5.3Wordmeaning

foreignlanguagedepartment

jojoSense(意義)&Reference指稱Thesemanticlinksbetweenelementswithinthevocabularysystemisanaspectoftheirsense.Sense(意義)isconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform,thecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform.Itisabstractandde-contextualized,thedictionarymeaning.dog:adomesticatedmammal,occurringinmanybreedsthatshowagreatvarietyinsizeandform.Banchelor:notmarriedornevermarriedman.Reference指稱

itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelements&thenon-linguisticworldofexperience.E.g.:Tree:book:Thedogisbarking.Sense(意義)：實體的抽象屬性。Reference（指稱）：這些屬性的具體實體。我們可以說每一個詞語都有意義，即，名字。但是并非每個單詞都有指稱。語法詞but,if,and等，想象中的事物god,dragon,ghost等。有意義，無指稱5.3.2Leech’sseventypesofmeaningGeoffreyLeechFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopediaGeoffreyN.Leech(Born16January1936[1])wasProfessorofLinguisticsandModernEnglishLanguageatLancasterUniversityfrom1974to2002.HethenbecameResearchProfessorinEnglishLinguistics.HehasbeenEmeritusProfessorintheDepartmentofLinguisticsandEnglishLanguage,LancasterUniversity,since2002.ConceptualmeaningConnotativemeaningSocialmeaningAffectivemeaningReflectedmeaningCollocativemeaningThematicmeaningG.Leech:seventypes:AssociativeMeaning1.Conceptualmeaning(概念意義)Semanticfeatures（語義特征）servetocategorizethetermswomanandman,aswellastodistinguishthemfromrelatedterms.

Semanticfeatureanalysisman: [+HUMAN+ADULT+MALE]women: [+HUMAN+ADULT+FEMALE]girl [+HUMAN?ADULT+FEMALE]boy: [+HUMAN?ADULT+MALE]bull: [?HUMAN+ADULT+MALE]

Conceptualmeaning,alsocalleddenotative（指示的;表示的）

orcognitivemeaning,istheessentialandinextricablepartofwhatlanguageis,andiswidelyregardedasthecentralfactorinverbalcommunication.Itmeansthatthemeaningofwordsmaybediscussedintermsofwhattheydenoteorreferto.e.g.kettle,stonestandforobjects,events,orprocessesthatexisthopeful,belieforinsistrefertoconceptsghosts,goblins,unicornsConnotativemeaning內涵意義grin,beam,smile,smirk:Slenderslim,thin,skinny

Connotativemeaningisthecommunicativevaluethatawordoracombinationofwordshasbyvirtueofwhatitrefersto,overandaboveitspurelyconceptualcontent.Itcanvaryfromagetoage,fromsocietytosociety,andfromindividualtoindividual.Pig:adirty,greedyorill-manneredpersonAmonkey:achildwhoisfullofannoyingplayfulnessandtrickAparrot:apersonwhorepeats,oftenwithoutunderstanding,thewordsoractionsofanotherComparedwithconceptualmeaning,connotativemeaningisperipheral（[p?‘r?f?r?l]

外圍的，周邊的

）,unstable,indeterminate（不確定的;含混的

）andopen-ended（無限制的，開放式的

）三鹿奶粉事件3.Socialmeaning社會意義Socialmeaningisthatwhichanexpressionconveysaboutthecontextsorsocialcircumstancesofitsuse.Itchieflyincludesstylisticmeaningofanutterance.大雪紛紛落地，恰似柳絮舞起。再下三年何妨？放你媽的狗屁！平民：秀才：地主：貧民：Aboutthecontextsorthesocialcircumstancesoflanguageuse,asreflectedindialects,slangs,jargonsandotherstylesoflanguageuse.e.g.steed—horse–gee-gee【詩】駿馬劣等賽馬

4Affectivemeaning（感情意義）

MarySmith,howmanytimeshaveIaskedyounottoflipthroughTVchannels?

Thelevelofmeaningthatconveysthelanguageuser’sfeelings,includinghisattitudeorevaluationinshapinghisuseoflanguageiscalledaffectivemeaning

or

emotivemeaning。5Reflectivemeaning（反射意義）reflectivemeaning

isthemeaningwhicharisesincasesofmultipleconceptualmeanings,whenonesenseofawordformspartofourresponsetoanothersense.thenuclear

family/thenuclearage.Humanlanguageisatoolofsocialintercourse/communicationclearcasesky

conscience6Collocativemeaning（）搭配意義Theassociationsawordgetsbecauseofthemeaningsofwordswhichtendtooccurinitslinguisticcontextarecalledcollocativemeanings.a.Prettygirl/boy/woman/flower/garden/villageb.Handsomeboy/man/car/overcoat/airlinerHave…Get…1.擊，敲，攻擊：～殺2.放出，發(fā)出；～電報。3.做，造：～首飾。4.撥動：～算盤。5.鑿開：～破。6.舉，提起：～起精神。7.涂抹，印，畫：～蠟。8.寫出，開出：～證明。9.捆，扎：～包裹。10.合，結合：～伙。11.獲取，購取：～水。12.除去：～消。13.定出，計算：～算。14.用，采用，使用：～比喻。15.玩，玩耍：～球。16.減，退：～住?！珒r兒。17.表示人體發(fā)出某種行為動作：～手勢。18.進行某種活動，從事或擔任某種工作：～交道?！坦ぁ?9.與某些動詞結合，基本上保留原動詞詞義：～掃?！珨_。20.自，從：～哪兒來？打7Thematicmeaning(主位意義)TomorrowIplantohaveanouting.Iplantohaveanoutingtomorrow.Thekindofmeaningarisesoutofthewayinwhichthewriterorspeakerorganizeshismessage.Thisiscalledthematicmeaning.Thematicmeaningismainlyamatterofchoicebetweenalternativegrammaticalconstructions.聞諸先輩云：平江李次青元度本書生，不知兵。曾國藩令其將兵作戰(zhàn)，屢戰(zhàn)屢敗。國藩大怒，擬奏文劾之，有“屢戰(zhàn)屢敗”語。曾幕中有為李緩頰者，倒為“屢敗屢戰(zhàn)”，意便大異。元度乃得免罪.5.3.3SemanticfieldsSet1:cup,mug,wineglass,tumbler,plasticcupSet2:hammer,cloud,tractor,eyeglass,leaf,justicesemanticfieldorlexical

