金字塔與“七大奇跡”埃及金字塔及相關(guān)問題世界上的金字塔文化七大奇跡.古埃及歷史分期Thearchaicperiod(c.3100-c.2770)TheOldKingdom(c.2770-c.2200)The1stIntermediatePeriod(c.2200-c.2050)TheMiddleKingdom(c.2050-1786)The1stIntermediatePeriod(1786-c.1560)TheNewKingdom(c.1560-1087)The1stIntermediatePeriod(1070-664)TheLatePeriod(664-323).PyramidsPyramids

atGiza.Mastaba:PrecursortoEgyptianPyramids.Mastaba:PrecursortoEgyptianPyramids.梯形金字塔.梯形金字塔最早的金字塔：法老佐塞爾（Zoser/Djoser）的陵墓，約于2770BCE由其御醫(yī)伊姆霍特普（Imhotep）設(shè)計(jì)和監(jiān)建。.伊姆霍特普伊姆霍特普出身平民，因其智慧驚人，學(xué)識(shí)淵博，受到法老的破格重用。他在整個(gè)法老時(shí)代受到崇拜，死后被尊為神，其名號(hào)刻在佐塞爾法老雕像的基座上。.伊姆霍特普.PyramidsTheGreatPyramidofGiza(Khufu'sTomb),Constructedc.2540-2560BCE;Height146.5m,Base230.4m.金字塔的建造裔40：古埃及的政治經(jīng)濟(jì)大權(quán)全部集中在以法老為代表的奴隸主手中，反映了其奴隸主專制的本質(zhì)。古王國時(shí)期建筑的那些龐大的王陵——金字塔，就是君主專制的象征。胡夫王因聽從祭司們的建議，而使得國民陷于水深火熱中。他為了自己，強(qiáng)制全埃及的人民工作，更常以10萬人每隔3個(gè)月交替一次的方式服勞役。僅僅建設(shè)為拖拉石頭的道路，就使人民的勞役持續(xù)了10年。建造一座金字塔須花費(fèi)20年?！Ａ_多德《歷史》.金字塔的建造希羅多德（c.484-425BCE）與大金字塔建造的時(shí)間（c.2700-2600BCE）相去2000余年。希臘人很以自己的自由民主制度為驕傲。根據(jù)現(xiàn)代學(xué)者的估計(jì)，即使大金字塔的石頭數(shù)量有100萬塊，但若1年用2到4萬人員，則10年前后即可完工。.金字塔的建造埃及金字塔并非奴隸所建（新浪新聞2002年08月05日）埃及首席考古學(xué)家扎希?哈瓦斯稱，日前在吉薩發(fā)現(xiàn)的新墓群表明，大金字塔的建造者是自由工人，而非人們普遍認(rèn)為的奴隸。他說：“這些墓穴修建在埋葬國王的金字塔旁，這意味著這些人絕不是奴隸。”之前哈瓦斯還在墻上發(fā)現(xiàn)了勞工們的涂鴉，他們自稱為“胡夫的朋友”，再次證明這些人不是奴隸。哈瓦斯說，已發(fā)現(xiàn)的相關(guān)證據(jù)表明，當(dāng)時(shí)（尼羅河）三角洲和埃及南部地區(qū)的農(nóng)民每天都往建筑工地送21頭水牛和23只羊，以解決工人們的吃飯問題，當(dāng)時(shí)共有約1萬名工人參與金字塔建造。這些農(nóng)民無需向古埃及政府繳納賦稅，哈瓦斯說這進(jìn)一步證實(shí)了他們參與的是一個(gè)國家工程。.金字塔的建造ThebuildersoftheGreatPyramidwerealmostcertainlyseasonallaborers.Duringthesummermonths,whentheNilewasatitsfloodstage,therewaslittleornothingforfarmerstodo,sotheycouldbeemployedonmassivebuildingprojectswithoutdetrimentaleffecttotheEgyptianagriculturaleconomy.Whywouldthelaborersdoit?Egyptatthistimedidnotknowslavery(asidefromasmallnumberofwarcaptives);moreover,itisimpossibletoimaginethatahandfulofrulerscouldhaveforcedtensofthousandsofsubjectstolaboragainsttheirwillsyearafteryearwithoutcowingthembyanyextraordinaryweaponry.Religiouspsychologyandgroupdynamicsinsteadseemtoprovidethebestexplanations..金字塔的建造Bronze

wasincommonuseinEgyptonlyfromtheNewKingdom(about1550-1069BC)on.IrondepositsinEgyptwerenotworkedbeforetheLateorGreco-RomanPeriods.

