1、Lesson 2 Building and Architecture 建筑物和建筑學(xué),New words and phrases: shelter encompass identical illumination parlance edifice dominant repetition nave aisle transept apse balustrade intermediate clue colonnade aspiration incarnation blank wall 無窗墻，擋墻 cave dweller （史前的）穴居人 Gothic cathedral 哥特式大教堂,1,1.

2、shelter n. 隱蔽處，躲避處 from The umbrella is a shelter from rain. v. 躲避 +from The wall sheltered us from the wind. 7. dominant a. 占優(yōu)勢的，有統(tǒng)治權(quán)的 The dominant influence in her life was her father. 在她一生中對她影響最大的是她的父親。 v. dominate 支配，占優(yōu)勢 17. aspiration n. 志氣，抱負(fù) He has no aspiration for fame or gain. 他不圖名利。 She h

3、as aspirations to become a great writer. 她有作名作家的抱負(fù)。,Words,2,The purpose of a building is to provide a shelter for the performance of human activities 一座建筑物的作用是為人類活動的進(jìn)行提供一個躲避處。 From the time of the cave dwellers to the present，one of the first needs of man has been a shelter from the elements 從穴居時代到現(xiàn)

4、在，人類最重要的需求之一就是有一個躲避風(fēng)雨的地方。 In a more general sense, the art of building encompasses all of mans efforts to control its environment and direct natural forces to his own needs 從更一般的意義上說，建筑的藝術(shù)包含了人類為了他自己的需要而控制環(huán)境和引導(dǎo)自然力的所有努力。 insense 在意義上說 in all senses 在任何意義上說 in the proper (strict, literal) sense 在本來（嚴(yán)格、

5、字面）的意義上說,Building,3,This art includes，in addition to buildings，all the civil engineering structures such as dams，canals，tunnels，aqueducts，and bridges 除了建筑物，這藝術(shù)還包括所有的土木工程結(jié)構(gòu)物，比如大壩、運河、隧道、溝渠和橋梁。 The scientific basis for the design of buildings as shelters and for the design of civil engineering structur

6、es for other purposes is identical 對于作為躲避處的建筑物和作其他用途的土木工程結(jié)構(gòu)物，它們的設(shè)計科學(xué)依據(jù)是相同的。 It is only as a result of the specialized requirements of our modern society that these two fields have developed along separate paths 只是出于現(xiàn)代社會的特定需要，這兩個領(lǐng)域才沿著不同的路徑發(fā)展。,Building,4,In a similar manner，the master builder concerne

7、d with the building as a shelter is no longer an individual；instead，his work is done by a team of several specialists：the planner，the architect，the engineer，and the builder 同樣地，關(guān)注作為遮風(fēng)避雨的建筑物的主要營造商也不再是一個單獨的個體 ；相反，他的工作是由幾個專家（規(guī)劃者、建筑師、工程師和建筑工人）組成的一個小組來完成的。 The execution of a modern building depends on th

8、e collective talents of this team 一座現(xiàn)代化建筑的實現(xiàn)依賴這個小組集體的智慧。 The form of a building is an outgrowth of its function，its environment，and various socioeconomic factors 建筑物的結(jié)構(gòu)形式是它的功能、環(huán)境和各種社會經(jīng)濟(jì)因素共同作用的產(chǎn)物。,Building,5,An apartment building，an office building，and a school differ in form because of the differenc

9、e in the functions they fulfill 一幢公寓，一座辦公樓和一所學(xué)校在結(jié)構(gòu)形式上各有不同，因為它們要實現(xiàn)的功能是不一樣的。 In an apartment building every habitable space，such as living rooms and bedrooms，must have natural light from windows while bathrooms and kitchens can have artificial light and therefore can be in the interior of the building

10、 在公寓里面，每一處居住的空間，比如起居室和臥室必須有從窗戶進(jìn)來的自然光，而浴室和廚房則可以用人工光線，因此可以布置在建筑的內(nèi)部。 This set of requirements places a natural limit on the depth of an apartment building 這些要求就使得公寓樓的進(jìn)深受到了正常的限制。,Building,6,Building,In office buildings，on the other hand，artificial light is accepted for more uniform illumination，and ther

