1、Types of Sentences,Types of sentences (I),Declarative sentences: to make an assertion or statement. Interrogative sentences: to ask a question. Imperative sentences: to express a command or a request. Exclamatory sentences: to express a strong feeling or emotion,Types of sentences (II),Simple senten

2、ce Compound sentence The heavy rain started suddenly, so we stopped planting our trees. Mary works at the Family Planning Clinic and her husband Smith does research work for the same unit. Complex sentence While Susan was eating the fish, she began to feel sick I checked my paper again before I hand

3、ed it to my professor. Compound-complex sentence After I returned to school following a long illness, the math teacher gave me make-up work, but the history teacher made me drop her course.,Types of sentences (III),Loose sentences Periodic sentences,Loose: He knew he had little chance of getting the

4、 job, although he wanted it more than anything else in the world. Periodic: Although he wanted the job more than anything else in the world, he knew he had little chance of getting it. Or: he knew that, although he wanted the job more than anything else in the world, he had little chance of getting

5、it.,Loose sentence: the main idea (grammatically a main clause or sentence base)come first, and the less important ideas or details (a subordinate clause or a parenthetical phrase) follow. Periodic sentence: the main thought is held suspended until the end or near the end, when it is suddenly releas

6、ed. The periodic sentence is usually emphatic and conclusive because the weight of the statement falls on the long-awaited predication.,Loose: Mr. Lee is our teacher of mathematics, and he is a musician. Periodic: Mr. Lee, our teacher of Mathematics, is a musician. (Mathematics is a modifier here, a

7、nd the sentence puts the stress on Musician) As a Musician, Mr. Lee is our teacher of Mathematics. (Now the musician is a modifier and the sentence laid emphasis on Mathematics),Loose: Richard Wagner became one of the most successful composers of all time in spite of the jeers of his contemporaries.

8、 Periodic: Richard Wagner, though jeered at by his contemporaries, became one of the most successful composers of all time.,The former version may make the readers remember the jeers rather than the composers success.,He studied harder when all other possible methods of passing the course proved unw

9、orkable.,When all other possible methods of passing the course proved unworkable, he studied harder.,Exercise,Rewrite the following sentences so that the final emphasis falls on the idea in the clause presented at the beginning of each sentence. 1. She was offered a professional contract after winni

10、ng the Olympic gold medal for figure skating, according to newspaper reports. 2. The history of English words is the history of our civilization in many ways. 3. There have been many great discoveries made by scientists in the twentieth century.,Practice,Please give me one reason why you choose Engl

11、ish journalism as your major. Please try respectively with loose sentences and periodic sentences. Introduce your personality (or your appearance, interests etc.) in three or four sentences. (after-class assignment),Types of sentences (IV),The long sentences The short sentences,Long and short senten

12、ces,Short sentences: emphatic, clear, effective, rhythmic beat (on page 51) Long sentences: descriptive, accurate presenting a set of complex, interlocking ideas (on page 5253),The rich man believes he possesses his big house, his expensive clothes, his horses and servants and his bank accounts. He

13、does not. He depends on them. He worries about them. They possess him. He is their slave.,富人以為是他占有大屋、華服、馬群、奴仆和銀票。 不。 富人傍財(cái)而活，為財(cái)所累，被財(cái)所占，富人，財(cái)之奴也。 有錢人認(rèn)為他擁有大房子，昂貴的服飾，馬匹，奴婢和銀行存折。其實(shí)，他并沒有真正擁有，他依靠著這些財(cái)富，他為財(cái)富憂心忡忡，是財(cái)富占有了他。 他是財(cái)富的奴隸。,Alternating short and long sentences,Avoid excessive use of short, isolated sent

14、ences,Example: Peter and Carl walk to school. Bonnie follows them. Bonnie is Peters dog. She is a nice dog. She walks at peters heels. She turns back at the butchers shop. Now bonnie will try to find her friends. She may go home.,Alternating short and long sentences,Peter and Carl walk to school, an

15、d Bonnie follows them. Bonnie is Peters dog, and she is a nice dog. She walks at Peters heels, but she turns back at the butchers shop. Now Bonnie may try to find her friends, or she may go home.,As peter and Carl walk to school, peters nice dog, Bonnie, follows them, walking at Peters heels until s

16、he turns back when they reach the butchers shop. Now, if she doesnt find her friends, she will go home. As peter and Carl walk to school, peters nice dog, Bonnie, follows them, walking at Peters heels. Bonnie turns back to find her friends at the butchers shop and then go home.,I returned to my room

17、. There was a note under my door. It was from Bill. He said he was in the town looking for a job. He hadnt found anything yet. He was sorry to have missed me. When I return to my room, I found a note from Bill under the door. He said he was in the town looking for a job, but hadnt found anything yet

18、. He added that he was sorry to have missed me.,That day it was very cold. A fierce wind was blowing. It was snowing hard. With a heavy snow and a fierce wind, it was really a cold day.,Wang stood there before us. He talked in a low voice. His voice was earnest. We felt in him sincerity and dedicati

19、on. These qualities are not common to ordinary men. As Wang stood before us talking in his low but earnest voice, we felt in him sincerity and dedication not common to ordinary men.,Alternating short and long sentences,The day was damp. The day was dismal. The day was cold. It was winter. The old ma

20、n worked all day. He worked in the woods. He died on his way home.,The old man died on his way home from the woods, where he had worked all of a damp, dismal, and cold winter day. After working all day in winter woods that were damp, dismal and cold, the old man died on his way home. On his way home

21、 from working in the woods on a damp, dismal, cold winter day, the old man died.,Exercise,Louis eyed the perfume. She carried a purse. The purse was already open. The clerk turned around. Louis put the perfume in her purse. The store manager told the judge that he saw all this happen. Philadelphia i

22、s one of Americas most historic cities. At present it is involved in a program of urban renewal. The program is already showing substantial results. (use an appositive and an attributive clause),Exercise:,It was a perfect summer morning. We set out for Lewes. The morning mist had covered the hills a

23、t dawn. It now left just a cool freshness in the air. It made it an ideal morning for walking. ( it was when we, for mist, which, now left, making.),Alternating short and long sentences,Do not gain more mechanical appearance of length by a crude tying together of several short sentences, as the stud

24、ent who wrote this did: It is about six oclock when we finish supper and I get ready to go to the early show at the movies because I like to get out early so I can go dancing with the crowd.,On hearing the peddlers cry, I put down the book I had been reading and went to the balcony, where I saw a lo

25、t of people with small basins in their hands rushing to the peddler, around whom people began to jostle with each other and finally lined up into a long queue. I was reading a book when a peddlers cry came into my ear. Pulling the book aside, I went to the balcony. Down below, I saw many people rushing to the peddler with small basins in their hands. A large crowd began to jostle around the peddler, and finally line up into a long queue.,The farmhouse, where Hong and his family spend vacations, a sprawling white building which overlooks a meadow wher