TheearliestironsmeltingplacesinEgyptwerefoundatNaukratisandDefenna.Earlyironcomeshighlylikelyfrommeteoriciron.InEgyptironcomesintocommonusageonlyfromabout500BC..金字塔的建造裔40：從后王朝時(shí)期的第二十七王朝開始，……利比亞人、亞述人、波斯人、希臘人、羅馬人、阿拉伯人曾先后征服過埃及。ThegovernmentoftheOldKingdomwasfoundeduponapolicyofpeace.Inthisrespectitwasvirtuallyuniqueamongancientstates.Thepharaohhadnostandingarmy,norwasthereanythingthatcouldbecalledanationalmilitia,andlocalmilitiasgenerallydevotedtheirenergiestolaboronthepublicworks..金字塔的建造喜克索人（Hyksos）由亞洲侵入埃及的游牧部族。又譯?？怂魉谷?。該名起源于埃及語，意為外國的統(tǒng)治者。初指侵入埃及的西亞部落首領(lǐng)，后來擴(kuò)大為整個(gè)部落集團(tuán)。該部族可能原居于敘利亞、巴勒斯坦一帶，人種來源不明，主要是塞姆語系人，但也有胡里特人的因素。.金字塔的建造ThePharaohAhmosebattlingtheHyksos.金字塔的建造Thelaborersapparentlybelievedthattheirpharaohswerelivinggodswhocouldascendtoeternallifeupontheirearthlyexitssolelybymeansofproperburial.Zoser'sstep-pyramidwasthusinaliteralsensea"stairwaytoheaven".Andifthepharaohsjourneyedwelltotheireternalglory,lifeonearthwouldflourish.Collaborativelabormusthavegiventheindividualtoilerasenseofupliftingcomradeshipandteamaccomplishment.Thispointseemsborneoutbymarksfoundonvariouspyramidstonesreading"vigorousteam","enduringteam",andsoforth..PyramidsNubianPyramidsatMeroe..PyramidsoutsideEgyptThePyramidofCestius,inRome,wasbuiltabout18–12BCEasatombforGaiusCestius,amagistrateandmemberofoneofthefourgreatreligiouscorporationsinRome,theSeptemviriEpulonum..PyramidsoutsideEgypt少昊（黃帝子）陵（曲阜）.PyramidsoutsideEgypt“五帝”的不同說法①黃帝、顓頊、帝嚳、堯、舜（《史記·五帝本紀(jì)》、《世本·五帝譜》、《大戴禮·五帝德》）②宓戲（伏羲，太昊）、神農(nóng)（炎帝）、黃帝、堯、舜（《易·系辭下》）③太昊、炎帝、黃帝、少昊、顓頊④少昊、顓頊（高陽）、帝嚳、堯、舜（孔安國《尚書序》、《帝王世紀(jì)》）⑤黃帝、少昊、顓頊、嚳、堯.PyramidsoutsideEgypt集安市高句麗王陵墓葬將軍墳是高句麗第二十代王長壽王的陵墓，俗稱為“將軍墳”，將軍墳呈截尖方錐形，將軍墳被譽(yù)為“東方金字塔”。將軍墳為方形階壇石室墓，是高句麗文化高等級(jí)墓葬的代表，是高句麗積石階構(gòu)陵墓的巔峰之作，自將軍墳后，石造陵墓不再見于高句麗王陵。.PyramidsoutsideEgypt集安金字塔.PyramidsThanjavurTempleinTamilNadu,IndiaTanjan,alegendaryasurainHindumythology..PyramidsPyramidoftheSuninTeotihuacan,Mexico.PyramidsPyramidoftheMooninTeotihuacan,Mexico.PyramidsPyramidintheMayancityofChichenItza,Mexico.PyramidsMississippianCultureMound.Length143.3mNum.oftowers3Towerheight83mNum.ofspires3(nowlost);Spireheight160m裔43：胡夫金字塔是19世紀(jì)巴黎埃斐爾鐵塔建成以前世界上最高的建筑。TheLincolnCathedral.Alsocalled

"St.Mary'sCathedral"(CathedralChurchoftheBlessedVirginMary),anAnglicancathedralinLincoln,England,wasthetallestbuildingintheworldfrom1300to1549,whenitscentralspirecollapsed.TheLincolnCathedral.PyramidsTodayTheSummumPyramid.PyramidsTodaySummumisareligionandphilosophythatbeganin1975asaresultofClaude"Corky"Nowell'sclaimedencounterwithbeingshedescribedas"SummaIndividuals".AccordingtoNowell,thesebeingspresentedhimwithconceptsregardingthenatureofcreation.Asaresultofhisexperience,NowellfoundedSummuminordertosharethe"gift"hereceivedwithothers..PyramidsTodayStockportPyramid,England.PyramidsTodayTheWalterPyramidinLongBeach,CA.PyramidsTodayThePyramidArena(with20,142

seats)inMemphis,TN.InversedPyramids河內(nèi)博物館.InversedPyramidsToday.TheBosnianPyramidViso?icaoverlookingVisokoin1973.TheBosnianPyramid.TheBosnianPyramid.TheBosnianPyramid.TheBosnianPyramidFlatiron（平頂脊，熨斗形山）.7WondersoftheAncientWorld16CDutchartistM