3/3動(dòng)物生態(tài)學(xué)緒論雙語版2021.8.28修改Introduction

?What’secology?

?Subjectsofecology

?Methodsofapproachtoecology

?History

?Branchesofecology

ErnstHaeckel(1834-1919)

Elton,Charles(1900-1991)

EnglandHerbertGeorgeAndrewarthaAustrialia,1907-1992

CharlesJkrebs

Canada

E.POdumUSA1913-2002

馬世駿1915-1991

1.TheEcologyofForestBirds:UsingFieldStudiestoTestTheory

栗頰林鶯橙胸林鶯

黑喉綠林鶯

栗胸林鶯黃腰白喉林鶯

?RobertMacArthur(1958)predictedthatthesewarblersmightbeabletocoexistandnotcompetewitheachotheriftheyfedontheinsectslivingindifferentzones.

interactionsbetweenwarblerspecieshelpmaintaindifferenceinBerndHeinrich(1979,1993)Bumblebee熊蜂

Energybudget

Hewanttoknowtherateatwhichfeedingbumblebeestakeinenergy(income)relativetotherateatwhichtheyexpendedenergy(cost).

Energygainorloss=Energyintake-Energyexpended

fromvariousspeciesofflowerstoestimatetheirrateofenergy

StopwatchCatch

?Hefoundtheyusuallyvisitedonlyasingleflowerspecies.

Herecordedthenumberofflowersvisited.

Hemeasuredthevolumeandsugarcontentofnectarproduced

Theamountofenergyexpendedduringflightwasapproximately

Figure1.1environmenttemperatureandbumblebeeheatingrate

measuredinalaboratoryexperiment(datafromHeinrich1993)

3.ForestNutrientbudgets:Inventories

andLarge-ScaleExperiments

NaliniNadkarni(1981,1984)

?Becauseofleachingby

heavyrains,manyrain

forestsoilsarepoorin

nutrients.

?Howtheprodigiouslife

ofrainforestscanbe

maintainedonsuch

nutrient-poorsoils.

Figure1.2exploringtherainforestcanopy.What

NaliniNadkarnidiscoveredhelpedsolveapuzzle.

Epiphytes附生植物Epiphytes附生植物

matsandextractnutrients

Figure1.5Historyfromlakesediments.云杉山毛櫸栗子

records

Figure1.8Exponentialgrowthofacolonizingpopulationofscotch

pine,Pinussylvestris(Bennett,1983)樟子松

Laboratory

Examplestudy:

Doeyespotsmimiceyes?

Startledisplay

Continuouslyvisible

Caligo

Alternativeexplanation:eyespotsarejusthighlyconspicuoustoapredator&promoteavoidancebehaviour

Fieldstudies

Test:Doeyespotspreventpredation?

Doeyespotsworkbymimickingeyesorbybeingconspicuous?M

Createartificial‘butterflies’–don’tmimicanyrealspecies

Pintotrees–geteatenbybirds

Comparetheprobabilityofsurvival

Spacepreyoutwidely–don’twantbirdstolearnPinpreyitemsalongtransects(1-3kmlong)Repeattransectsinseveral(5-10)differentwoodlandareas–accountfordifferencesinoverallpredationlevels

Record‘survival’everyfewhoursover24-72hours

Pinseveralhundredtargetsintotal–samenumbersofeachtreatmenttype

1:Black‘pupil’andlight‘iris’

2:Invertedspotofsamecontrast

3.Control

Doesapairofspotsworkbest?(Likeapairofeyes)

Ordohighernumbersandlargersizedeyespotsworkbest?

123

456

Sametotalspotareaason3

Results:Experiment3

Noadvantageofcircles

Whyaresomanyeyespotscircular?Developmentalreasons

1.Prophaseofecology

2B.C~16A.D公元前2世紀(jì)到

公元16世紀(jì)

積累了大量的生態(tài)學(xué)事實(shí)、現(xiàn)

象和材料，如動(dòng)植物的生活習(xí)

性和馴化。

?公元前400年，《詩經(jīng)》，“維鵲有

巢，維鳩居之”。

?公元前1200年《爾雅》，記載了

176種木本植物和50多種草本植

物。

?亞里士多德將動(dòng)物分為水棲的和陸

棲，按食性分為肉食、草食、雜食

及特殊食物。

?荻奧弗拉斯圖斯,《植物群落》，植

物類型與環(huán)境的關(guān)系

ThomasRobertMalthus1766～1834England

1925，Lotka&Volterra，提出種間競(jìng)爭(zhēng)數(shù)學(xué)模型。

USAItaly

Darwin，1809～1882

England

提出食物鏈、生態(tài)位等概念。

RaymondL.Lindeman，1915-1942CapeMaywarbler栗頰林鶯Yellow－Rumpedwarbler黃腰白喉林鶯Bay－Breast