11、efore the depth of such buildings is not limited by a need for natural light 另一方面，在辦公樓里，采用人工光源能夠獲得更加均勻的照明，因此這類建筑的進(jìn)深就不會受到自然光要求的約束。 Environment may affect both the shape and appearance of a building 環(huán)境可能影響到建筑物的形狀和外觀。 An urban school may create its own environment by using blank walls to seal out the c

12、ity completely，and a country school may develop as an integral part of the landscape，even though both schools fulfill the same function 一所城里的學(xué)?？梢杂脟鷫Π阉鞘型耆糸_以創(chuàng)造一個自己的環(huán)境，一所鄉(xiāng)村學(xué)校則可以作為景觀的主要部分來加以發(fā)展，即使兩所學(xué)校要履行相同的功能。,7,Finally，the form of a building is affected by a variety of socioeconomic factors，including

13、 land costs，tenancy，building budget，and zoning restrictions 最后，建筑物的形式還要受到各種社會經(jīng)濟(jì)因素包括土地費用、租賃、工程預(yù)算和分區(qū)限制的影響。 High land costs in urban areas result in high buildings，while low land costs in the country result in low buildings 城市的高地價導(dǎo)致建筑昂貴（或高層建筑），而鄉(xiāng)村的低地價使得建筑相對便宜（或多層建筑）。 A housing project for the rich will

14、 take a different form than a lowcost housing project 富人的住房建筑計劃不同于廉住房的建筑計劃。,Building,8,A prestige office building will be more generously budgeted form than other office buildings 一幢顯赫的辦公大樓所花的預(yù)算將比其他辦公樓多得多。 The bulk of a building and its outline may be limited by zoning restrictions. 建筑物的大小和外形可能受到分區(qū)的

15、限制。 In all these examples，buildings with similar functions take on different forms 在所有的這些例子中，有著相似功能的建筑物往往采用的不同的結(jié)構(gòu)形式。,Building,9,Architecture is the art of building 建筑學(xué)是建筑的藝術(shù)。 Virtually all architecture is concerned with the enclosure of space for human use. 實質(zhì)上整個建筑學(xué)都與供人使用的圍合空間有關(guān)。 The precise activit

16、ies to be housed in any specific building-ranging from an assembly line in a factory to a living room in a home-should dictate the size and shape of the several areas within 建筑物內(nèi)部一些空間的大小和形狀是由那些將要容納在該建筑物（如從工廠的裝配線到住宅中的起居室）里的確切活動所規(guī)定。 These spaces also must be arranged in some logical relation to each o

17、ther 這些空間的排列還應(yīng)有合理的關(guān)系。,Architecture,10,Furthermore，the movement of human beings within the building-“circulation” in architectural parlance-requires halls，stairs，or elevators whose size is governed by the expected load of traffic 另外，人在建筑物中的走動（在建筑學(xué)的說法中叫“流通”）需要有走廊、樓梯或電梯，其尺寸受預(yù)期交通負(fù)荷的支配。 The plan of a str

18、ucture，always the first consideration of an architect，is the resolution of these different purposes into an organization of spaces that will fulfill the intent of the building 建筑物的結(jié)構(gòu)平面圖，總是建筑師的第一考慮， 它把對建筑物的各種要求安排成體現(xiàn)建筑意圖的空間組合。,Architecture,11,Good planning guides the visitor to his destination in the

19、structure and impresses him，perhaps subconsciously，by visibly relating the several units of the edifice 好的設(shè)計方案可以引導(dǎo)來訪者在建筑中到達(dá)其目的地并使其留下印象，這種印象也許是下意識地通過把大建筑體系中一些單元明顯地關(guān)聯(lián)起來而引起。 Conversely，a bad plan results in inconvenience，waste，and visual confusion 相反，壞的設(shè)計方案所產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果是不方便、浪費和視覺上的混亂。,Architecture,12,Furtherm

