連用，不能獨(dú)立存在.,By the time he arrived, 1 we had already left. 2,請(qǐng)指出該復(fù)合句的主句和從句部分。,從句,主句,復(fù)合句是在簡(jiǎn)單句的基礎(chǔ)上，通過從屬連詞將兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上簡(jiǎn)單句連接在一起而構(gòu)成。從屬連詞所引導(dǎo)的從句起形容詞、名詞、副詞的作用。復(fù)合句主要包含以下類型從句： 1. 主語從句 2. 賓語從句 3. 表語從句 4. 定語從句 5. 狀語從句 6. 同位語從句,英文寫作中最常使用的從句 賓語從句 狀語從句 定語從句,復(fù)合句與簡(jiǎn)單句：復(fù)合句 = 簡(jiǎn)單句 + 從屬連詞 +簡(jiǎn)單句,He told me,the news.,t

27、hat the match had been cancelled.,賓語,how much he was prepared to pay for my car.,that I could have the money without delay.,how much he was prepared to pay for my car and that I could have the money without delay.,when he was leaving for Paris.,that his fathered was working in that school.,賓語從句,復(fù)合句與

28、簡(jiǎn)單句：復(fù)合句 = 簡(jiǎn)單句 + 從屬連詞 +簡(jiǎn)單句,I dont know,him.,He has finished his work,that he has finished his work. whether he has finished his work.,賓語從句,He is leaving for Washington.,that he is leaving for Washington. when he is leaving for Washington. why he is leaving for Washington. how he is leaving for Washin

29、gton. whether he is leaving for Washington.,復(fù)合句與簡(jiǎn)單句：復(fù)合句 = 簡(jiǎn)單句 + 從屬連詞 +簡(jiǎn)單句,the people,surprised,That,What he said What he did,主語,That he didnt know the answer,in the room.,定語,who were sitting in the room. who were present. whose sons were at war. who had signed the contract.,復(fù)合句與簡(jiǎn)單句：復(fù)合句 = 簡(jiǎn)單句 + 從屬連詞

30、+簡(jiǎn)單句,That,is,the fact.,表 語,what he needs. what he gave me. why he was late. because he was ill. what has happened.,復(fù)合句與簡(jiǎn)單句：復(fù)合句 = 簡(jiǎn)單句 + 從屬連詞 +簡(jiǎn)單句,He worked,in that factory,three years ago.,地點(diǎn)狀語,時(shí)間狀語,where his father worked,in that factory,where I lived,when he lived there,His father worked there.,I l

31、ived there.,He lived there three years ago.,復(fù)合句與簡(jiǎn)單句：復(fù)合句 = 簡(jiǎn)單句 + 從屬連詞 +簡(jiǎn)單句,Put the book,on the desk.,where you took it.,where it was.,地點(diǎn)狀語,where you found it.,You cant camp,here.,where there are a lot of trees.,wherever you like.,指出下列各從句的類型,I believe that everything is going on well. She was reading

32、a novel when I came in. She is the girl who sings best in my class.,賓語從句,狀語從句,定語從句,Practice,用所給連詞連接句子。,He has found out. She was late. (why),He has found out why she was late.,I still remember the day. I first went to York on that day. (when),I still remember the day when I first went to York.,將各組句子

33、連接為一個(gè)含有狀語從句的復(fù)合句。,Practice,He didnt come yesterday. He was ill. (原因),He didnt come yesterday because he was ill.,Ill give the letter to him. I see him. （時(shí)間） It is such a big box. Nobody can move it. （結(jié)果） Well go to the great wall. Its fine tomorrow. (條件) We should not go there all the time. The place

34、 is quite pleasant.(讓步）,It is such a big box that nobody can move it.,Well go to the Great Wall if its fine tomorrow.,Although the place is quite pleasant, we should not go there all the time.,Ill give the letter to him when I see him. Ill give the letter to him as soon as I see him. Ill give the le

35、tter to him the moment I see him.,高考書面表達(dá)新評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)重要的一條規(guī)定是： “有效地使用了語句間的連接成分，是全文結(jié)構(gòu) 緊湊。” 而“較少使用語句間的連接成分，內(nèi)容 缺乏連貫性”則被劃入第二檔（較差）（6 10分）。,銜接手段作為語篇的邏輯紐帶，在句與句之間、甚至 段與段之間起承上啟下的作用，保證句子、段落和篇章 邏輯上關(guān)聯(lián)、語義上連貫。銜接手段可以是詞、短語 或片語，也可以是分句。以下對(duì)常用銜接手段做一簡(jiǎn)單 分類：,（1）表示時(shí)間順序：,first / firstly, then, next, after, after that, before, during, throughout, later, while, when, meanwhile, at present, by now, finally, in the end,