field—asetofwordswithanidentifiablesemanticconnection.

Someobvioussemanticfieldsare:sports:creativewritings:kinshipterms:emotions:furniture:Theabsenceofawordinaparticularplaceinasemanticfieldofalanguageiscalled

lexicalgap.Cowandbull;cousin。Set1:blue,red,yellow,green,purpleSet2:indigo靛藍

,saffron橙黃色

,royalblue,aquamarine淺綠色,水綠色

5.3.4Componentialanalysis（成分分析法）Lexicalitemscanbeanalyzedintoasetofsemanticfeaturesorsemanticcomponentswhichmaybeuniversal.Thissemantictheoryiscalled

ComponentialAnalysis(CA).

Theaimofcomponentialanalysisistofindthosecomponentswhicharesufficienttodescribethemeaningofeverylexicaliteminthelanguage.theultimateaimistofindauniversalsetofcomponentswhichcanbeusedtodescribemeaningineachandeverylanguageintheworld.Boy:+HUMAN,?ADULT,+MALEInCAterms,hyponymy下義關系isthesituationinwhichallthefeaturesofwordAareincludedinthoseofwordB.woman:+HUMAN+ADULT+FEMALEspinster未婚女子

:+HUMAN+ADULT+FEMALE?MARRIED

LexicalitemsA,B,C…areincompatible不相容的

iftheyshareasetofsemanticfeaturesbutdifferfromeachotherbyoneormorecontrastingfeatures.bachelor:+HUMAN+ADULT+MALE?MARRIEDspinster:+HUMAN+ADULT?MALE?MARRIEDwife:+HUMAN+ADULT?MALE+MARRIEDDifficulties:EatdidnothavetoincludethefeatureEDIBLE.Wemayneedasmanyfeaturesaswehavewords,whichdoesnotgivedescriptionsofgreatgenerality.EvenwiththemoreusualexamplesoffeaturessuchHUMANthereareproblems.“Thatmanisnothuman”“Ifeelmorehuman。relationsofantonymyoroppositenessofmeaning.woman?manorgirl?5.3.5SemanticrelationshipsbetweenwordsHomonymy同形異義

Don’tlie,tellthetruth!Youhavetoliedown.bank(ofariver)—bank(financialinstitution)bat(flyingcreature)—bat

(usedinsports)race(contestofspeed)—race

(ethnicgroup)pupil(atschool)—pupil(intheeye).Suchkindofrelationshipswheretwoormoremeaningssharethesamelinguisticformiscalledhomonymy同形異義

.“Howisbreadmade?”“Iknowthat!”Alicecriedeagerly.Youtakesomeflour—”“Wheredoyoupicktheflower?”theWhiteQueenasked.“Inagarden,orinthehedges?”“Well,itisn’tpickedatall,”Aliceexplained;“it’sground—”“Howmanyacresofground?”saidtheWhiteQueen.Polysemy（多義）Whenawordhastwoormoremeaningsthatarerelatedconceptuallyorhistorically,itissaidtobepolysemous

orpolysemic.Hewashitonthehead

Itcostsabout$12aheadtoeathere.

Wekeep1,000headofcattle

Heistheheadofafirm

Themanwalkedattheheadoftheparade

Thedistinctionbetweenhomonymyandpolysemy:Thedistinctionisnotalwaysclear-cut.However,therewillbeasingleentryforpolysemes,buthavetwoormoreseparateentriesforhomonymsindictionary.,get,run,face,foot/bank,mail,bat,soleHomophony(同音異義

)

Wordswhichsoundalikebutarewrittendifferentlyandoftenhavedifferentmeaningsarecalledhomophones.know/no,threw/through,rode/rowed/road,bare/bear,meat/meet,flower/flour,andsew/so,sight/site,seam/seem,see/sea.Homophonesareatypeofhomonymy,sotheyaresometimescalledhomonyms.Homography同形異義refertowordswhichhavethesamespellingbutdifferinpronunciationandmeaning.Thesewordsarecalledhomographs.Thewindrises/ThebrookwindsitswayAllroadsleadtoRome”/Leadisaheavymetal.

Synonymywordsthatsounddifferentbuthavethesamemeaning.Suchasenserelationof“samenessofmeaning”iscalledsynonymy.answer—reply;big—large;broad—widealmost—nearly;cab—taxi;hide—concealonewordcanreplaceitssynonymwithoutchangingthemeaning:Theauthorhas

painted/portrayed/delineated/sketched

thecharactersuccessfully.Antonymy

Wordsthatareoppositeinmeaningareoftencalledantonyms.Theoppositenessofmeaningiscalledantonymy.alive—dead;male—female;married—single;present—absentungradableantonyms\complementary互補的

antonyms:parativeconstructionsarenotnormallyused.moredead(buthe’smoredeadthanalive)Big-small;old-young;high-low;rich-poor;