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Unit15GeographicNavigationMostProbablePosition2Intheeventoffailureofprimaryelectronicnavigationsystems,thenavigatormayneedtoestablishthemostprobableposition(MPP)ofthevessel.Usuallythereislittledoubtastotheposition.ThemostrecentfixupdatedwithaDRpositionwillbeadequate.Butwhenconflictinginformationorinformationofquestionablereliabilityisreceived,thenavigatormustdetermineanMPP.MostProbablePosition3Whencompletepositionalinformationislacking,orwhentheavailableinformationisquestionable,themostprobablepositionmightbedeterminedfromtheintersectionofasinglelineofpositionandaDR,fromalineofsoundings,fromlinesofpositionwhicharesomewhatinconsistent,orfromadeadreckoningpositionwithacorrectionforcurrentorwind.ContinueadeadreckoningplotfromonefixtoanotherbecausetheDRplotoftenprovidesthebestestimateoftheMPP.Deadreckoning4Deadreckoningallowsanavigatortodeterminehispresentpositionbyprojectinghispastcoursessteeredandspeedsovergroundfromaknownpastposition.Hecanalsodeterminehisfuturepositionbyprojectinganorderedcourseandspeedofadvancefromaknownpresentposition.TheDRpositionisonlyanapproximatepositionbecauseitdoesnotallowfortheeffectofleeway,current,helmsmanerror,orgyroerror.Deadreckoning5Ofthevarioustypesofnavigation,deadreckoningaloneisalwaysavailableinsomeform.Inanemergencyitisofmorethanaverageimportance.Withelectronicsystemsoutofservice,keepaclosecheckonspeed,direction,anddistancemadegood.Carefullyevaluatetheeffectsofwindandcurrent.Deadreckoning6Longvoyageswithaccuratelandfallshavebeensuccessfullycompletedbythismethodalone.Thisisnotmeanttominimizetheimportanceofothermethodsofdeterminingposition.However,deadreckoningpositionsmaybemoreaccuratethanthosedeterminedbyothermethods.Ifthemeansofdeterminingdirectionanddistance(theelementsofdeadreckoning)areaccurate,itmaybebesttoadjustthedeadreckoningonlyafteraconfirmedfix.TrafficSeparationSchemes7In1961,representativesfromEngland,France,andGermanymettodiscusswaystoseparatetrafficinthecongestedStraitsofDoverandsubsequentlyinothercongestedareas.TheirproposalsweresubmittedtotheInternationalMaritimeOrganization(IMO)andwereadoptedingeneralform.IMOexpandedontheproposalsandhassinceinstitutedasystemofTrafficSeparationSchemes(TSS)throughouttheworld.TrafficSeparationSchemes8ATSSmaybeamendedforperiodsoftimerangingfromafewhourstoseveralyears.Underwaterconstructionworks,surveying,dredging,andothertransitoryactivitieswillbenotedbyradiobroadcast,LocalNoticeToMariners,orothermeans.Longerdurationactivitiessuchasplacementofoildrilli

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