20、ore，a structure must be well built；it should have such permanence as the purpose for which it is intended demands and as the materials chosen may allow 此外，一座建筑的結(jié)構(gòu)必須建造良好；它必須具有永久性，這種永久性既是設(shè)計意圖要求的，也是材料的選擇所允許的。 The raw materials of architecturestone，brick，wood，steel，or glassin part govern the forms of th

21、e building and are expressed by them 建筑材料（石、磚、木材、鋼材或玻璃）部分地決定著建筑物的形式，并被這些形式所表現(xiàn)。,Architecture,13,Stone can resist compression，the force that squeezes together，almost indefinitely 石頭幾乎可以無限地承受壓力。 While it is possible to crush stone in a laboratory，for practical purposes its compressive strength is unlim

22、ited 在實驗室中能把石頭壓碎，但在實際使用中它的耐壓程度幾乎是無限的。 On the other hand，stone is weak in withstanding tension，the force that pulls apart 然而它的抗拉性卻是十分脆弱的。 Any beam spanning a void tends to bend downward between the supports，putting the lower half of the beam under tension 任何橫跨空間的梁都會在支點間出現(xiàn)下彎的趨勢，從而使梁的下半部處于拉應(yīng)力狀態(tài)。,Stone,

23、14,It follows from the tensile weakness of stone that beams of this material must be comparatively short and supported at frequent intervals 由于石承受拉力的能力很弱，這種材料的梁相對地比較短，并且支撐間距比較小。 Moreover，stone columns must be sturdy，rarely more than 10 times as high as they are wide 還有，石柱必須堅固，其高度很少超過寬度的10倍。 In stone

24、 buildings，windows，doors，and the spaces between columns are almost compelled to be taller than they are widethe vertical rectangle of the stone aesthetic 在石類建筑中，窗、門以及柱之間的空間，其高度均要求超過寬度，這源于垂直面矩形的石建筑美學(xué)。,Stone,15,Stone has been so dominant in the architecture of the Western world that forms appropriate

25、to it have been preserved even in buildings constructed of wood，as in the American Georgian period 石在西方世界建筑學(xué)中占有如此之高的統(tǒng)治地位，以致于即使在木結(jié)構(gòu)建筑時期其適當(dāng)?shù)脑煨鸵恢北煌咨票Ｗo(hù)著，就像美國喬治王朝時期一樣。 Stone，then，lends itself to the kind of construction in which walls support the floors and roof，to post and lintel construction with rathe

26、r closely spaced columns，and to arch construction where the stresses are predominantly compressive 當(dāng)時石適宜應(yīng)用于支撐樓板和屋頂?shù)膲?、間隔很近的柱和過梁，以及主要承受壓壓力的拱型結(jié)構(gòu)中 。 lend itself to 有助于,Stone,16,Wood，a fibrous material，withstands tension as readily as it does compression. 木材是一種纖維性材料，既可承受壓應(yīng)力，又可承受拉應(yīng)力。 Wooden beams may be r

27、elatively longer than stone beams，and wooden posts slender and widely spaced 木梁比起石梁可以相對長些；木柱比較細(xì)且間距寬。 A horizontal rectangle，wider than it is high，results from the natural properties of wood，as may be seen in Japanese architecture 由于木材的天然性能而形成寬度大于高度的扁而寬的矩形建筑，正如在日本建筑中所看到的那樣。 Steel also has tensile str

28、ength that is equal to or greater than its compressive strength 鋼也具有等于或大于其抗壓強(qiáng)度的抗拉強(qiáng)度。,Wood and Steel,17,Anyone who has observed a steel building under construction must have noticed the gridiron of horizontal rectangles produced by the slender，widely spaced columns and the long beams of each floor 任何

29、觀察過正在施工中的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)建筑物的人，必定注意到由細(xì)長梁組成的橫向長方形網(wǎng)格結(jié)構(gòu)，每個樓層中間隔很寬的柱子和長梁。 The nature of wood and of steel suggests frame constructiona skeleton to support floors and roofwith whatever surfacing material may be necessary 木材和鋼材的性能適用于框架一種支撐樓面和樓頂?shù)臉?gòu)架當(dāng)然還需其他的鋪面材料。 Wood and steel also permit cantilever construction in which

30、 beams project beyond the last point of support 木材和鋼材還可制成懸臂梁，其梁臂伸出最后支點以外。,Wood and Steel,18,Finally，architecture must do more than meet the physical requirements of strength and space；it must also，content the spirit of man 最后，建筑不僅要滿足強(qiáng)度和空間的實際要求，它還必須滿足人類的精神需要。 The building should form an aesthetic uni

31、ty to which the several parts contribute 建筑物的幾個構(gòu)成部分應(yīng)當(dāng)形成美的統(tǒng)一體。 Thus，the sides and rear of a structure should bear sufficient correspondence to the front to make them all related parts of a single whole 這樣，一個結(jié)構(gòu)的側(cè)面和背面就應(yīng)和正面具有充分的一致性，從而使它們在整體中成為互相關(guān)聯(lián)的部分。,Architecture,19,The major internal divisions，too，req

32、uire some expression in the external designThe nave，aisles，transepts，apse，and radiating chapels of Gothic cathedrals，for example，are all visible on the exterior，so that the visitor is subconsciously prepared for what he will find inside 同樣地，主要的內(nèi)部分區(qū)也要求在外部設(shè)計上有所體現(xiàn)。例如，正廳，走廊，十字形耳堂、環(huán)型殿和哥特式大教堂輻射狀的小禮拜堂都可從外部

33、看出，于是，來訪者對他在內(nèi)部將要看到的一切會下意識地做好心理準(zhǔn)備。 Architecture calls for good proportionsa pleasing relationship of voids to solids，of height to width，of length to breadth 建筑要求有恰當(dāng)?shù)谋壤?，即令人愉快的虛與實、高與寬、長與寬的關(guān)系。,Architecture,20,Gothic cathedrals,21,Many attempts have been made to explain good proportions by mathematical f

34、ormulas，such as the golden section 人們已經(jīng)做過許多嘗試通過數(shù)學(xué)公式闡明好的比例關(guān)系，如黃金分割。 These efforts have not found general acceptance，however，although good results have been achieved through the repetition of some dimension (for example，a module that is half the diameter of a column) throughout the designSuch repetiti

35、ons help to produce the visible order that the human mind seems to crave 然而，這些努力尚未被普遍認(rèn)可，盡管在整個設(shè)計中通過某種尺寸的重復(fù)（如以一個柱子半徑為模數(shù)）能夠獲得良好的效果。這種重復(fù)有助于人類心理似乎渴望產(chǎn)生的明顯秩序 。,Architecture,22,A building also should have what architects call scale；that is，it should visually convey its true size 建筑物還須具有建筑師們所說的“尺度”，也就是說它必須在視

36、覺上傳達(dá)其正確的尺寸。 Such elements as benches，steps，or balustrades，though slightly variable in size，are，by their very purpose，related to the normal dimensions of human beings 諸如長凳、臺階、欄桿等構(gòu)件，盡管它們的尺寸可能稍有變化，但按實際用途還是與人類的正常尺度相關(guān)的。 They therefore become，almost imperceptibly，units of measurement for gauging the size

37、of the whole edifice 因而它們就不知不覺地成為測定整個大廈尺寸大小的計量單位。,Architecture,23,Because these units are so small in comparison to the whole building，other elements of intermediate size are needed 由于這些部分比起整個建筑物小得多，因此就需要中間尺寸的其他元素。 Stairs and a balustrade may give a clue to the size of a doorway；that，in turn，to the

38、height of a colonnade；and finally，the colonnade to the whole structure 樓梯和欄桿提示著門道的大小；依次是門道對柱廊的高度的提示；最后是柱廊大小對整個建筑物的提示。 The Petit Trianon at Versailles is perfect in scaleThe absence of small elements in StPeters in Rome makes it difficult to perceive its vastness 凡爾賽的Petit Trianon宮殿就在比例方面非常完美。羅馬的圣彼得大教堂由于沒有小構(gòu)件元素，因而它的宏大很難被人們意識到。,Architecture,24,Petit Trianon at Versailles,25,StPeters in Rome,26,Although all decoration is rejected in some modern architecture，it was employed in the past either for its inherent beauty or to emphasize some point of importance in the building. 裝飾雖然在某